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Ihe ọkụkụ ego

Ihe ubi ego, nke a na-akpọkwa ihe ubi, bụ ihe ubi nke a na-akụ maka ire ere. A na-azụkarị ya site na ndị ọzọ dị iche na ugbo. A na-eji okwu ahụ akọwa ọdịiche dị n'ubi a na-ere ahịa site na ihe ọkụkụ na-edozi ahụ ("ihe ọkụkụ") na ọrụ ugbo na-eri nri, nke bụ nke a na-enye anụ ụlọ nke onye mmepụta ihe ma ọ bụ na-eto eto dị ka nri ezinụlọ onye mmepụta ihe..

Bọl ogho. Ogwe aka bụ ihe ọkụkụ ego dị mkpa. Dị ka National Cotton Council of America si kwuo, na 2014, China bụ mba kachasị emepụta ogho n'ụwa nke nwere atụmatụ mmepụta nke ihe dị ka otu narị nde 480-pound bales.[1]

N'oge gara aga, ihe ọkụkụ na-abụkarị akụkụ dị nta (ma dị mkpa) nke mkpokọta ugbo, ebe taa, karịsịa na mba ndị mepere emepe na n'etiti ndị na-azụ obere ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe ọkụkụ niile ka a na-akụkarị maka ego ha nwetara. Na mba ndị mepere emepe nke kacha nta, ihe ọkụkụ na-abụkarị ihe ọkụkụ na-adọta mmasị na mba ndị mepere emepe, ya mere na-enwe ụfọdụ uru mbupụ.

A na-edo ọnụ ahịa maka ihe ọkụkụ bụ isi n'ahịa azụmaahịa mba ụwa nwere oke zuru ụwa ọnụ, yana ụfọdụ mgbanwe mpaghara (nke a na-akpọ “ndabere”) dabere na ọnụ ahịa ibu yana nguzozi nke mbubata mpaghara na ihe achọrọ. Ihe si na nke a pụta bụ na mba, mpaghara, ma ọ bụ onye na-emepụta ihe na-adabere na ụdị ihe ọkụkụ dị otú ahụ nwere ike ịta ọnụ ahịa dị ala ma ọ bụrụ na ihe ọkụkụ na-ebuwanye ibu n'ebe ọzọ na-eduga n'ịkwasa oke n'ahịa ụwa. Ndị ọrụ ugbo ọdịnala katọrọ usoro a. Kọfị bụ ihe atụ nke ngwaahịa nwere ike ịdaba na mgbanwe ọnụahịa ọdịnihu dị mkpa.

Ịgbasa ụwa ọnụ

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Onye ọrụ ugbo na-ewe ihe ubi site na osisi Theobroma cacao">koko (Theobroma cacao) na Cameroon. N'ịbụ nke a mụrụ na South America, koko aghọwo ihe ọkụkụ dị mkpa na West Africa, nke na-eto ihe dị ka 70% nke akị bekee ụwa.[2]

Okwu ndị metụtara inye aka na ihe mgbochi azụmaahịa n'ihe ọkụkụ ndị dị otú ahụ abụrụla nke na-arụrịta ụka na mkparịta ụka gbasara ijikọ ụwa ọnụ. Ọtụtụ mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe na-ewere ọnọdụ na usoro azụmahịa mba ụwa ugbu a adịghị mma n'ihi na o mere ka a na-ebelata tarifu na ngwaahịa ụlọ ọrụ ma na-enye ohere maka obere tarifu na enyemaka ọrụ ugbo maka ngwaahịa ugbo. Nke a na-eme ka o siere mba na-emepe emepe ike ibupụ ngwa ahịa ya na mba ofesi, na-amanyekwa mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe ka ha na-asọrịta mpi na ngwa ahịa ndị a na-ebubata na mba ndị mepere emepe na ọnụ ala dị ala. A maara omume nke mbupụ na ọnụ ahịa dị ala dị ka mkpofu, ma bụrụkwa iwu na-akwadoghị n'ọtụtụ mba. Esemokwu dị n'okwu a mere ka mkparịta ụka azụmahịa Cancún daa na 2003, mgbe Otu 22 jụrụ ịtụle ihe omume nke European Union tụpụtara ọ gwụla ma e lebara okwu nke enyemaka ọrụ ugbo anya.

Mpaghara ihu igwe ọ bụla

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Arctic

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Ọnọdụ ihu igwe Arctic anaghị adịkarị mma maka ịkụ ihe ọkụkụ. Otú ọ dị, otu ihe ọkụkụ nwere ike ịnweta maka Arctic bụ Rhodiola rosea, osisi siri ike nke a na-eji dị ka ogwu ogwu nke na-eto na Arctic. Ugbu a enwere ihe ndị na-azụ ahịa chọrọ maka osisi ahụ, mana ihe ndị dịnụ erughị ihe achọrọ (dị ka nke 2011) [3]

Ọdịdị dị nro

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Ihe ọkụkụ ego a na-akụ n'ógbè ndị nwere ihu igwe dị jụụ gụnyere ọtụtụ ọka (wheat, Rye, ọka, barley, oats), ihe ọkụkụ na-emepụta mmanụ (dịka grapeseed, mkpụrụ Osisi mọstad), akwụkwọ nri (dịka poteto), osisi na-emepụta osisi (dịka Spruce, Pines, Firs), mkpụrụ osisi ma ọ bụ mkpụrụ osisi (dị ka apụl, cherry) na mkpụrụ osisi dị nro (dịka mkpụrụ osisi).

 
Ubi tii (Camelia sinensis) na Cameron Highlands na Malaysia

Ebe okpomọkụ

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N'ógbè ndị nwere ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ, ihe ọkụkụ na-emepụta mmanụ (dịka soybeans), ogho, osikapa, ụtaba, indigo, citrus, pomegranates, na ụfọdụ akwụkwọ nri na ahịhịa bụ ihe ọkụkụ kachasị ego.

Ebe okpomọkụ

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N'ógbè ndị nwere ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ, kọfị, [4] [5] koko, okpete, unere, [5] oroma, ogho na jute bụ ihe ọkụkụ a na-ahụkarị. mmanụ nkwụ bụ nkwụ nke ebe okpomọkụ, a na-ejikwa mkpụrụ ya eme mmanụ nkwụ.[6] Mmetụta nke na ụdị ọrịa na ọrịa - ọkachasị nke kọfị, koko, na unere - na-elegharakarị anya.     Igbochi ịrị elu okpomọkụ ruo 1.5 dị mkpa iji nọgide na-arụpụta ihe na mpaghara okpomọkụ.[5]

Site na kọntinent na mba

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Afrịka

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Jatropha curcas bụ ihe ọkụkụ a na-eji emepụta mmanụ.

Ihe dị ka pasent 60 nke ndị ọrụ Afrịka na-arụ ọrụ na ngalaba ọrụ ugbo, ebe ihe dị ka ụzọ atọ n'ụzọ ise nke ndị ọrụ ugbo Afrịka bụ ndị ọrụ ugbe.   Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na Burkina Faso 85% nke ndị bi na ya (ihe karịrị nde mmadụ abụọ) na-adabere na mmepụta owu maka ego, na ihe karịrị ọkara nke ndị bi ná mba ahụ na-ebi na ịda ogbenye.[7] Ubi ugbo buru ibu na-akụkarị ihe ọkụkụ ego dịka kọfị, tii, ogho, koko, mkpụrụ osisi na rọba.[8] Ugbo ndị a, nke nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ, na-ekpuchi ọtụtụ square kilomita ma were ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ n'ọrụ. Ugbo ndị na-arụ ọrụ na-enye ihe oriri na obere ego maka ezinụlọ, mana n'ozuzu ha anaghị emepụta ihe zuru ezu iji mee ka itinye ego ọzọ nwee ike.

Ọnọdụ nke mba Afrịka na-ebupụ ihe ọkụkụ mgbe ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ndị mmadụ nọ na kọntinent ahụ na-alụ ọgụ na agụụ ka a na-ata mba ndị mepere emepe, gụnyere United States, [7] Japan na European Union ụta.   Mba ndị a na-echebe ngalaba ọrụ ugbo nke ha, site na ọnụahịa dị elu ma na-enye ndị ọrụ ugbo ha enyemaka, [7] nke ụfọdụ kwuru na ọ na-eduga na mmepụta ihe dị ka ogho, [7] ọka na mmiri ara ehi.   [citation needed] Nsonaazụ nke a bụ na ọnụahịa ụwa nke ngwaahịa ndị dị otú ahụ na-aga n'ihu na-ebelata ruo mgbe ndị Afrịka na-enweghị ike ịsọ mpi n'ahịa ụwa, [7] e wezụga na ihe ọkụkụ ego nke na-adịghị eto n'ụzọ dị mfe na ihu igwe dị mma.

Afrịka enweela ọganihu dị ịrịba ama n'ubi mmanụ, ọtụtụ n'ime ha dị n'ala ndị ụlọ ọrụ Britain zụrụ.[9] Jatropha curcas bụ ihe ọkụkụ a na-akụ maka mmepụta mmanụ na Africa.[9][10] Ụfọdụ akatọwo omume nke ịzụlite osisi ndị na-abụghị nri maka mbupụ mgbe Africa nwere nsogbu na agụụ na ụkọ nri, ụfọdụ ọmụmụ jikọtara mmụba nke nnweta ala, mgbe mgbe maka iji ya na-akụ ihe ọkụkụ na-abụghị ihe oriri na ọnụego agụụ na-arịwanye elu n'Africa. [9] [10][11]

Australia

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Lens" data-linkid="152" href="./Australia" id="mwzw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Australia">Australia na-emepụta ọtụtụ lentil.[12][13] E mere atụmatụ na 2010 na Australia ga-emepụta ihe dịka tọn 143,000 nke lentil.[12] A na-ebupụ ihe ka ukwuu n'ihe owuwe ihe ubi lentil nke Australia na mpaghara India na Middle East.[12]

Ịtali

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Cassa per il Mezzogiorno nke Ịtali na 1950 mere ka gọọmentị tinye n'ọrụ nkwalite iji kọọ ihe ọkụkụ ego dịka tomato, ụtaba na mkpụrụ osisi citrus. N'ihi ya, ha mepụtara ọtụtụ ihe ọkụkụ ndị a na-akpata oke nke ihe ọkụkụ a n'ahịa ụwa. Nke a mere ka ihe ọkụkụ ndị a belata.

 
Oranges bụ ihe ọkụkụ ego dị mkpa na United States.

Ịkọ ihe ubi ego na United States rịrị elu mgbe ọgbọ nwa ọhụrụ na njedebe nke Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị. A na-ahụ ya dị ka ụzọ isi nye nnukwu ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ nri ma na-aga n'ihu ịbụ isi ihe na-eme ka a nwee nri dị ọnụ ala na United States. Dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ ugbo nke 1997 si kwuo, 90% nke ugbo ndị dị na United States ka bụ nke ezinụlọ, yana 6% ọzọ nke ndị mmekọ.[14] Ndị ọrụ ugbo na-ahụ maka ego ejirila teknụzụ ọrụ ugbo ziri ezi jikọtara ya na omume a na-anwale oge iji mepụta nri dị ọnụ ala.[15] Dabere na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo nke United States (USDA) maka afọ 2010, steeti ndị nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu nke mmepụta mkpụrụ osisi bụ California, Florida na Washington.[16]

 
Ụdị poteto dị iche iche
 
Mkpụrụ osisi shuga a pịrị apị, ihe ọkụkụ dị mkpa na Hawaii

Vietnam

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Ihe ọkụkụ ego zuru ụwa ọnụ

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A na-akụ nkwụ akị bekee n'ihe karịrị mba 80 n'ụwa, na ngụkọta mmepụta nke nde tọn 61 kwa afọ.  A na-ejikarị mmanụ na mmiri ara ehi sitere na ya esi nri na isi nri; a na-ejikwa mmanụ akị bekee eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ncha na ihe ntecha.

Nkwado nke ihe ọkụkụ ego

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Ihe dị ka 70% nke nri ụwa bụ nke ndị ọrụ ugbo 500 nde na-emepụta.   [citation needed] Maka ndụ ha, ha na-adabere na mmepụta nke ihe ọkụkụ ego, ihe ndị bụ isi nke siri ike ịmata ọdịiche dị n'ahịa. Ihe ka ọtụtụ (80%) nke ugbo ụwa na-atụle hekta 2 ma ọ bụ obere.[17] A na-ahụkarị ndị ọrụ ugbo ndị a na mba ndị na-emepe emepe ma na-abụkarị ndị a na-ahazighị ahazi, ndị na-amaghị akwụkwọ ma ọ bụ nwee naanị agụmakwụkwọ bụ isi. Ndị ọrụ ugbo nwere obere ikike nkwekọrịta na ego ha na-enweta dị ala, na-eduga n'ọnọdụ ha na-enweghị ike itinye ego dị ukwuu n'ịkwalite azụmaahịa ha. N'ozuzu, ndị ọrụ ugbo enweghị ike ịnweta ihe ọrụ ugbo na ego, ha enweghịkwa ihe ọmụma zuru oke gbasara ọrụ ugbo dị mma na azụmahịa. Nsogbu ndị a dị elu na-eyi ọdịnihu nke ngalaba ọrụ ugbo egwu n'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ na echiche na-amalite ịmalite na otu esi enweta ọdịnihu na-adịgide adịgide maka ọrụ ugbo. A na-amalite mgbanwe ahịa na-adịgide adịgide nke ndị isi ụlọ ọrụ na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ na gburugburu ebe obibi tupu asọmpi iji gbanwee ọnọdụ ahịa. Mgbasawanye na-adịgide adịgide na-elekwasị anya n'ịkwado ndị ọrụ ugbo na-azụ ahịa. Iji kpalie itinye ego n'ugbo, ọrụ na ịnweta ego maka ọrụ ugbo na-apụta. Otu ihe atụ bụ usoro SCOPE, ngwá ọrụ nyocha nke na-atụle ntozu oke njikwa na ọkachamara nke òtù ndị na-emepụta ihe iji nye òtù na-enye ego nghọta ka mma banyere ihe ize ndụ ndị metụtara ego.[18] Ka ọ dị ugbu a, a na-ewere ego ugbo dị ka ihe dị ize ndụ ma na-ezere ya site na ụlọ ọrụ ego.

Ihe ọkụkụ ego nke ahịa ojii

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Na US, a na-akpọ wii wii dị ka ihe ọkụkụ ego.[19]

Coca, opium poppies na wii wii bụ ihe ọkụkụ ego dị mkpa n'ahịa ojii, nke mgbasa ya dịgasị iche. Na United States, ụfọdụ ndị na-ewere wii wii dị ka ihe ọkụkụ ego kacha baa uru.[19] N'afọ 2006, a kọrọ na nyocha [19] site n'aka Jon Gettman, onye na-eme nchọpụta gbasara iwu wii wii, na n'adịghị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ gọọmentị maka ihe ọkụkụ iwu kwadoro dị ka ọka na ọka wit na iji atụmatụ nyocha ahụ maka mmepụta wii wii US n'oge ahụ, a kpọtụrụ wii wii dị ka "ihe ọkụkụ kachasị elu na steeti 12 na n'etiti ihe ọkụkụ atọ kachasị elu na 30".[20] Nnyocha ahụ mekwara atụmatụ na mmepụta wii wii n'oge ahụ (na 2006) ga-aba uru na ijeri US $ 35.8, nke karịrị ọnụ ahịa ọka na ijeri $ 23.3 na ọka wit na ijeri $.[19]

Hụkwa

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  • Usoro uru ọrụ ugbo
  • Ihe ọkụkụ
  • Ihe ọkụkụ fiber
  • Nri vs. mmanụ
  • Fodder
  • Ojiji mmadụ na-eji fungus eme ihe
  • Ndepụta nke osisi, fungus, na anụmanụ
  • Osisi na-agwọ ọrịa
  • Ọrụ ugbo ngwakọta
  • Otu ihe ọkụkụ
  • Ịkụ ihe n'otu
  • Ịzụlite Mkpụrụ Obi Dị Iche
  • Ịkpa ahịhịa n'oké osimiri
  • Nri ndị a na-eri eri

Ebem si dee

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  1. ↑ USDA-Foreign Agriculture Service. (Cotton) Production Ranking MY 2011. National Cotton Council of America. Archived from the original on April 15, 2012. Retrieved on April 3, 2012.
  2. ↑ Largest cocoa producing countries worldwide 2023/2024 (en). Statista. Retrieved on 2024-07-02.
  3. ↑ Medicinal Arctic herb: Alaska's next (legal) cash crop?. Alaska Dispatch (February 17, 2011). Retrieved on April 9, 2012.Templeeti:Dead link
  4. ↑ Ellis, Blake (September 10, 2010). Coffee prices on the rise. CNN Money. Archived from the original on January 16, 2012. Retrieved on April 3, 2012.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Schleussner (2018-10-17). "1.5°C Hotspots: Climate Hazards, Vulnerabilities, and Impacts". Annual Review of Environment and Resources 43 (1): 135–163. DOI:10.1146/annurev-environ-102017-025835. ISSN 1543-5938. 
  6. ↑ Reeves (1979). Composition of foods: fats and oils, Agriculture handbook 8-4. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Science and Education Administration. OCLC 5301713. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 Borders, Max (March 24, 2006). Farm Subsidies: Devastating the World's Poor and the Environment. National Center for Policy Analysis. Archived from the original on January 9, 2018. Retrieved on April 6, 2012. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "NCPA" defined multiple times with different content
  8. ↑ "Guides: Poverty in Africa – Growing cash crops", BBC, June 9, 2005. Retrieved on April 4, 2012.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Carrington, Damian. "Biofuels boom in Africa as British firms lead rush on land for plantations", The Guardian, May 31, 2011. Retrieved on April 4, 2012.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Timilsina, Govinda R. (July 2010). Biofuels: Markets, Targets and Impacts. The World Bank. Archived from the original on June 5, 2013. Retrieved on April 6, 2012.
  11. ↑ Bunting, Madeleine. "How land grabs in Africa could herald a new dystopian age of hunger", The Guardian, January 28, 2011. Retrieved on April 6, 2012.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Staight, Kerry (February 28, 2010). Humble lentil turns into cash crop. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on October 30, 2016. Retrieved on April 4, 2012.
  13. ↑ Courtney, Pip (February 13, 2000). Lentils offer farmers a better cash crop alternative. Australian Broadcasting Corporation (Landline). Archived from the original on May 27, 2014. Retrieved on April 4, 2012.
  14. ↑ Ag 101: Demographics. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (September 10, 2009). Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved on April 3, 2012.
  15. ↑ Creamer, Jamie (February 2, 2011). Alabama growers reap big savings with precision ag. Southeast Farm Press. Archived from the original on January 11, 2018. Retrieved on April 3, 2012.
  16. ↑ Fruit and Nut Crops (California). USDA National Agriculture Statistics Service (October 28, 2011). Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved on April 6, 2012.
  17. ↑ Fair Trade International Report from 2013
  18. ↑ SCOPE methodology. Archived from the original on 2014-10-16. Retrieved on 2014-10-10.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 Venkataraman, Nitya (December 18, 2006). Marijuana Called Top U.S. Cash Crop. ABC News. Archived from the original on April 3, 2012. Retrieved on April 3, 2012. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "ABCNews-Cannabis" defined multiple times with different content
  20. ↑ Gettman (December 2006). Marijuana Production in the United States. Bulletin of Cannabis Reform. DrugScience.org. Archived from the original on 2008-04-28. Retrieved on 2020-04-09.
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