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Kọfị

 

Kọfị


Ihe ọṅụṅụ Kọfị bụ ihe ọṅụṅụ a na-eme site na mkpụrụ Kọfị a hụrụ ahụ. Kọfị na-eji oji, na-elu ilu, ma nwetụ asiid obere. O nwere mmetụta ịkpali akpali n'ahụ ụmụ mmadụ, karịsịa n'ihi caffeine dị na ya. Ọ nwere ọ̀zụ́zụ́ n'ahia kachasị elu n'ahịa ụwa maka mmanya ọkụ.[1]

A na-ekewa mkpụrụ nke mkpụrụ osisi Kọfị iji mepụta Kọfị na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ a na-ahụbeghị n'ọkụ. A na-ahụ mkpụrụ ya ahụ n'ọkụ ma kwọọ ya ọfụma ka ọ gwerichaa, nke a na-etinye na mmiri ọkụ tupu azaa ya, na-emepụta iko kọfị. A na-añụkarị ya mgbe ọ dị ọkụ, n'agbanyeghị na kọfị jụrụ oyi ma ọ bụ nke ice bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị. Enwere ike ịkwadebe kọfị ma gosipụta ya n'ụzọ dịgasị iche iche (dịka, espresso, French press, caffè latte, ma ọ bụ kọfị agbara na ḿkpọ̀). A na-agbakwunye ọtụtụ mgbe ọtọbịrịbịrị Shuga, ihe ndị nwere ike ịnọchi anya ọtọbịrịbịrị, mmiri ara ehi na ude iji kpuchie ilu ya ma ọ bụ mee ka ụtọ ya dịkwuo mma.

Ọ bụ ezie na kọfị bụzi ihe ahịa zuru ụwa ọnụ, ọ nwere ogologo akụkọ ihe mere eme ejikọtara ya na omenala nri na gburugburu Oké Osimiri Uhie. Ihe akaebe mbụ a pụrụ ịtụkwasị obi nke ịṅụ kọfị dị ka ihe ọṅụṅụ nke oge a na-apụta na Yemen nke oge a nke dị na ndịda Arebia n'etiti narị afọ nke iri na ise na ebe nsọ Ndị Sufi, ebe ahụrụ mkpụrụ kọfị n'ọkụ nke mbụ ya ma na-eme ya n'ụzọ yiri otú esi-akwadebe ya ugbu a maka ịṅụ. Ndị Yemen si n'Ugwu ndị dị n'Etiopia na-azụta akịkọ kọfị ahụ site na ndị Somalia nọ n'ụsọ oké osimiri, ma kụọ ha na Yemen. Ka ọ na-erule na narị afọ nke iri na isii, ihe ọṅụṅụ ahụ eruola n'ebe ndị ọzọ dị na Middle East na North Africa, ma mesịa gbasaa na Europe.

Ụdị akịkọ kọfị abụọ a na-akụkarị bụ C. arabica<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwOg"> </span> na C. robusta<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwPQ"> </span>. [2]A na-akụ osisi kọfị n'ihe karịrị mba iri asaa, ọkachasị na mpaghara equatorial nke Amerịka, Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia, mpaghara India, na Africa. As of 2018, Brazil bụụrụ mba na-ebute ụzọ n'ịkụ akị kọfị, na-emepụta pasentị iri atọ na ise na nke niile na-agazu ụwa. A na-ere kọfị na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ a na-ahụbeghị n'ọkụ, dịka ngwaahịa ọrụ ubi. N'agbanyeghị na a na-ereta kọfị ihe ruru ọtụtụ ijeri dollar n'ahia n'ụwa niile, ndị ọrụ ugbo na-emepụta kọfị na-ebi na ịda ogbenye. Ndị na-akatọ ụlọ ọrụ kọfị kwukwara maka mmetụta ọjọọ ọ na-enwe na gburugburu ebe obibi nakwa ịsụcha ala maka ịkọ kọfị na iji mmiri eme ihe.

Mmalite okwu a na mpụtara ya

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Kọfị na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na-akọwa akịkọ Kọfị tupu ahụọ ya n'ọkụ.

Okwu a bụ kọfị batara asụsụ Bekee n'afọ 1582 site n'okwu Dutch koffiebụ koffie, nke agbazinatara Ottoman Turkish kahve (قهوه), kahve, bụkwa nke agbazinatara ọzọ na Arabic qahwah (قَهْوَة). Ndị Arab nke ọ̀gbọ́ mmepe anya ụwa nw'obere nw'obere n'ahụ maka okwu na mkpọpụta ha (lexicographers) na-ekwu na mpụtara (etymology) okwu a bụ qahwah qahwah bụ ''mmanya vine', n'ihi òjí ya bụ ọpụrụiche, nke enwetara site na ngwaa bụ qahiya qahiyanke pụtara 'inwe agụụ iri maọbụ ịñụ ihe. (قَهِيَ)[3] Okwu a bụ qahwahqahwahga-enwerịrị mpụtara 'nke ojii ahụ' na-ekwu maka òtù esi emepụta ihe ọṅụṅụ site na mkpụrụ ya. qahwah qahwah abụghị aha mkpụrụ ya, nke a maara n'okwu Arab dịka bunn, nakwa n'asụsụ ndị Cushi dịka būn. Asụsụ ndị Semitic nwere mgbọrọgwụ okwu a bụ qhh, 'ụcha ojii', nke mèchàrà bụrụ nkọwa ọnatarachi nke ihe ọṅụṅụ a. Okwu ndị ọzọ Yitere ya bụ okwu Hiibru bụ qehe(h) ('ime dọlịị) nakwa okwu Aramaic qahey ('nyefee ụtọ acrid').[3] N'agbanyeghị na ndị na-ahụ maka mkpọpụta na mpụtara okwu ejikọọla ya na ọtú okwu pụtara "mmanya vine", a na-echekwa na o si mpaghara

Kaffnke mba f Ethiopia.[4]

Okwu a bụ ìtè kọfị na ezumike nwa mgbe nta kọfị malitere n'afọ 1705 na 1952, n'otu n'otu.[5]

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

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Akụkọ dị iche iche kà ndị mmadụ si kọọ ha

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  E nwere ọtụtụ akụkọ mmalite nke na-enweghị ihe akaebe. N'akụkọ ifo a na-akacha akọgharị ugboro ugboro, Kaldi, onye na-azụ ewu nke narị afọ nke itoolu nke Etiopia, hụrụ osisi kọfị ahụ na mbụ mgbe ọ hụrụ ìgwè ewu ya na-enweta ume site na ịta osisi ahụ. Akụkọ a apụtaghị tupu afọ 1671, nke Antoine Faustus Nairon, ọkammụta si Maron nke asụsụ ndị Ọwụwa Anyanwụ na onye dere otu n'ime akwụkwọ mbụ e biri ebi gbasara kọfị, De Saluberrima potione Cahue seu Cafe nuncupata Discurscus (Rome, 1671), bu ụzọ kọọ na-egosi na akụkọ ahụ nwere ike ịbụ apocryphal. [6][7][8]Akụkọ ọzọ na-ekwu na ọ bụ Sheikh Omar chọpụtara kọfị. N'ịbụ onye agụụ na-agụ mgbe a chụpụrụ ya na mba Mokha, Omar chọtara mkpụrụ osisi berị. Mgbe ọ nwara ịta ha ma hụọ ha n'ọkụ, Omar siri ha n'ọkụ, nke wepụtara mmiri nke mere ka ọ dịghachi ndụ ma nye ya ume ịgacha ije ya.[9]

Mgbasa ozi akụkọ ihe mere eme

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Ihe akaebe mbụ a pụrụ ịtụkwasị obi nke ịṅụ kọfị ma ọ bụ ịma banyere osisi kọfị pụtara n'etiti narị afọ nke iri na ise na akụkọ Ahmed al-Ghaffar na Yemen, ebe ahụrụ mkpụrụ kọfị n'ọkụ nke mbụ ya ma na-eme ya n'ụzọ yiri kà esi emepụta ya ugbu a. Ndị òtù Sufi na-eji kọfị eme ihe iji mụrụ anya abalị maka ememe ịchụ aja nke okpukpe ha. Akụkọ dị iche iche dị banyere mmalite nke osisi kọfị tupu ọ pụta na Yemen. Site na Etiopia, onwere ike bụrụ na ewebatara kọfị na Yemen site na azụmahịa gafee Oké Osimiri Uhie. [13] Otu akụkọ na-ekwu na Muhammad Ibn Sa'd wetara ihe ọṅụṅụ ahụ na Aden site n'ụsọ oké osimiri Afrịka, akụkọ ndị mbụ ndị ọzọ na-ekwu mgbe ochie na Ali ben Omar nke usoro Shadhili Sufi bụụrụ onye mbụ webatara kọfị na Arebia. [10][10][11]Dị ka al Shardi si kọọ, Ali ben Omar nwere ike ịbụ na ọ hụrụ kọfị n'oge ya na ndị enyi eze Adal Sadadin nọrọ na 1401.

Onye ọkà mmụta Alakụba a ma ama na narị afọ nke iri na isii bụ Ibn Hajar al-Haytami kwuru n'ihe odide ya na ihe ọṅụṅụ a na-akpọ qahwa sitere na osisi dị na mpaghara Zeila nke dị na Horn of Africa. Ndị ahịa Somalia si Berbera na Zeila na Somaliland nke oge a bu ụzọ bubata kọfị site na Etiopia gaa Yemen, nke a zụtara site na Harar na ime Abyssinia. Dị ka Captain Haines, onye bụbu onye nchịkwa nke Aden (1839-1854), si kọọ, Mocha dịka akụkọ ihe mere eme kọrọ bubatara ihe ruru ụzọ abụọ n'ụzọ atọ nke kọfị ha site n'aka ndị ahịa Berbera tupu Aden nke mba Britain na-eduzi emerie ahịa kọfị nke Mocha na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu .Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, a na-ebupụ ọtụtụ kọfị Etiopia gaa na Aden site na Berbera.[12]

 
Akwụkwọ ntuziaka nke afọ 1652 na-akpọsa kọfị maka ire ere na St. Michael's Alley, London

Ka ọ na-erule na narị afọ nke iri na isii, kọfị eruola n'akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke Middle East na North Africa. [13]Mkpụrụ kọfị mbụ ezupuru ezupu site na Middle East sitere n'aka Sufi Baba Budan site na Yemen gaa India n'oge ahụ. Tupu mgbe ahụ, a na-esi kọfị niile a na-ebupụ ma ọ bụ mee ka ọ ghara ịdị ndụ. Ihe osise nke Baba Budan na-egosi ya ka ọ na-ebubata mkpụrụ kọfị asaa site na ịke ha n'obi ya. A kụrụ osisi mbụ sitere na mkpụrụ ndị a ezubatara ezubata na Mysore.

Kọfị agbasaalarị gaa na Ịtali mgbe a na-erula afọ 1600, mesịa wee gaa na Europe, Indonesia, na Amerịka.  [14] [<span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (August 2016)">better<span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>source<span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>needed</span>]

N'afọ 1583, Leonhard Rauwolf, onye dọkịta Germany, nyere nkọwa a banyere kọfị mgbe ọ lọtara njem afọ iri o mere gaa na Near East:   Azụmaahịa na-aga nke ọma n'etiti Venice na North Africa na Middle East (n'oge ahụ ọ na-aza Alaeze Ukwu Ottoman) wetara ọtụtụ ngwongwo, gụnyere kọfị, na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Vernice. Site na Venice, e webatara ya na akụkụ Europe ndị ọzọ. Kofi ghọrọ ihe a nabatara n'ọtụtụ ebe nke ọma nke ọma mgbe Popu Clement nke Asatọ weere ya dị ka ihe ọṅụṅụ Ndị Kraịst n'afọ 1600, n'agbanyeghị arịrịọ niile arịọrọ ka machibido ya bụ amaara ka "ihe ọṅụṅụ ndị Alakụba". Ụlọ kọfị mbụ dị na Europe meghere na Venice n'afọ 1647.[15]

Dị ka ihe a na-ebubata n'obodo ndị ọzọ

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  Ụlọ ọrụ Dutch East India bụ nke mbụ bubatara kọfị n'ụzọ buru ibu. [16]Ndị Dutch mechara zụlite ihe ọkụkụ na Java na Ceylon. [17]Mbupụ mbụ nke Kọfị Indonesia site na Java gaa Netherlands mere n'afọ 1711.[18]

Site na mgbalị nke British East India Company, kọfị ghọkwara ihe ama ama na England. N'ihe odide nke May 1637, John Evelyn deturu na o dere ihe ọṅụṅụ ahụ ire na Oxford na England, ebe nwa akwụkwọ nke Balliol College si Crete aha ya bụ Nathaniel Conopios nke Crete wetara ya. [19][20]Ụlọ kọfị Queen's Lane nke Oxford, nke e guzobere n'afọ 1654, ka dị taa. E webatara kọfị na France n'afọ 1657 nakwa na Austria na Poland mgbe Agha Vienna nke 1683 gasịrị, mgbe e weghaara ibubata kọfị site n'aka Ndị Turkey emeriri.[25]

Mgbe kọfị rutere North America n'oge ọchịchị ndị ọchịchị, ọ nọghị na-aga nke ọma na mbụ dị ka ọ dị na Europe, ebe ọ bụ na ihe ọṅụṅụ na-aba n'anya nọgidere na-ewu ewu. N'oge Agha Mgbanwe, ọchịchọ maka kọfị mụbara nke ukwuu nke mere na ndị na-ere ya bịara zowe ngwa ahịa kọfị na-adị ụkọ ma bulie ọnụahịa ha nke ukwuu; nke a bụkwa n'ihi mbelata tii sitere n'aka ndị ahịa Britain, na mkpebi zuru oke n'etiti ọtụtụ ndị America iji zere ịṅụ tii na-esote Boston Tea Party nke afọ 1773. [26][21]Mgbe Agha afọ 1812, gachara, mgbe Britain kwụsịrị mbubata tii nwa oge, ọchịchọ kọfị ndị America toro.

N'ime narị afọ nke iri na asatọ, ịṅụ kọfị belatara na Britain, nyezie éfè maka ịṅụ tii. Ihe ọṅụṅụ tii dị mfe ime ma bụrụ nke dị ọnụ ala site na mmeri ndị Britain meriri India na ụlọ ọrụ tii n'ebe ahụ. [28]N'oge Age of Sail, ndị ọrụ Ụgbọ mmiri nọ n'ụgbọ mmiri nke Royal Navy nke Britain mere kọfị ndochi anya site n'ịgbasa achịcha gbara ọkụ na mmiri ọkụ.[22]

Onye France Gabriel de Clieu weere osisi kọfị gaa n'ókèala French nke Martinique na Caribbean n'afọ ndị 1720, nke ọtụtụ kọfị arabica a na-akụ n'ụwa sitere na ya. [23]Kofị toro na ihu igwe mba ahụ ewee bufee ya gaa Amerịka. [31]A na-akụ kọfị na Saint-Domingue (nke bụzi Haiti) site na 1734, mgbe a na-erula 1788 ọ na-enye ọkara kọfị ụwa. [24]Ọnọdụ ndị ohu na-arụ ọrụ na ogige ọkụkụ kọfị bụ ihe kpatara mgbanwe Haiti ga-eso n'oge na-adịghị anya. Ụlọ ọrụ kọfị enwetachaghị onwe ya n'ebe ahụ. [33]Ọ laghachiri n'oge dị mkpirikpi n'afọ 1949 mgbe Haiti bụ nke atọ kachasị ebupụta kọfị n'ụwa, mana ọ belatara ngwa ngwa mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị.

Mmepụta buru ibu

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Komkom Kọfị sitere na ọkara mbụ nke narị afọ nke iri abụọ Site na njikọtaMuseo del Objeto del Objeto

Ka ọ dịgodị, e webatara kọfị na Brazil n'afọ 1727, n'agbanyeghị na ịkọ ya enwetaghị ọganihu ruo mgbe nnwere onwe n'afọ 1822. [34]Mgbe oge a gasịrị, e wepụrụ nnukwu ọhịa maka ịkọ ubi kọfị, nke mbụ na nso Rio de Janeiro na mgbe e mesịrị na São Paulo. [35]Brazil si n'ịbụ mba na-enweghị Kọfị ọ bụla a na-ebupụ n'afọ 1800 gaa n'ịbụ nnukwu mba na-emepụta na mpaghara n'afọ 1830, gaa n'ịghọ mba kacha emepụta kọfị n'ụwa na-eru afọ 1852. N'afọ 1910-1920, Brazil bupụru ihe dị ka pasentị iri asaá nke kọfị ụwa, Colombia, Guatemala, na Venezuela ebupụ ọkara n'ime pasentị iri atọ fọdụrụnụ, mmepụta Old World ana-ahụzi maka mbupụ ụwa.[25] nke na-erughi pasentị ise.

Ọtụtụ mba dị na Central America malitere ịkọ ugbo na ọkara ikpeazụ nke narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ha niile na-etinye aka na nnukwu mkpochapụ na mmegbu nke ụmụ amaala. Ọnọdụ siri ike dugara n'ọtụtụ nnupụisi, nnupụnụ, na mmegide gunyechara iwufu ọbara nke ndị ọrụ ugbo. [37]Ọpụrụiche dị ịrịba ama bụ Costa Rica, ebe enweghị ndị ọrụ dị njikere gbochiri ịmepụta nnukwu ugbo. Obere ugbo na ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ na-aha nhata mere ka ọgba aghara belata na narị afọ nke 19 na nke 20.[38]

Uto ngwa ngwa na mmepụta kọfị na South America n'oge ọkara nke abụọ nke narị afọ nke iri na itoolu kwekọrọ na mmụba nke oriri na mba ndị mepere emepe, ọ bụ ezie na ọ dịghị ebe ọ bụla uto a dị ka ọ dị na United States, ebe ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke mmụba mmadụ gbakwunyere site na okpukpu abụọ nke oriri nke onye ọ bụla n'etiti 1860 na 1920. Ọ bụ ezie na United States abụghị mba na-aṅụ kọfị kachasị n'oge ahụ (mba ndị Nordic, Belgium, na Netherlands niile nwere ọkwa yiri ya ma ọ bụ karịa nke onye ọ bụla na-ahapụ), n'ihi oke ya, ọ bụlarị onye na-ahazi kọfị n'ụwa site na 1860, na, site na 1920, ihe dị ka ọkara kọfị niile a na-emepụta n'ụwa niile ka a na-aụrụ na US.[25]

Kọfị aghọwo ihe ọkụkụ ọtụtụ mba na-emepe emepe ji akpata ego. Ihe karịrị otu narị nde mmadụ na Mba ndị na-emepe emepe adaberela na kọfị dị ka isi ihe ha ji enweta ego. Ọ ghọwo isi mbupụ na azụ azụ maka mba Afrịka dị ka Uganda, Burundi, Rwanda, na Ethiopia, yana ọtụtụ mba Central America.[26]

 
Ihe osise nke osisi Coffea arabica na mkpụrụ ya

Ọtụtụ ụdị osisi nke ụdị Coffea na-emepụta mkpụrụ osisi ebe a na-ewepụta Kọfị. Ụdị abụọ a na-akọ maka ire ha n'ahịa bụ Coffea canephora (nke a na-akpọkarị 'robusta') na C. arabica<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAUE"> </span>. [27]C. arabica, ụdị a na-akwanyere ùgwù nke ukwuu, bụ nke si n'ebe ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke Ethiopia na Boma Plateau na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Sudan na Ugwu Marsabit na ugwu Kenya. [28]C. canephora bụ nke si na ọdịda anyanwụ na etiti Subsaharian Africa, site na Guinea ruo Uganda na ndịda Sudan. Ụdị ndị na-adịghị ewu ewu bụ C. liberica<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAVE"> </span>, C. stenophylla<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAVQ"> </span>, C. Mauritiana, na C. racemosa.

A na-ekenye ossisi kọfị niile n' okpụrụ nnukwu ezinụlọ Rubiaceae. Ha bụ obere osisi ma ọ bụ osisi ndị na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ nke nwere ike itolite ruo 5 m (15 ft) n'ogologo mgbe a na-egbutughi ha.   Akwụkwọ ya na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ ma na-egbuke egbuke, na-abụkarị 10-15 cm (4-6 in) n'ogologo na 6 cm (2.4 in) obosara, dị mfe, zuru ezu, na nke megidea.     Petioles nke akwụkwọ ndị dị iche iche na-agwakọta na ala iji mepụta interpetiolar stipules, njirimara nke Rubiaceae. Okooko osisi ndị ahụ bụ axillary, ụyọkọ okooko osisi na-acha ọcha na-esi ísì ụtọ na-ama ifuru n'otu oge. Gynoecium nwere ovary dị ala, nke bụkwa ihe e ji mara Rubiaceae. Mkpụrụ osisi oval nke ihe dị ka 1.5 cm (0.6 in) na-esote okooko osisi ahụ.   [29]Mgbe ha na-etolitebeghị, ha na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, ha na'acha odo odo, mgbe ahụ na-acha ọbara ọbara, tupu ha aghọọ oji mgbe ha na-akpọnwụ. Mkpụrụ osisi ọ bụla na-enwekarị mkpụrụ abụọ, mana 5-10% nke mkpụrụ osisi nwere naanị otu; a na-akpọ ha Peaberries. [30][31]Mkpụrụ Arabica na-acha n'ime ọnwa isii ruo asatọ, ebe robusta na-ewe ọnwa itoolu ruo iri na otu.[32]

Coffea arabica na-emekarị ka ọ bụrụ mkpụrụ osisi, n'ihi ya, mkpụrụ osisi na-adịkarị otu ma dịtụ iche na nne na nna ha. N'ụzọ dị iche, Coffea canephora, na C. liberica bụ ndị na-ekwekọghị n'onwe ha ma chọọ outcrossing. Nke a pụtara na ụdị na ngwakọta bara uru ga-agbasa site na ahịhịa. Ịkụcha, itinye, na ifuru bụ ụzọ a na-ejikarị eme ihe maka mgbasa nke ahịhịa. N'aka nke ọzọ, enwere ohere dị ukwuu maka nnwale na-achọ ụdị ọhụrụ.[33]

Ọ̀kụ̀kọ̀ na mmepụta ya

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Map na-egosi ebe a na-akụ kọfị: a Coffea arábica
   

Ụzọ ọdịnala eso akụ kọfị bụ itinye mkpụrụ iri abụo n'ime oghere ọ bụla na mbido Oge mmiri ozuzo. Usoro a na-etufukarị ihe dị ka pasentị iri ise nke ikike mkpụrụ ahụ, ebe ọ bụ na ihe dị ka ọkara anaghị epulite. Usoro ka amịta mkpụrụ iji zụlite kọfị, nke a na-eji na Brazil, bụ ịzụlite mkpụrụ osisi n'ebe nta a na-akụkọta ha ọnụ na mbụ ndị a na-akụ n'èzí mgbe ọnwa isii ruo iri na abụọ gasịrị. A na-akụkọta kọfị mgbe ụfọdụ ya na ihe ọkụkụ nri, dị ka ọka, agwa, ma ọ bụ osikapa n'ime afọ ole na ole mbụ nke ịkọ ugbo ka ndị ọrụ ugbo na-amata ihe ọ chọrọ. [29]Osisi kọfị na-eto n'ime ebe a kapịrị ọnụ n'etiti Tropic of Cancer na Capricorn, nke a na-akpọ belt bean ma ọ bụ belt kọfị.[34]

N'afọ 2020, mmepụta ụwa nke akịkọ kọfị na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ bụ akpa kilogram iri isii dị 175,647,000, n'ọnụ ọgụ nke Brazil nọ n'isi ya jiri pasentị irí atọ na itoolu n'ime ha niile, ebe Vietnam, Colombia, na Indonesia sochiri.  Brazil bụ mba kachasị ebupụ kọfị, na-ebupu pasentị iri na ise nke ihe niile a na-ebupụ n'ụwa n'afọ 2019. [35] N'ebe afọ 2021, ọ dịghị ngwaahịa kọfị sịntetik dị n'ihu ọha mana ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ Bioeconomy akọwapụtara nke mbụ nke yiri nke ọma na ọkwa molekụl ma dị nso na azụmahịa.[36][37][38]

Ọdịiche Dịgasị N'Ụdị dị iche iche

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N'ime ụdị abụọ a na-akọ, Kọfị arabica (site na C. arabica) na-abụkarị ihe a na-akwanyere ùgwù karịa kọfị robusta (site na C. canephora). Kọfị Robusta na-adịkarị ilu ma nwee ụtọ dị ala mana ahụ ka mma karịa arabica. N'ihi ihe ndị a, ihe dị ka ụzọ atọ n'ụzọ anọ nke kọfị a na-akụ n'ụwa niile bụ C. arabica. [27]Ụdị Robusta nwekwara ihe dị ka 40-50% caffeine karịa arabica. N'ihi ya, a na-eji ụdị a eme ihe dị ka ihe ndochi anya dị ọnụ ala maka arabica n'ọtụtụ ngwakọta kọfị azụmahịa. A na-eji ezigbo àgwà robusta ude ihe na ngwakọta espresso ọdịnala nke Ịtali iji nye ụtọ zuru oke na isi ụfụfụ ka mma (nke a maara dị ka crema).

Na Mgbakwunye, Coffea canephora na-aka ara ahụ ibute ọrịa karịa C. arabica, enwekwara ike ịkõ ya n'ebe ndị dịtụ ala maọbu ihụ igwe dịtụ ọkụ nnukwu ebe C. arabica agaghị anọtanwu.[39] E bụrụ uzọ kpokọtachaa ụdị robusta n'afọ 1890 site na Lomani River, mgbasapụ nke Congo River, ewee bụrụ ya site na Congo Free State (bụzi Democratic Republic of the Congo ugbua) gaa Brussels gaa Java na gburugburu 1900. Site na Java, ọzụzụ azụtụkwuru ya meziri na enwere ogige akụrụ naanị robusta n'ọtụtụ mba dị iche iche. Kpọmkwem, mgbasa nke ọrịa akwụkwọ iịta nchara (Hemileia vastatrix), nke ọ ka dịrị C. arabica mfe ibute, mere ka ewere ọsọsọ nara robusta nke na-emeri ọrìa ahụ . Hemileia vastatrix bụ ǹjé fungi na akpata ọria n[40] nke na-ebute ebe ndị na-acha nchara nchara na-adị na ebe ndị okpuru nke akwụkwọ kọfị. Hemileia vastatrix na-etokarị n'akwụkwọ osisi Kọfị .[41] A na-ahụ ọrịa akwụkwọ kọfị ịta nchara na mba niile ebe ndị a na-akụ kọfị

e.[42]

A na-ahụ àgwà sitere na mba ma ọ bụ mpaghara dị iche iche site na ọdịiche dị na ụtọ, ísì, ahụ, na acidity. [43]Njirimara uto ndị a na-adabere ọ bụghị naanị na mpaghara kọfị na-eto eto kamakwa na ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa (ụdị dị iche iche) na nhazi. [44]A maara ụdị dị iche iche site na mpaghara ebe a na-eto ha, dị ka Colombian, Java, na Kona. A na-akụ ọka Arabica kọfị na Latin America, ọwụwa anyanwụ Africa ma ọ bụ Eshia, ebe a na-akụ ya robusta n'etiti Africa, ndịda ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia, na Brazil.[27]

Arụrụ ndị na-ata ya na ọgwụgwọ

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  Mycena citricolor, nke a na-akpọkarị American Leaf Spot, bụ fungus nke nwere ike imetụta osisi kọfị dum. Ọ nwere ike itolite na akwụkwọ, na-akpata akwụkwọ inwe oghere nke na-adakarị na osisi ahụ. Ọ bụ ihe iyi egwu karịsịa na Latin America.

E dekọrọ ihe karịrị ụdị ụmụ ahụhụ narị itoolu dị ka ihe na-egbu ihe ọkụkụ kọfị n'ụwa niile. N'ime ndị a, ihe karịrị otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ bụ ụmụ ahụhụ, ihe karịrị ụzọ n'ime anọ bụ ụmụ ahụhụ. Ihe dị ka Ụdị iri abụo nke nematodes, ụdị itoolu nke mites, na ọtụtụ snails na slugs na-awakpokwa ihe ọkụkụ ahụ. Nnụnụ na ụmụ oke na-eri mkpụrụ osisi kọfị mgbe ụfọdụ, mana mmetụta ha dị obere ma e jiri ya tụnyere anụ ndị na-enweghị ọkpụkpụ azụ N'ozuzu, Arabic bụ ụdị anụ ndị na-enweghị azụ na-akacha ata n'ozuzu. Ụmụ anụmanụ dị iche iche nwere akụkụ ọ bụla nke osisi kọfị ahụ na-awakpo. Nematodes na-awakpo mgbọrọgwụ, ụmụ ahụhụ na-egwu ala n'ime ogwe osisi na ihe osisi, ihe karịrị otu narị ụdị igurube (ụgbụgbọ) nke urukurubụba na ụkpara na-awụso akwụkwọ osisi ahụ ọgụ.

  1. ↑ Global Hot Drinks Market Size, Share | Industry Trends Report, 2025 (en). www.grandviewresearch.com. Retrieved on 2023-07-18.
  2. ↑ A Guide To Different Types Of Coffee Beans, Roasts & Drinks (en-US) (2021-08-13). Retrieved on 2023-01-16.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Kaye (1986). "The Etymology of "Coffee": The Dark Brew". Journal of the American Oriental Society 106 (3): 557–558. DOI:10.2307/602112. ISSN 0003-0279. 
  4. ↑ coffee | Etymology, origin and meaning of coffee by etymonline. www.etymonline.com.
  5. ↑ coffee. Online Etymology Dictionary. Archived from the original on 7 October 2015. Retrieved on 18 November 2015.
  6. ↑ Noted by H. F. Nicolai, Der Kaffee und seine Ersatzmittel: Volkshygienische Studie, (Brunswick, 1901) ch.
  7. ↑ Banesio (1671). De saluberrima potione cahue, seu cafe nuncupata discursus Fausti Naironi Banesii Maronitae, linguae Chaldaicae, seu Syriacae in almo vrbis archigymnasio lectoris ad eminentiss. ... D. Io. Nicolaum S.R.E. card. .. (in Latin). Typis Michaelis Herculis. 
  8. ↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Wein34
  9. ↑ Ukers (1935). All About Coffee. New York: Tea & Coffee Trade Journal Company, 9–10. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Hattox (1985). Coffee and coffeehouses: The origins of a social beverage in the medieval Near East. University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0-295-96231-3. Retrieved on 6 October 2020. 
  11. ↑ Burton (1856). First footsteps in East Africa. London: Longman. “ali omar coffee yemen.” 
  12. ↑ R. J. (1975). Aden Under British Rule, 1839–1967 (in en). C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 53. 
  13. ↑ Wild (2004). Coffee: A Dark History. Fourth Estate, 52–53. ISBN 978-1-84115-649-1. 
  14. ↑ Meyers (7 March 2005). Suave Molecules of Mocha—Coffee, Chemistry, and Civilization. New Partisan. Archived from the original on 22 March 2011.
  15. ↑ History of Viennese coffee house culture. www.wien.gv.at.
  16. ↑ Ukers (1922). "The Introduction of Coffee into Holland", All About Coffee. New York: Tea and Coffee Trade Journal. ISBN 978-0-8103-4092-3. Retrieved on 12 February 2010. 
  17. ↑ (1986) in Dobelis: Magic and medicine of plants. Pleasantville, NY: Reader's Digest, 370–71. ISBN 978-0-89577-221-3. 
  18. ↑ Fischer. History of Indonesian coffee. Specialty Coffee Association of Indonesia. Archived from the original on 5 August 2009. Retrieved on 12 February 2010.
  19. ↑ Caffeine and plants prototype page. Archived from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved on 23 February 2022.
  20. ↑ Diary of John Evelyn (various editions)
  21. ↑ (1) Adams (6 July 1774). John Adams to Abigail Adams. The Adams Papers: Digital Editions: Adams Family Correspondence, Volume 1. Massachusetts Historical Society. Archived from the original on 26 February 2014. Retrieved on 25 February 2014. “I believe I forgot to tell you one Anecdote: When I first came to this House it was late in the Afternoon, and I had ridden 35 miles at least. "Madam" said I to Mrs. Huston, "is it lawful for a weary Traveller to refresh himself with a Dish of Tea provided it has been honestly smuggled or paid no Duties?"
    "No sir, said she, we have renounced all Tea in this Place. I can't make Tea, but I'll make you Coffee." Accordingly, I have drunk Coffee every Afternoon since and have borne it very well. Tea must be universally renounced. I must be weaned, and the sooner, the better.”
  22. ↑ Fremont-Barnes (2005). Nelson's Sailors. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84176-906-6. Retrieved on 18 November 2015. 
  23. ↑ Lacour (1855). Histoire de la Guadeloupe 1635–1789 (in fr). 
  24. ↑ Pendergrast (2010). Uncommon Grounds: The History of Coffee and How It Transformed Our World. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-02404-9. Retrieved on 18 November 2015. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 The production and consumption of coffee. Archived from the original on 12 September 2015. Retrieved on 26 September 2015. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "stats1920" defined multiple times with different content
  26. ↑ Cousin (June 1997). Ethiopia Coffee and Trade. American University. Archived from the original on 11 May 2015. Retrieved on 18 February 2016.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 Botanical Aspects. International Coffee Organization. Archived from the original on 24 March 2009. Retrieved on 4 January 2010. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "ICO" defined multiple times with different content
  28. ↑ "Collecting wild Coffea species in Kenya and Tanzania". Plant Genet Resources Newsletter 69 (1987): 23–29. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Duke (1983). Coffea arabica L. Purdue University. Archived from the original on 21 February 2010. Retrieved on 4 January 2010. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Purdue" defined multiple times with different content
  30. ↑ Feature Article: Peaberry Coffee. Acorns (2004). Archived from the original on 7 May 2010. Retrieved on 4 January 2010.
  31. ↑ Hamon (1995). "Developing a coffee core collection using the principal components score strategy with quantitative data". Core Collections of Plant Genetic Resources. Retrieved on 4 January 2010. 
  32. ↑ Pradeepkumar (2008). Management of Horticultural Crops: Vol.11 Horticulture Science Series: In 2 Parts. New India Publishing, 601–. ISBN 978-81-89422-49-3. Retrieved on 27 June 2015. 
  33. ↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named CW158
  34. ↑ Major coffee producers. National Geographic (2015). Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved on 25 September 2015.
  35. ↑ Workman (28 April 2020). Coffee exports by country. World's Top Exports. Archived from the original on 27 June 2020. Retrieved on 24 June 2020.
  36. ↑ Lavars. "Lab-grown coffee cuts out the beans and deforestation", New Atlas, 20 September 2021. Retrieved on 18 October 2021.
  37. ↑ Sustainable coffee grown in Finland – | VTT News (en). vttresearch.com (15 September 2021). Archived from the original on 18 October 2021. Retrieved on 18 October 2021.
  38. ↑ "Eco-friendly, lab-grown coffee is on the way, but it comes with a catch", The Guardian, 16 October 2021. Retrieved on 26 October 2021. (in en)
  39. ↑ Daviron (2005). The Coffee Paradox: Global Markets, Commodity Trade and the Elusive Promise of Development. Zed Books. ISBN 978-1-84277-457-1. Retrieved on 18 November 2015. 
  40. ↑ Levetin (2012). Plants & Society. New York: McGraw-Hill, 263–67. ISBN 978-0-07-352422-1. 
  41. ↑ Waller (1972). "Coffee Rust in Latin America". PANS Pest Articles & News Summaries 18 (4): 402–08. DOI:10.1080/09670877209412699. 
  42. ↑ Waller (2007). Coffee pests, diseases and their management. Wallingford, Oxfordshire: CABI. ISBN 978-1-84593-129-2. 
  43. ↑ Davids (2001). Coffee: A Guide to Buying, Brewing, and Enjoying, 5th, New York: St. Martin's Griffin. ISBN 978-0-312-24665-5. 
  44. ↑ Castle (1991). The Perfect Cup: A Coffee Lover's Guide to Buying, Brewing, and Tasting. Reading, MA: Aris Books. ISBN 978-0-201-57048-9. 
Ewepụtara na https://ig.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kọfị&oldid=176489