Ala Dị n'Otu
Ala ahịhịa bụ ala ahịhịa, ahịhịa, ọhịa, ala mmiri na ọzara nke anụ ụlọ ma ọ bụ anụ ọhịa na-ata nri. Ụdị ala ịhịa aka n'ahụ gụnyere ahịhịa toro ogologo na ahịhịa dị mkpụmkpụ, ahịhịa ahịhịa na ala ahịhịa, ọhịa ọhịa, savannas, chaparrals, steppes, na tundras. Ala dị iche iche anaghị agụnye oke ohia nke enweghị ahịhịa na-ata ahịhịa, ọzara na-adịghị, ala ubi, ma ọ bụ ala nke nkume siri ike kpuchie, kọnkịrị na/ma ọ bụ glaciers.
A na-eji ala ịta ahịhịa dị iche na ala ịta ahịhịa n'ihi na ha na-etolite n'ụzọ bụ isi ahịhịa ndụ, karịa osisi ndị mmadụ hiwere. A na-ejikwa ihe ndị dị ka ịhịa aka n'ahụ anụ ụlọ na ọkụ a na-achịkwa kama ijikwa ahịhịa, ịgba mmiri na iji fatịlaịza.
Ịkpa anụ bụ ihe dị mkpa iji ala ịta ahịhịa eme ihe mana okwu Ala ịkpa anụ abụghị otu ihe na ala ịta nri. Enwere ike iji ịta ahịhịa mee ihe iji jikwaa ala ịta ahụhịa site na ịghọrọ ihe oriri iji mepụta anụ ụlọ, ịgbanwe ihe ọkụkụ, ma ọ bụ belata ibu mmanụ.
Ọkụ bụkwa ihe dị mkpa na-achịkwa ahịhịa dị iche iche, ma ọ bụ nke ụmụ mmadụ setịpụrụ ma ọ bụ site na àmụ̀mà. Ọkụ na-ebelata ọtụtụ osisi ma na-akwalite ahịhịa ahịhịhịa gụnyere ahịhịrị, forbs, na ahịhọta dị ka ahịhụ. Mgbochi ma ọ bụ mbelata nke ọkụ ọhịa site n'ọzara, savanna, ma ọ bụ ọhịa na-akpọkarị osisi na obere osisi ka ha wepụ ahịhịa na forbs.
Rangelands na-ekpuchi ihe dị ka nde square kilomita 80 n'ụwa niile, na nde square kilomita 9.5 echedoro na nde square kilometers 67 eji mmepụta anụ ụlọ. Mpaghara ndị a na-akwado ihe dị ka 1 ijeri anụmanụ, nke Ndị na-azụ anụ na-elekọta n'ihe karịrị 100 mba, na-egosi ọrụ dị mkpa ha na Nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi na mmepụta ugbo.[1]
Òtù Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu (UN) ekwuputala 2026 dị ka Afọ Mba Nile nke Rangelands na Pastoralists, na Food and Agriculture Organization na-eduga atụmatụ ahụ.[2]
Okwu mmalite na nkọwa
dezieỤlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi nke United States na-akọwa oke ala dị ka "ala nke ahịhịa ndụ (n'ikpeazụ ma ọ bụ obodo nwere ike ime ihe ọkụkụ) bụ ahịhịa, ahịhịa, ahịhịa, ma ọ bụ osisi dị mma maka ịta nri ma ọ bụ ihe nchọgharị."[4] EPA. na-ekewa ahịhịa ahịhịa na savannas dị ka ala ahịhịa, na n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ gụnyere ala mmiri, ọzara, tundra, na "ụfọdụ forb na obodo shrub."[4] Ihe dị iche n'etiti ala ahịhịa na ebe ịta nri bụ njikwa; ebe ịta nri na-enwekarị ahịhịa ahịhịa yana ụdị osisi ole na ole ewepụtara, mana ha niile na-ahụ maka ịta ahịhịa, ebe ala ịta nri nwere nri a na-edozi maka anụ ụlọ ma na-ejikwa ya, site na ịgha mkpụrụ, ịgha mkpụrụ, fatịlaịza na ogbugba mmiri n'ubi.[3][3]
Ụdị ala ịta ahịhịa
dezieDị ka UNCCD si kwuo, 35% nke ala ịta ahịhịa bụ ọzara na ala ahịhịhịa, 26% ala ahịhiịa na ala okpomọkụ, savanna na ala ahịrị, 15% tundra, 13% ala ahịha, savannah na ala ahịa, 6% ala ahịhwa ugwu na ala ahọhịa, 4% ọhịa Mediterenian, ala ahịhu na ala ahụhịa, yana 1% ala ahịhiwa mmiri.[4]
A na-ewere Ala ahịhịa dị ka akụkụ nke ala ahịhiokwu, savanna na obere ala site n'aka ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi, dabere na ihu igwe yiri ya, mmiri ozuzo dị mma, na ahịhịhịa, ahịhịrị, na obere osisi, karịa osisi, dị ka ụdị ahịhịa kachasị. Mpaghara ahịhịa na-ekpo ọkụ gụnyere Pampas nke Argentina, na Steppes nke Eurasia.
Ala ahịhịa
dezieAla ahịhịa bụ ebe ahịhịa na-achị ahịhịa (Poaceae) na ahịhịa ahịhịa ndị ọzọ (na-abụghị osisi). Otú ọ dị, a pụkwara ịchọta ezinụlọ sedge (Cyperaceae) na rush (Juncaceae). Ala ahịhịa na-emekarị na kọntinent niile ma e wezụga Antarctica. N'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ, dị ka ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Europe na Great Plains na California dị na North America, ahịhịa ahịhịa na-achịkwa ahịhịa ndụ, ebe na ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ, ụdị kwa afọ na-etolite akụkụ ka ukwuu nke ahịhịa.[5]
Steppe
dezieSteppe, na ọdịdị ala, na-ezo aka na mpaghara Biome nke a na-ahụ site na ala ahịhịa na-enweghị osisi ma e wezụga ndị dị nso na osimiri na ọdọ mmiri. Prairie (karịsịa shortgrass na mixed prairie) bụ ihe atụ nke steppe, ọ bụ ezie na a naghị akpọkarị ya dị otú ahụ. Ọ nwere ike ịbụ ọkara Ọzara, ma ọ bụ kpuchie ya na ahịhịa ma ọ bụ obere osisi ma ọ bụ ha abụọ, dabere na oge na latitude. A na-ejikwa okwu ahụ eme ihe iji gosipụta ihu igwe a na-ahụ na mpaghara ndị kpọrọ nkụ iji kwado ọhịa, mana ọ bụghị nke kpọrọ nkụ nke ọma iji bụrụ ọzara.
Pampas
deziePampas are the fertile South American lowlands that include the Argentine provinces of Buenos Aires, La Pampa, Santa Fe, Entre Ríos and Córdoba, most of Uruguay, and the State of Rio Grande do Sul, in the southernmost end of Brazil covering more than Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Convert/data' not found.. These vast plains are only interrupted by the low Ventana and Tandil hills near Bahía Blanca and Tandil (Argentina), with a height of Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Convert/data' not found. and Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Convert/data' not found. respectively. The climate is mild, with precipitation of Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Convert/data' not found. to Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Convert/data' not found., more or less evenly distributed through the year, making the soils appropriate for agriculture. This area is also one of the distinct physiography provinces of the larger Paraná-Paraguay Plain division. These plains contain unique wildlife because of the different terrains around it. Some of this wildlife includes the rhea, the badger, and the prairie chicken.
Ala ahịhịa
dezieShrubland bụ obodo osisi nke ahịhịaahịhịa na obere osisi, na-agụnyekarị ahịhịhịa, ahịhịrị, na geophytes. Osisi nwere ike ịpụta n'ụzọ okike ma ọ bụ bụrụ nsonaazụ nke ọrụ mmadụ. Ọ nwere ike ịbụ ụdị ahịhịa tozuru etozu n'otu mpaghara ma nọgide na-akwụsi ike ka oge na-aga, ma ọ bụ obodo na-agafe agafe nke na-eme nwa oge n'ihi nsogbu, dị ka ọkụ. Enwere ike ịnọgide na-enwe ọnọdụ kwụsiri ike site na nsogbu okike dịka ọkụ ma ọ bụ ịnyagharị. Ala ahịhịa nwere ike ọ gaghị adaba maka ebe obibi mmadụ n'ihi ihe ize ndụ nke ọkụ. E chepụtara okwu ahụ bụ "ọhịa" na 1903. [6]
Osisi
dezieOsisi bụ oké ọhịa dị ala nke na-emepụta ebe obibi mepere emepe nke nwere ọtụtụ ìhè anyanwụ na onyinyo dị nta. Osisi nwere ike ịkwado ahịhịa na ahịhịhịa ahịhụ gụnyere ahịhịrị. Osisi nwere ike ịmepụta mgbanwe gaa n'ọhịa n'okpuru ọnọdụ kpọrọ nkụ ma ọ bụ n'oge mmalite nke usoro nke mbụ ma ọ bụ nke abụọ. Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu na mpaghara osisi, nke nwere okpokoro mechiri emechi, na-enye ndò sara mbara na nke fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nke na-aga n'ihu ka a na-akpọ ọhịa.
Savanna
dezieSavanna bụ usoro okike nke ahịhịa mara site na osisi ndị dị obere ma ọ bụ nke dị iche iche ka okpokoro ahụ ghara imechi. Okpokoro ahụ na-emeghe na-enye ohere ka ìhè zuru ezu ruo n'ala iji kwado ahịhịa ahịhịhịa na-adịghị agbawa nke nwere ahịhịrị C4. [7]
Ọzara
dezieỌzara bụ ala ma ọ bụ mpaghara nke na-enweta mmiri ozuzo dị ala, akọwapụtara dị ka mpaghara nwere mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ nke na-erughị 250 milimita (10 in) kwa afọ, ma ọ bụ dị ka ebe mmiri na-efu na evapotranspiration karịa ka mmiri ozuzo.[8][9] Na usoro nhazi ihu igwe Köppen, a na-ahazi ọzara dị ka BWh (ọzara na-ekpo ọkụ) ma ọ bụ BWk (ọzara dị nro). Na usoro nkewa nke ihu igwe Thornthwaite, a ga-ekewa ọzara dị ka ihu igwe megathermal kpọrọ nkụ. [10][11]
Tundra
dezieTundra bụ Biome ebe okpomọkụ dị ala na oge uto dị mkpirikpi na-egbochi uto osisi. Okwu tundra sitere na Russian тундра site na okwu Kildin Sami tūndâr "ugwu," "ugwu na-enweghị osisi. " E nwere ụdị tundra atọ: Arctic tundra, Alpine tundra, na Antarctic tundra Na tundra, ahịhịaahịhịa obere osisi, sedges na ahịhịhịa, mosses, na lichens.[12][13]-text" id="mw1w">[16][14] Osisi ndị gbasasịrị agbasa na-eto n'ụfọdụ tundra. A maara ecotone (ma ọ bụ mpaghara ókèala gburugburu ebe obibi) n'etiti tundra na ọhịa dị ka akara osisi ma ọ bụ akara osisi.
Ojiji a na-eji ahịhịa
dezieRangelands na-emepụta ngwaahịa na ọrụ dịgasị iche iche nke ọha mmadụ chọrọ, gụnyere anụ ụlọ (Ịkpa anụ), ebe obibi anụ ọhịa, mmiri, Ihe ndị dị n'ime ala, ngwaahịa osisi, Ntụrụndụ ọhịa, oghere mepere emepe na ịma mma okike. Ogologo ala na ọtụtụ ihe onwunwe dị mkpa nke ala ịta ahịhịa na-eme ka ojiji na njikwa ha dị mkpa nye ndị mmadụ ebe niile.[15]
Uru akụ na ụba
dezieRangelands bụ akụ na ụba dị mkpa, na-enye aka nke ukwuu na akụ na ụba mba, ọkachasị site na mmepụta anụ ụlọ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na Etiopia, ala ịkpa anụ na-eme 19% nke GDP mba, ebe na Brazil, ha na-enye otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke GDP ọrụ ugbo site na ọrụ ehi. Obodo ndị a buru ibu abụghị naanị na ha na-akwado mmepụta ugbo kpọmkwem kamakwa ha na-akwalite ụlọ ọrụ ndị metụtara ya, na-eme ka ọrụ dịkwuo mma ma na-akpali uto akụ na ụba. Nchịkwa ha na nkwado ha dị oke mkpa maka ịga n'ihu na onyinye akụ na ụba ndị a na ịkwado ụzọ ndụ dabere na ha.[16]
Ihe ịma aka nke imebi ala
dezieMmebi nke ala ịta ahịhịa dị ukwuu n'ụwa n'ihi iji ya eme ihe n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi, Mgbanwe ihu igwe, na ọnwụ nke ụdị dị iche iche na-anọchite anya nnukwu egwu nye nri ụmụ mmadụ na ọdịmma ma ọ bụ ndụ nke ọtụtụ ijeri mmadụ.
N'afọ 2024, United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) kọrọ na ihe ruru 50% nke ala ịkpa na-emebi emebi. Mpaghara ndị a na-ata ahụhụ site na mbelata ala, mkpochapụ osisi, erosion, salinization, alkalinization, na mkpakọ ala, nke niile na-egbochi uto osisi ma na-enye aka na ụkọ mmiri ozuzo na mgbanwe na mmiri ozuzo. Mmebi a na-ebute ụzọ site na ntụgharị nke Ebe ịta nri gaa n'ala ihe ọkụkụ, mmụba nke obodo ukwu, ịrị elu maka nri, eriri, na mmanụ, ịta nri gabigara ókè, ịhapụ ndị na-azụ anụ, na iwu ndị na-akpali mmebi gabigara oke. UNCCD gara n'ihu na-ekwu na ọnwụ nke ala ịkpa anụ na-adọta obere nlebara anya ọha na eze ma na-esikarị na mkparịta ụka iwu mba ụwa.[16][4]
Mgbasa zuru ụwa ọnụ
dezie
Rangelands kpuchiri ihe ruru ijeri hekta 8 nke ala n'ụwa niile na 54% nke ala. 78% nke ala ịta ahịhịa na-apụta n'ala kpọrọ nkụ.[4]
Canada
dezieRangeland bụ akụkụ ama ama nke ime obodo Canada. Ikike mpaghara, nchịkwa na amụma gbasara iji oke dị iche iche n'ofe obodo ahụ. Dị ka ọ dị n'ọtụtụ mba Commonwealth ndị ọzọ, oge ọhaneze na ala okpueze maka ebumnuche ọrụ oke bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na mpaghara mpaghara dakọtara. Ịmekọrịta mkpa akụ na ụba nke ndị na-azụ anụ na mkpa maka nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi bụ otu n'ime isiokwu ndị bụ isi na okwu okwu ọgbara ọhụrụ.
N'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ Canada, ma ala ahịhịa na oke ọhịa dị mkpa. Na British Columbia, pasent 70 nke ala ahịhịa bụ nke onwe yana pasent 60 nke ngụkọta anụ ụlọ a na-achọ kwa afọ bụ nke a na-enye site na ịta nri na Crown rangeland (hectare 34), pasent 80 n'ime ya bụ oke ọhịa.[20] Oke ahịhịa dị n'ọtụtụ ebe ebe a na-azụ anụ na ógbè prairie; Otú ọ dị, oke ọhịa dị mkpa karịsịa na mpaghara boreal.[17][18]
A na-echekwa ụfọdụ ebe nchekwa dị ka mpaghara echedoro na mpaghara dịka ogige ntụrụndụ, ndị ọzọ na-ejikwa dịka akụrụngwa obodo. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na Alberta kemgbe 2003 enwere iwu na-enye ohere ịmepụta "Heritage Rangelands" n'ime usoro ogige ntụrụndụ.[23]. Dị ka nke 2012, e nwere 2 ihe nketa rangeland na 6 atụpụtara n'ọdịnihu nketa rangelands nke Alberta Parks na-elekọta.[24] Enwekwara ebe nchekwa mpaghara iri atọ na abụọ dị na Alberta niile nke Alberta Sustainable Resource Development na-elekọta dị ka ala ọha.[25] Gọọmenti etiti etiti elekọtala ọtụtụ "ebe ịta nri obodo" na Western Canada nke eweghachitere ala na-ata ahụhụ n'ime afọ 1930.[26] Na 2012, a mara ọkwa na a ga-ewepụ aka gọọmenti etiti a n'ime afọ isii.[19]
United States
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N'ime ala dị n'ime ókèala United States, a na-ewere 36% dị ka ala ịta ahịhịa. Akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke United States bụ 53% rangeland.[15] Ihe dị ka nde acres 399 (1,610,000 km2) nke ala ịta ahịhịa bụ nke onwe. Ngalaba na-ahụ maka ala na-elekọta ihe dị ka nde acres 167 (676,000 km2) nke ala ịkpa anụ nke ọha na eze, na United States Forest Service na-elekọtaihe dị ka nde acre 95 (380,000 km2) karịa. Ndị na-azụ anụ nwere ike ịgbazite akụkụ nke ala ịkpa anụ ọha na eze a ma kwụọ ụgwọ dabere na ọnụ ọgụgụ na ụdị anụ ụlọ na oge ha nọ n'ala ahụ.
N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, ọtụtụ ala dị na ọdịda anyanwụ United States ka e ji achị nri ma ọtụtụ steeti ụfọdụ ka dịkwa. N'ọtụtụ n'ime steeti ndị ahụ, dị ka Arizona, iwu nke mepere emepe na-emetụta nke chọrọ onye nwe ala ka ọ gbachie ehi ka ọ ghara ịbanye; ya mere a na-ekwe ka ehi na-agagharị n'efu. N'oge a iwu ndị mepere emepe nwere ike imegide mmepe obodo ka ehi, oke ehi, ma ọ bụ ọbụna ìgwè ehi kpafuru akpafu mgbe ụfọdụ na-awagharị n'ime nkewa ma ọ bụ banye n'okporo ụzọ awara awara.[20]
Ala ịta ahịhịa nke North America
dezie- Ala ahịhịa dị elu
- Ala ahịhịa na-agwakọta
- Ala ahịhịa Dị Mkpirikpi
- Agba nke Pacific
- Ala ahịhịa kwa afọ
Ebe ndị a na-ata ahịhịa n'Ebe Ugwu America
dezie- Steppe Sagebrush
- Ọzara Ọzara Ọsụsọ
- Ọzara Ubi
Australia
dezieAla ịta ahịhịa nke Australia na-agbasa site na savanna tropical n'ebe ugwu nke mmiri ozuzo oge okpomọkụ na-achịkwa, ọ bụ ezie na nnukwu mpaghara ọzara dị n'etiti Australia ruo n'ebe ndịda nke mmiri ozu oge oyi na-achị. Ha na-ekpuchi ihe dịka pasent 80 nke kọntinent Australia ma na-adaba na 'Outback' n'ozuzu. Otú ọ dị, ala ịta ahịhịa na-emekwa n'ebe mmiri ozuzo dị elu ebe njedebe ndị ọzọ na-abụghị mmiri ozuzo na-egbochi iji ya na njikwa ala okike. Ala ịta ahịhịa bụ ebe ụkpụrụ na uru ọha na eze dabere na ihe onwunwe okike. Ha bụ ebe ndị a na-emebeghị nke ọma maka ọrụ ugbo mana mmepụta anụ ụlọ buru ibu bụ isi ojiji ala, na-eme ihe dị ka pasentị 55 nke ala ịta ahịhịa.[21] Ebe nchekwa na-eji ihe dị ka pasent 11 nke ala ịta ahịhịa na ala ịta anụ nwere ebe dị iche iche dị iche iche na ihe ndị na-adọrọ mmasị n'ụwa niile. Ọ bụ ezie na igwupụta ihe na mmanụ ala na-eji obere pasent nke ala ịkpa anụ, ọ na-enye aka n'ụzọ akụ na ụba na Gross Domestic Product nke Australia ma e jiri ya tụnyere ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ na-emepụta ala ịkpa (ụmụ ehi, atụrụ na ewu, njem nleta, owuwe ihe ubi nke ngwaahịa ala). Ala ụmụ amaala nke ụdị dị iche iche na-ekpuchi ihe dị ka pasent 59 nke ala ịta ahịhịa ma na-ejikọta ya na ịta ahụhịa na nchedo.[21] Ọ bụ ezie na ala ịkpa anụ kpuchiri pasentị 80 nke ala Australia, na ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ nke afọ 2016, ha bụ ebe obibi nke ihe karịrị pasentị abụọ nke ndị bi na ya (mmadụ 394,000), na pasentị 28 nke ndị bi n'ala ịkpa anụ na-akọwa dị ka ndị obodo.[21]
South America
dezieAla ahịhịa dị na South America dị na mpaghara nwere ihu igwe sitere na ala kpọrọ nkụ ruo na iru mmiri. Mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ na mpaghara ndị a sitere na ihe dịka 150 ruo 1500 mm (6–60 inch). N'ime South America, oke ala na-ekpuchi ihe dịka 33% nke mkpokọta ala. Ogbe ndịda South America gụnyere; ala ahịhịa, ala ahịhịa, savannas, na ọzara na-ekpo ọkụ na oyi. Ógbè ndị dị na South America na-ewepu ọzara hyperacid. Ọmụmaatụ nke mpaghara ebe ndịda America gụnyere Patagonian Steppe, Monte, Pampas, "Llanos" ma ọ bụ "Cerrado," "Chaco" na "Caatinga." Mgbanwe n'ịdị ike na ọnọdụ nke égbè eluigwe na ọnọdụ ihu igwe ndị ọzọ bụ ihe na-eme ka ihu igwe dị n'ebe ndịda South America.
Afrịka
dezie
Na Kenya, oke ọhịa bụ 85% nke elu ala, ma ndị na-azụ anụ na-adaberekarị na anụ ụlọ bi na ya. Ntugharị a na-ebutekarị mbubata ọrịa dị iche iche yana nke a na-ahụkarị bụ nje na-efe efe na anụ ọhịa Kenya sitere na gburugburu ebe obibi Somalia.
Eshia
dezieN'oge gara aga, ala ịta ahịhịa dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ China kwadoro akụ na ụba ịkpa anụ na nnukwu anụ ọhịa. Ugbu a, ala ịta ahịhịa ebelatawo n'ihi mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ, akụ na ụba, gọọmentị, na ihe ndị metụtara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. Ụdị Rangeland na China gụnyere; Semi-desert, Dry Alpine Grasslands, Alpine Dwarf Shrub, ụdị Wetland.
Ihe ngosi
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Palouse Hills nke Washington -
Ọzara Sonora -
Ala Dị n'Oké Osimiri Konza -
Nnụnụịta nri n'ala ịta ahịhịaCrook County, Wyoming. -
Triodia Hummock Grasslands -
Savannah na ndịda Africa -
Ugwu Caliente, California -
Ọdọ Mmiri Swan, Nevada
Hụkwa
dezie
Ebem si dee
dezie- ↑ ‘Silent demise’ of vast rangelands threatens climate, food, wellbeing of billions (en). UNCCD. Retrieved on 2024-05-26.
- ↑ UN names 2026 as the International Year of Rangelands and Pastoralists. www.fao.org. Retrieved on 2024-05-29.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Pasture, Rangeland, and Grazing Operations. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved on 12 September 2015.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 UNCCD. 2024. Global Land Outlook Thematic Report on Rangelands and Pastoralism. United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification, Bonn.
- ↑ NASA Earth Observatory webpage
- ↑ Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, 11th Edition (2003).
- ↑ Werner (1991). "Introduction", in Patricia A. Werner: Savanna Ecology and Management: Australian Perspectives and Intercontinental Comparisons. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-0-632-03199-3.
- ↑ What is a desert?
- ↑ According to What is a desert?, the 250 mm threshold definition is attributed to Peveril Meigs.
- ↑ Fredlund, D.G. (1993). Soil Mechanics for Unsaturated Soils. Wiley-Interscience. ISBN 978-0-471-85008-3. Retrieved on 2008-05-21.
- ↑ Glossary of Meteorology. Megathermal Climate. Retrieved on 2008-05-21.
- ↑ Aapala. Tunturista jängälle. Kieli-ikkunat. Archived from the original on 2006-10-01. Retrieved on 2009-01-19.
- ↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedberkeley - ↑ Terrestrial Ecoregions: Antarctica. Wild World. National Geographic. Archived from the original on 2011-08-05. Retrieved on 2009-11-02.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 What is Range. Cnr.uidaho.edu. Archived from the original on 2011-07-18. Retrieved on 2010-12-22. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "UofIdaho -CNR" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 16.0 16.1 ‘Silent demise’ of vast rangelands threatens climate, food, wellbeing of billions (en). UNCCD. Retrieved on 2024-05-26. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":1" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Government of Saskatchewan. Forested rangeland grazing. Grazing Forested Rangeland - Agriculture -. Archived from the original on 2015-12-22. Retrieved on 2015-09-10.
- ↑ Range management fact sheet for northern Alberta’s boreal region. Forest grazing. Archived copy. Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved on 2015-09-10.
- ↑ Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. Transfer of grazing pastures. http://www.agr.gc.ca/eng/?id=1414430742263
- ↑ "Arizona Rethinking Open Range Laws" article by Marc Lacey in The New York Times October 11, 2010. Retrieved October 13, 2010.
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 Foran (2019). "Australian rangeland futures: time now for systemic responses to interconnected challenges". The Rangeland Journal 41 (3): 271–292. DOI:10.1071/RJ18105.