Wikipedia

Ịta nri

usoro nri nke herbivore na-eri akụkụ nke ahịhịa na-eto obere, forbs ma ọ bụ algae.

N'ọrụ ugbo, ịhịa aka n'ahụ bụ usoro ịzụ anụ ụlọ nke a na-ahapụ anụ ụlọ n'èzí ka ọ bụrụ ihe efu (na-agagharị) ma na-eri ahịhịa ọhịa iji mee ka mkpụrụ ndụ na-adịghị agwụ agwụ (site na eriri afọ mmadụ) cellulose n'ime ahịhịa na ihe oriri ndị ọzọ ka ọ bụrụ anụ, mmiri ara ehi. ajị na anụ anụmanụ ndị ọzọ, na-adịkarị n'ala nke na-adịghị mma maka ịkọ ugbo.

Ịkpa ehi na Germany

Ndị ọrụ ugbo nwere ike were ọtụtụ usoro ịta nri dị iche iche maka mmepụta kacha mma: ịta nri nwere ike na-aga n'ihu, nke oge, ma ọ bụ ntụgharị n'ime oge ịta nri. A na-ahụ ntụgharị ogologo ogologo n'ọrụ ugbo ley, na-atụgharị ihe ubi na nri anụ; na ntughari izu ike, ntughari ebugharị, na ìgwè mmadụ na-ata nri, na-enye ahịhịa ogologo oge iji gbakee ma ọ bụ hapụ ala. Patch-burn na-ewepụta ntụgharị nke ahịhịa ọhụrụ mgbe ejiri ezumike afọ abụọ gbaa ọkụ. Ịta nri nchekwa na-atụ aro ka a na-eji anụmanụ na-ata nri na-emeziwanye ihe dị iche iche nke saịtị [1]

Ịkpa anụ adịla kemgbe mmalite nke ọrụ ugbo; atụrụ na ewu bụ ndị na-akwagharị akwagharị na-azụlite n'ụlọ tupu e wuo ebe obibi mbụ na-adịgide adịgide n'ihe dị ka 7000 BC, na-eme ka e nwee ike ịzụ ehi na ezì. 

Ịkpa anụ ụlọ na-enye aka n'ọtụtụ Mmetụta ala-adịghị mma na gburugburu ebe obibi, gụnyere Mgbukpọ ọhịa, mkpochapụ nke anụ ọhịa, mmetọ nke iyi na osimiri, ịtabiga nri ókè, mmebi ala, Nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi. [2] na Nkwụsi ike nke gburugburu ebe obibi.[3][4]

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

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Ịzụlite anụ ndị na-eri anụ site na 7000 BC, dị ka atụrụ ndị a nwere ọdụ buru ibu na Afghanistan, nyere ndị na-akwagharị akwagharị gafee Middle East na etiti Eshia ihe oriri a pụrụ ịdabere na ya. 

A zụlitere atụrụ, ewu, ehi, na ezì n'oge mmalite akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ọrụ ugbo. A na-ebu ụzọ zụlite atụrụ, n'oge na-adịghị anya, ewu sochiri ya; ụdị abụọ ahụ dabara adaba maka ndị na-akwagharị akwagharị. A zụlitere ehi na ezì n'ụlọ obere oge ka e mesịrị, n'ihe dị ka 7000 BC, ozugbo ndị mmadụ malitere ibi n'ebe obibi.[5] 

Na America, a na-azụ anụ ụlọ n'ala ọha na eze site na Agha Obodo. E tiri iwu Taylor Grazing Act nke 1934 mgbe Great Depression gasịrị iji chịkwaa ojiji nke ala ọha na eze maka ebumnuche ịta nri.

Mmepụta

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Dị ka akụkọ sitere n'aka Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Nri na Ọrụ Ugbo si kwuo, ihe dị ka pasent 60 nke ala ahịhịa ụwa (ihe na-erughị ọkara nke elu ụwa a na-eji eme ihe) bụ usoro ịta ahịhịa kpuchiri. Ọ na-ekwu na "usoro ịta nri na-enye ihe dị ka pasent 9 nke mmepụta anụ ehi n'ụwa na ihe dị ka pasent 30 nke mmepụta atụrụ na anụ ewu n'ụwa. Maka ihe dị ka nde mmadụ 100 n'ebe ndị kpọrọ nkụ, ma eleghị anya ọnụ ọgụgụ yiri ya na mpaghara ndị ọzọ, ịta nri. anụ ụlọ bụ nanị ebe e nwere ike isi nweta ihe e ji ebi ndụ.. "[6]

Nchịkwa

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A na-egbochi akụkụ ahịhịa ndụ gbara ọchịchịrị nke ebe ịta nri a na New Zealand iji kwe ka ahịhịhịa too ọzọ tupu a na-ata ya nri ọzọ.

Nchịkwa ịta ahịhịa nwere ihe mgbaru ọsọ abụọ:

  1. Ichebe ogo nke ebe ịta nri megide mmebi site na ịta nri gabigara ókè: n'ikwu ya n'ụzọ ọzọ, mee ka ebe ịta ahịhịa na-adịgide adịgide
  2. Ichebe ahụike nke ụmụ anụmanụ pụọ na egwu siri ike, dị ka:
    • Mmetụta ahịhịa na nsị nitrate
    • Nchịkọta nke ihe ndị dị ka molybdenum na nsị selenium
    • Ọrịa ahịhịa na laminitis n'ime ịnyịnya
    • Ọrịa mmiri ara ehi n'ime ụmụ ehi

Ojiji kwesịrị ekwesị nke ala na usoro nchịkwa ịta ahịhịa

It does this by allowing sufficient recovery periods for regrowth. Producers can keep a low density on a pasture, so as not to overgraze.[Tinye edensibịa][citation needed] Controlled burning of the land can help in the regrowth of plants.[8] Although grazing can be problematic for the ecosystem, well-managed grazing techniques can reverse damage and improve the land.[Tinye edensibịa]

Na commons na England na Wales, ikike nke ịta ahịhịa (ịta ahịhi) na pannage (ịta anụ ọhịa) maka onye ọ bụla nkịtị na-akọwa nke ọma site na ọnụ ọgụgụ na ụdị anụmanụ, na oge nke afọ mgbe enwere ike iji ikike ụfọdụ mee ihe. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a ga-ekwe ka onye bi n'otu ụlọ na-ata ehi iri na ise, ịnyịnya anọ, Ịnyịnya ibu ma ọ bụ ịnyịnya ibu, na agụ iri ise, ebe ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị agbata obi ha kwere ka ọ dị iche. Na ụfọdụ ndị nkịtị (dị ka Ọhịa Ọhụrụ na ndị dị n'akụkụ ya), ikike anaghị ejedebe na nọmba, kama a na-akwụ 'ụgwọ akara' kwa afọ maka anụmanụ ọ bụla 'a tụgharịrị'. [9] Otú ọ dị, ọ bụrụ na ejiri ihe a na-ahụkarị mee ihe gabigara ókè, dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'ịzụbiga nri ókè, a ga-etinye ihe a na'ahụkarị 'stiny'; ya bụ, a ga na-etinye oke na ọnụ ọgụgụ anụmanụ onye ọ bụla a hapụrụ ka ọ na-ata nri. Iwu ndị a na-emeghachi omume na nrụgide nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na akụ na ụba. Ya mere, kama ikwe ka ihe a na-ahụkarị mebie, a machibidoro ohere ọbụna karịa.[10]

 
Àtụ:Centre

Usoro

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Ndị na-azụ anụ ụlọ na ndị na-eme nchọpụta sayensị dị iche iche emepụtala usoro ịta ahịhịa iji melite mmepụta nri na-adịgide adịgide maka anụ ụlọ. Enwere ike iji nke a tụnyere ịzụ anụmanụ n'ụlọ oriri.

Ịga n'ihu

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Ihe osise nke ịta ahịhịa na-aga n'ihu, usoro na-adịghị arụ ọrụ, nke na-adịghị emepụta ihe

Site n'ịkpa anụ na-aga n'ihu, a na-ekwe ka anụ ụlọ banye n'otu ebe ịta nri n'afọ niile.

Oge

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Ịkpa anụ n'oge na-agụnye "anụmanụ na-ata anụ n'otu ebe naanị maka akụkụ nke afọ". Nke a na-enye ohere ka ala a na-adịghị eri nri zuru ike ma na-enye aka maka nri ọhụrụ.

 
Ihe osise nke ịta ahịhịa na-agbanwe agbanwe, na-egosi ojiji nke paddocks, nke ọ bụla na-enye nri na mmiri maka anụ ụlọ maka oge ahọrọ. A na-ahapụ ahịhịa ka ọ zuru ike ma belata ọgba aghara, ikekwe na-abawanye ihe ọkụkụ. Enwere ike iji nke a tụnyere Usoro nri.

Ịzụ anụ na-agbanwe agbanwe "na-agụnye ịkewa ebe ahụ n'ime ọtụtụ ebe ịta nri wee na-azụ anụ n'usoro n'oge ịta nri". Iji ịta ahịhịa na-agbanwe agbanwe nwere ike imeziwanye nkesa anụ ụlọ ka ị na-etinye oge ezumike maka nri ọhụrụ.

Ọrụ ugbo

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Mgbanwe ezumike

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Ịta nri izu ike "na-ekewa mpaghara ahụ n'ime opekata mpe ebe ịta nri anọ. Otu ebe ịta nri ka na-ezu ike n'ime afọ yana ịta nri na-atụgharị n'etiti ahịhịa ndụ ndị fọdụrụ." Usoro ịta nri a nwere ike ịba uru karịsịa mgbe ị na-eji ahịhịa dị nro na-achọ oge maka izu ike na itolite

Mgbanwe a na-eweghachi

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Ntụgharị akwụsịla "gụnyere opekata mpe ebe ịta nri abụọ nke a na-ataghị ahịhịa ruo mgbe etinyechara mkpụrụ". Site n'iji ntughari agbagoro agbagoro, ahihia nwere ike nweta oke uto n'ime oge a na-agaghị eri nri.

Ọkụ ọkụ

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Ịkpọ anụ na-ere otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ebe ịta nri kwa afọ, n'agbanyeghị ogo nke ebe ịkpa anụ. Ogige a na-ere ọkụ na-adọta ndị na-azụ anụ (ụmụ ehi ma ọ bụ atụ) na-ata nri n'ebe ahụ n'ụzọ dị ukwuu n'ihi ahịhịa ọhụrụ na-eto n'ihi ya. Ogige ndị ọzọ na-enweta obere ma ọ bụ enweghị ịta nri. N'ime afọ abụọ sochirinụ, a na-ere ihe abụọ na-esote ọkụ n'usoro, mgbe ahụ, okirikiri ahụ malitere ọzọ. N'ụzọ dị otú a, patches na-enweta afọ abụọ nke ezumike na mgbake site na ịta nri siri ike. Usoro a na-ebute ebe obibi dịgasị iche iche nke osisi na nnụnụ dị iche iche nwere ike iji - na-eṅomi mmetụta nke mmekọrịta prehistorical n'etiti bison na ọkụ, ebe bison na-ata nri nke ukwuu n'otu ebe na ebe ndị ọzọ nwere ohere izu ike, dabere na echiche nke pyric herbivory.[8][11] Ogige Ntụrụndụ Tallgrass Prairie dị n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Oklahoma ejirila ìgwè anụ ọhịa bea na-ata nri ruo ihe karịrị afọ iri. Mgbalị ndị a emeela ka mmekọrịta ọkụ bison dị n'ụzọ dị irè na nnukwu ala nke 30,000 acres (12,000 hectare). [12] N'ọhịa na-ata ahịhịa nke Devon, a maara ọkụ ọkụ oge dị ka swailing.[13]

Nchịkwa mpaghara osimiri

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Ebumnuche ịta ahịhịa n'akụkụ osimiri bụ imeziwanye anụ ọhịa [ịkọwapụta dị mkpa] na ebe obibi ha.  Ọ na-eji mgbidi eme ihe iji gbochie anụ ụlọ n'akụkụ iyi ma ọ bụ ebe mmiri ruo mgbe anụ ọhịa ma ọ bụ nnụnụ mmiri gasịrị, ma ọ bụ iji belata oke ịta nri ruo obere oge.

 
Ịchekwa anụ ụlọ site na Highland Cattle na London Wetland Centre nature reserve

  Ịchekwa anụ bụ iji anụmanụ na-ata ahịhịa nyere aka melite ụdị dị iche iche nke ebe. N'ihi ọdịdị ha siri ike, a na-ejikarị ụdị ndị dị ụkọ na ndị a mụrụ n'ebe a na-azụ anụ.[14] N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, iji weghachite ala ahịhịa ọdịnala, a na-eji ehi dị ka English Longhorn na Highland eme ihe iji nye ịta nri.[15]

Ịkpa anụ

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Ụdị ịta ahịhịa na-eji ọtụtụ obere paddocks dị ka mgbidi na-enye ohere, a na-ekwu na ọ ga-adịgide adịgide.[16]

Ịkpa anụ

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Ịkpa anụ bụ usoro, nke a na-ekwu na ọ na-adịgide adịgide, nke e mepụtara na 2002; ọ na-eji nnukwu ìgwè atụrụ n'ala fọdụrụ ogologo oge karịa ka ọ dịbu.[17]

Ihe ndị metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi

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Ịkpa anụ n'oge ọkọchị n'ebe dị elu na Big Pasture Plateau, Slovenia

Mmekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi

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Old Norwegian Sheep grazing at an island on the coast of Norway. This is a vulnerable habitat where the sheep take part in a delicate ecological balance.

A number of ecological effects derive from grazing, and these may be either positive or negative. Negative effects of grazing may include overgrazing, increased soil erosion, compaction and degradation, deforestation, biodiversity loss,[6] and adverse water quality impacts from run-off.[18] Sometimes grazers can have beneficial environmental effects such as improving the soil with nutrient redistribution and aerating the soil by trampling, and by controlling fire and increasing biodiversity by removing biomass, controlling shrub growth and dispersing seeds.[6] In some habitats, appropriate levels of grazing may be effective in restoring or maintaining native grass and herb diversity in rangeland that has been disturbed by overgrazing, lack of grazing (such as by the removal of wild grazing animals), or by other human disturbance.[19] Conservation grazing is the use of grazers to manage such habitats, often to replicate the ecological effects of the wild relatives of domestic livestock, or those of other species now absent or extinct.

Grazer urine and faeces "recycle nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and other plant nutrients and return them to the soil". Grazing can reduce the accumulation of litter (organic matter) in some seasons and areas,[20] but can also increase it, which may help to combat soil erosion. This acts as nutrition for insects and organisms found within the soil. These organisms "aid in carbon sequestration and water filtration".[21]

When grass is grazed, dead grass and litter are reduced which is advantageous for birds such as waterfowl. Grazing can increase biodiversity. Without grazing, many of the same grasses grow, for example brome and bluegrass, consequently producing a monoculture.[20] The ecosystems of North American tallgrass prairies are controlled to a large extent by nitrogen availability, which is itself controlled by interactions between fires and grazing by large herbivores. Fires in spring enhance growth of certain grasses, and herbivores preferentially graze these grasses, producing a system of checks and balances, and allowing higher plant biodiversity.[22] In Europe heathland is a cultural landscape which requires grazing by cattle, sheep or other grazers to be maintained.[23]

Conservation

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Otu onye edemede nke Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) akụkọ Livestock's Long Shadow, kwuru n'ajụjụ ọnụ: [24]   Ọtụtụ ala ịta ahịhịa sitere na usoro nke iwepụ ma ọ bụ ịdọrọ mmiri nke ebe obibi ndị ọzọ dị ka ọhịa ma ọ bụ ala mmiri.[25]

Dabere n'echiche nke Center for Biological Diversity, ịta ahịhịa dị ukwuu n'ala kpọrọ nkụ nke ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ United States nwere ọtụtụ mmetụta na-adịghị mma na ụdị dị iche iche dị n'ebe ahụ.[26]

  1. ↑ Filazzola (2020). "The effects of livestock grazing on biodiversity are multi-trophic: A meta-analysis". Ecology Letters 23 (8): 1298–1309. DOI:10.1111/ele.13527. PMID 32369874. 
  2. ↑ Grazing. www.biologicaldiversity.org.
  3. ↑ Liang (2021). "Grazing-induced biodiversity loss impairs grassland ecosystem stability at multiple scales". Ecology Letters 24 (10): 2054–2064. DOI:10.1111/ele.13826. PMID 34319652. 
  4. ↑ Hautier (2022-02-16). "Biodiversity and Temporal Stability of Naturally Assembled Ecosystems Across Spatial Scales in a Changing World", The Ecological and Societal Consequences of Biodiversity Loss. Wiley, 189–209. DOI:10.1002/9781119902911.ch9. ISBN 978-1-78945-072-9. 
  5. ↑ Gascoigne. HISTORY OF THE DOMESTICATION OF ANIMALS. History World. Retrieved on 26 September 2019.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 de Haan (1997). "Chapter 2: Livestock grazing systems & the environment", Livestock & the Environment: Finding a Balance. Brussels: Commission of the European Communities (under auspices of the Food and Agriculture Organization). 
  7. ↑ Mountains, Moorlands and Heaths; National Ecosystem Assessment.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Fuhlendorf (2004). "Application of the fire–grazing interaction to restore a shifting mosaic on tallgrass prairie". Journal of Applied Ecology 41 (4): 604–614. DOI:10.1111/j.0021-8901.2004.00937.x. 
  9. ↑ Forest rights.
  10. ↑ Susan Jane Buck Cox (1985). "No tragedy on the Commons". Environmental Ethics 7 (1): 49–62. DOI:10.5840/enviroethics1985716. 
  11. ↑ Fuhlendorf (June 2009). "Pyric Herbivory: Rewilding Landscapes through the Recoupling of Fire and Grazing". Conservation Biology 23 (3): 588–598. DOI:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.01139.x. PMID 19183203. 
  12. ↑ The Nature Conservancy in Oklahoma. www.nature.org. Archived from the original on 2011-02-23. Retrieved on 2010-04-26.
  13. ↑ Dartmoor fire 'largest in years'. BBC (7 April 2013).
  14. ↑ Conservation grazing. Rare Breeds Survival Trust. Archived from the original on 2016-04-29. Retrieved on May 1, 2016.
  15. ↑ Shapwick Moor Nature Reserve. Archived from the original on April 1, 2016. Retrieved on April 24, 2016.
  16. ↑ Grazing strategies. Meat & Livestock Australia. Retrieved on 23 September 2019.
  17. ↑ Salatin. Tall grass mob stocking. Acres USA May 2008 vol 8 no 5. Archived from the original on 11 January 2012. Retrieved on 11 April 2013.
  18. ↑ Nemecek (2018-06-01). "Reducing food's environmental impacts through producers and consumers". Science 360 (6392): 987–992. DOI:10.1126/science.aaq0216. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 29853680. 
  19. ↑ Launchbaugh (2006). Targeted Grazing: A natural approach to vegetation management and landscape enhancement. National Sheep Industry Improvement Center in Cooperation with the American Sheep Industry Association. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Waterfowl area grazing benefits birds, cattle - The Fergus Falls Daily Journal (21 February 2008). Archived from the original on 16 June 2009. Retrieved on 9 December 2008.
  21. ↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named NHO
  22. ↑ Bison Grazing Increases Biodiversity. news.bio-medicine.org. Archived from the original on 2021-04-27. Retrieved on 2008-12-09.
  23. ↑ Rackham (1997). The History of the Countryside. Phoenix. 
  24. ↑ "Harmful Environmental Effects Of Livestock Production On The Planet 'Increasingly Serious,' Says Panel", ScienceDaily, 22 February 2007. Retrieved on 27 September 2019.
  25. ↑ A. Crofts. Lowland Grassland Management Handbook.
  26. ↑ Center for Biological Diversity|source=Grazing

N'ebe kpọrọ nkụ dị ka ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ United States, ịkpa anụ ụlọ emebiwo mpaghara ndị dị n'akụkụ osimiri, ala mmiri dị n'okpuru osimiri ma ọ bụ iyi. Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Nchebe Gburugburu Ebe Obibi na-ekwu na ọrụ ugbo nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na mmetọ iyi na osimiri karịa isi iyi ọ bụla ọzọ na-abụghị isi. Ịzụ anụ n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi n'ógbè ndị dị n'akụkụ osimiri nwere ike inye aka na mmetọ na-abụghị isi iyi nke ógbè ndị dị na osimiri.[1] A na-akpọ mpaghara ndị dị n'akụkụ osimiri n'ebe kpọrọ nkụ na ebe kpọrọ nkụ.[2] Mmiri, biomass dị elu, microclimate dị mma na ihe omume idei mmiri oge na-emepụta ihe dị iche iche dị elu karịa na ugwu ndị gbara ya gburugburu.[3] N'afọ 1990, "dị ka ngalaba ogige ntụrụndụ steeti Arizona si kwuo, ihe karịrị 90% nke mpaghara osimiri mbụ nke Arizona na New Mexico apụọla". Akụkọ nke 1988 nke Gọọmentị na-ahụ maka ịkwụ ụgwọ mere atụmatụ na 90% nke 5,300 kilomita nke ebe obibi osimiri nke Bureau of Land Management na Colorado na-achịkwa nọ n'ọnọdụ na-adịghị mma, dị ka 80% nke mpaghara osimiri Idaho, na-ekwubi na "ịkpa anụ ụlọ na-adịghị arụ ọrụ bụ isi ihe kpatara ebe obibi osimiri mebiri emebi na ala ịkpa anụ. "[4]

em si deeAkụkọ FAO nke afọ 2013 mere atụmatụ na anụ ụlọ na-akpata 14.5% nke ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ nke mmadụ.[5] Ịkpa anụ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na New Zealand; na 2004, methane na nitrous oxide sitere n'ọrụ ugbo mejupụtara ihe na-erughị ọkara nke ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ nke New Zealand, nke ọtụtụ n'ime ha sitere na anụ ụlọ.[6] Akụkọ nke United States Environmental Protection Agency nke afọ 2008 banyere ikuku na-esi n'ahụ chọpụtara na ọrụ ugbo bụ ihe kpatara 6% nke ngụkọta gas na-eme ka ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ na United States na 2006. Nke a gụnyere mmepụta osikapa, ịgbaze enteric n'ụmụ anụ ụlọ, njikwa nsị anụ ụlọ, na njikwa ala ugbo, mana wepụrụ ihe ụfọdụ nke nwere ike ịbụ ọrụ ugbo.[7] Nnyocha na-atụnyere ikuku methane sitere na ịta ahịhịa na ehi na-eri nri kwubiri na ehi na'ahịhịa nwere methane karịa ehi na-enye ọka. [8][9] Otu nnyocha dị na Journal of Animal Science chọpụtara okpukpu anọ karịa, ma kwuo, sị: "nlele ndị a na-edekọ n'ụzọ doro anya mmepụta CH4 dị elu maka ehi na-enweta nri dị ala, nri fiber dị elu karịa maka ehi na nri dị elu. "[10]

Agrico-agwọ ọrịa

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Usoro anyanwụ n'elu ubi ịta ahịhịa

Agrivoltaics maka ịta nri ga-enye ohere maka ndò maka ụmụ anụmanụ yana akwụkwọ nri ka ala wee nwee mmiri dị elu.[11]

Hụkwa

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Ebem si dee

dezie
  1. ↑ Hoorman. Negative Effects of Livestock Grazing Riparian Areas. ohioline.osu.edu. Ohio State University School of Environment and Natural Resources. Archived from the original on June 17, 2015. Retrieved on 15 June 2015.
  2. ↑ Luoma, Jon (September 1986). "Discouraging Words". Audubon 88 (92). 
  3. ↑ Kauffman. Lifeblood of the West. Archived from the original on August 22, 2007. Retrieved on August 8, 2007.
  4. ↑ Wuerthner, George (September–October 1990). "The Price is Wrong". Sierra. 
  5. ↑ Tackling climate change through livestock // FAO's Animal Production and Health Division. Fao.org. Retrieved on 16 August 2018.
  6. ↑ New Zealand Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry – Voluntary Greenhouse Gas Reporting Feasibility Study – Summary. Maf.govt.nz. Archived from the original on 2010-05-26. Retrieved on 16 August 2018.
  7. ↑ US EPA (August 12, 2013). Climate Change. www.epa.gov. Archived from the original on December 18, 2011.
  8. ↑ Capper (Apr 10, 2012). "Is the Grass Always Greener? Comparing the Environmental Impact of Conventional, Natural and Grass-Fed Beef Production Systems". Animals 2 (2): 127–43. DOI:10.3390/ani2020127. PMID 26486913. 
  9. ↑ Pelletier N (Jul 2010). "Comparative life cycle environmental impacts of three beef production strategies in the Upper Midwestern United States". Agricultural Systems 103 (6): 380–389. DOI:10.1016/j.agsy.2010.03.009. 
  10. ↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Harper1999
  11. ↑ Agri-voltaics - Small Farm Canada.
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