Wikipedia

Ịchụgharị (nri ahịhịa)

Nchọgharị bụ ụdị ahịhịa ahịhịa nke ahịhịa (ma ọ bụ, akọwapụtara nke ọma, folivore) na-eri akwụkwọ, ome dị nro, ma ọ bụ mkpụrụ osisi nke na-eto eto, na-adịkarị osisi osisi dị ka osisi. Nke a dị iche na ịta nri, na-ejikọta ya na anụmanụ na-eri ahịhịa ma ọ bụ ahịhịa ndị ọzọ dị ala. N'aka nke ọzọ, ndị na-azụ anụ bụ anụmanụ na-eri tumadi ahịhịa, na ihe nchọgharị bụ anụmanụ na-eri tumadi ahịhịa na-abụghị ahịhịa, nke gụnyere ma osisi na ahịhịa ahịhịa. N'ọnọdụ ọ bụla, ihe atụ nke dichotomy a bụ ewu (nke bụ ihe nchọgharị) na atụrụ (nke bụ ndị na-azụ anụ).. [1]

Mgbada nwere ọdụ ọcha na-achọ akwụkwọ na Enderby, British Columbia

Nchịkọta

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Ịchụgharị chital na Nagarhole (Karnataka, India)

A na-akpọ ihe ọkụkụ a na-eri dị ka chọgharịa ma na-esi n'okike ewere ya ozugbo site na osisi ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na ndị nwe anụ ụlọ dị ka ewu na mgbada nwere ike igbutu alaka ma ọ bụ alaka maka ịzụ ngwaahịa ha. Na mpaghara ihu igwe, ndị nwe na-agagharị tupu akwụkwọ daa, wee kpoo ma chekwaa ya dị ka mgbakwunye nri oyi. N'oge ụkọ mmiri ozuzo, ndị na-azụrụ anụ ụlọ nwere ike igbutu alaka n'ofe ebe ngwaahịa ha na-enweta, dị ka nri nri na ala. Na mpaghara okpomọkụ, ebe nrụgide ndị mmadụ na-eduga ndị nwe ụlọ ka ha na-eme nke a ugboro ugboro, enwere ihe ize ndụ nke nkwụsịtụ nke ọkọnọ. Anụmanụ nọ n'agha nwere ike inye nri chọgharị ka ọ bụrụ nnọchi maka isi nri anụ ọhịa ha; N'ihe banyere pandas, ihe nchọgharị ahụ nwere ike ịgụnye ụyọkọ akwụkwọ banana, ome achara, pine dị gịrịgịrị, spruce, fir na alaka willow, ahịhịa na ahịhịa ala.

Ọ bụrụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ ihe nchọgharị na-eto nke ukwuu, ihe nchọgharị niile ha nwere ike iru nwere ike irichapụ. A na-akpọ ọkwa dị n'okpuru ebe akwụkwọ ole na ole ma ọ bụ enweghị akwụkwọ dị ka akara nchọgharị. Ọ bụrụ na ịchọgharị ihe karịrị akarị na-aga n'ihu ogologo oge, ike nke osisi ndị dị na gburugburu ebe obibi nwere ike ịmalite ịmalite, n'ihi na osisi ndị na-eto eto enweghị ike ịdị ndụ ogologo oge iji too ogologo nke ukwuu maka ihe nchọgharị iru..

Ifufe Anya

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Mgbidi nchịkwa iji nyochaa mmetụta nke ịnyagharị site na ungulates n'èzí mgbidi, enweghị mmelite ọhịa okike 

Overbrowsing na-eme mgbe ndị na-eri ahịhịa na-eri ihe na-eme ka ihe ọkụkụ dị oke egwu, na-ebelata ikike ibu ma na-agbanwe ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi ha. [2] [3][4] Ihe atụ nke ndị na-eri ahịhịa gburugburu ụwa gụnyere koala na Southern Australia, webatara ụmụ anụmanụ na New Zealand, na Cervids n'oké ọhịa nke North America na Europe.[3][5][6]

Nchịkọta

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A na-eji ihe mkpuchi Moose (ebe ndị e mechiri emechi) iji chọpụta mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke Cervids, na-enye ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ohere iji tụnyere osisi, anụmanụ, na ala n'ime na n'èzí nke ihe mkpuchi.[5][7] Mgbanwe dị n'etiti ndị na-eri ahịhịa na nzaghachi maka nri ahịhịhịa gosipụtara ọdịiche dị n'ụdị nke osisi na ndị na-azụ ahịhụ, yana ikike dịgasị iche iche nke osisi na-anabata ọkwa dị elu nke nchọpụta.[3] Ogologo osisi ndị na-eri ahịhịa na-ahọrọ nwere ike inye ihe ngosi nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-azụ ahịhịhịa n'ógbè na mpaghara.[8] Mgbanwe nke ihe mejupụtara na nke nhazi na ahịhịa ọhịa nwere ike inwe mmetụta na gburugburu ebe obibi dum, gụnyere mmetụta na ogo ala na nkwụsi ike, micro- na macro- invertebrates, obere anụ na-enye nwa ara, nnụnụ na-abụ abụ, na ikekwe ọbụna nnukwu anụ ndị na-eri ibe ha.[3][9][4][5]

Ihe Ndị Na-akpata ya

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rhebok na-acha ntụ ntụ

E nwere ọtụtụ ihe na-akpata ihe na-eri ahịhịa na-eribiga ihe ókè na overbrowsing na-esote. A na-ewebata ndị na-eri ahịhịa n'ala ebe ahịhịhịa na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla mepụtara iji guzogide nchọgharị, na ndị na-egbu egbu emeghị ka ha mara ịchụ nta.[4] N'ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị na-eri ahịhịa na-agafe ọkwa akụkọ ihe mere eme n'ihi mbelata ịchụ nta ma ọ bụ nrụgide anụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị na-eri anụ belatara na North America na narị afọ nke 19 ma iwu ịchụ nta siri ike karị, na-enye aka n'ịbawanye ọnụ ọgụgụ cervid gafee North America.[10] Ọzọkwa, mgbanwe ala n'ihi mmepe mmadụ, dị ka n'ọrụ ugbo na ọhịa, nwere ike ịmepụta mpaghara ọhịa dị iche iche nke mgbada na-agagharị, na-achọgharị na ebe obibi mbụ na-esote na mpụga.[11] Ubi ugbo na ubi Ọhịa na-eto eto na-enye mgbada nri dị elu na-eduga n'Ịba ụba na mmụba nrụgide na-achọgharị na osisi ndị dị n'okpuru ọhịa.[3]

 
Nwa Alaska moose na-achọgharị na alders

Overbrowsing na-emetụta osisi n'otu n'otu, ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ, na ọkwa obodo. Mmetụta na-adịghị mma nke nchọgharị dị ukwuu n'etiti ụdị ndị na-adịghị anabata, dị ka ndị otu Trillium, nke nwere anụ ahụ photosynthetic na akụkụ ọmụmụ niile n'elu otu ogwe.[12] Nke a pụtara na mgbada nwere ike iri anụ ahụ niile na-amụ nwa na photosynthetic n'otu oge, na-ebelata ịdị elu nke osisi ahụ, ikike photosynthetics, na mmepụta ọmụmụ.[12] Nke a bụ otu ihe atụ nke otu oke mkpuchi nwere ike isi duga na mfu nke ndị na-amụ nwa n'ime ndị mmadụ, na enweghị Nchịkọta nke osisi ndị na-eto eto. Osisi na-adịkwa iche na uto ha na ndị na-eri ahịhịa. N'ọtụtụ anụ ndị na-eri ahịhịa, osisi ndị a họọrọ nke ọma dị ka browse nwere ike ịhapụ obere na nnukwu mmadụ n'etiti ndị bi na ya.[12] N'ógbè, nchọgharị siri ike nke mgbada n'ime ọhịa na-eduga na mbelata n'ụba nke ahịhịa ahịhịhịa na-atọ ụtọ, na mmụba nke graminoid na Briophyte nke a na-ahapụ site na asọmpi maka ìhè. [12] [13][4]

Nchọgharị Nrụgide na Nchịkọta Nchịkọta

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Ike nke nrụgide na-achọgharị na-adịkarị iche dabere na uto nke ụdị osisi na ndị na-eri ahịhịa. Enwere ike ịchọ ụdị osisi ụfọdụ n'ihi uto ha dị elu, ebe enwere ike izere ndị ọzọ ma ọ bụ ghara imetụta ha.[14]

Mmetụta Mmetụta Na Mmụba nke Osisi

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Nchọgharị nwere ike imetụta ọmụmụ osisi site n'ibelata nnweta akwụkwọ maka photosynthesis na okooko osisi maka mmịpụta. Overbrowsing nwere ike iduga mbelata na mmepụta mkpụrụ, gbochie iwebata ndị ọhụrụ ma gbanwee ụdị dị iche iche nke osisi. [15] [16][17]

Mmetụta ọ na-emetụta anụmanụ ndị ọzọ

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Overbrowsing nwere ike ịgbanwe ọdịdị ọhịa dị nso, ụdị osisi, oke ahịhịa, na ahịhịhịa ahịhịrị, na nsonaazụ maka anụmanụ ndị ọzọ bi n'ọhịa.[3] Ọtụtụ ụdị anụmanụ ndị na-enweghị azụ na-adabere na ahịhịa dị nso na ala maka ebe obibi; anụmanụ ndị a nwere ike ịla n'iyi site na ebe ndị na-achọgharị nke ọma.[18] Ọzọkwa, nhọrọ kachasị mma nke ụdị osisi ụfọdụ site na ndị na-eri ahịhịa nwere ike imetụta anụ ndị na-enweghị azụ nwere njikọ chiri anya na osisi ndị ahụ.[18] Nnụnụ ndị na-abụ abụ na-agagharị agagharị na-adabere na ahịhịa dị n'okpuru ala maka ime akwụ́ na ebe obibi; mbelata nke osisi ndị dị n'ime ala nke mgbada kpatara nwere ike iduga na mbelata nke ọnụ ọgụgụ nnụnụ na-abụ egwu n'oké ọhịa. [3] [19] N'ikpeazụ, ọnwụ nke ụdị osisi dị iche iche nke dị n'okpuru ala nke jikọtara ya na ungulate overbrowsing nwere ike imetụta obere anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara na-adabere na ahịhịa a maka mkpuchi na nri.[9]

Nchịkwa na mgbake

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Overbrowsing nwere ike iduga obodo osisi na steeti nguzozi nke a na-agbanwe agbanwe naanị ma ọ bụrụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-eri ahịhịa belatara nke ukwuu maka oge zuru ezu, a na-emekwa ihe iji weghachite obodo osisi mbụ.[3] Nchịkwa iji belata ọnụ ọgụgụ mgbada nwere usoro atọ: (1) a na-ewepụ nnukwu mpaghara nke oké ọhịa ochie na-ejikọta ya na okpokoro mechiri emechi, (2) a na-abawanye ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-eri anụ, na (3) ịchụ nta nke ndị na-azụ ahịhịa na-aba ụba.[3] Ịgba ume maka mgbake osisi site n'ịkwalite isi iyi mkpụrụ nke osisi ala bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke ijikwa mgbake site na overbrowsing.[20] Refugia n'ụdị ụyọkọ ikuku, nkume, ma ọ bụ osisi ndị dị larịị nke dị n'elu ala ọhịa nwere ike inye osisi ihe ndị na-echebe site na cervids.[21][22][23] Ebe mgbaba ndị a nwere ike ịnwe ọnụ ọgụgụ nke obodo osisi nke ga-adị na-enweghị nrụgide nyocha, ma nwee ike ịdị iche na osisi ndị a na-ahụ na mpaghara ndị dị nso.[21] Ọ bụrụ na mbọ nchịkwa bụ iji belata ọnụ ọgụgụ cervid n'ime ala, ebe mgbaba ndị a nwere ike ịbụ ihe nlereanya maka mgbake nke osisi ndị gbara ya gburugburu.[21]

Hụkwa

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  • Mmekọrịta ndị ahịa na ihe onwunwe
  • Ịkpa anụ ọhịa
  • Ebe obibi osisi
  • Mbelata nke osisi cedar na-acha odo odo

Ebem si dee

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  1. ↑ Houston (2019-04-26). Difference Between Browser and Grazer (en-US). Difference Between. Retrieved on 2024-04-13.
  2. ↑ Relationships between Introduced Black-tailed Deer and the Plant Life of the Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. - Google Scholar. scholar.google.ca. Retrieved on 2017-03-08.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 Côté (2004-01-01). "Ecological Impacts of Deer Overabundance". Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 35: 113–147. DOI:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.35.021103.105725.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Pojar, J., Lewis, T., Roemer, H., and Wilford, D.J. 1980. Relationships between Introduced Black-tailed Deer and the Plant Life of the Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. Unpublished Manuscript, Ministry of Forests, Smithers, B.C. 63 p.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Wardle (2001-01-01). "Introduced Browsing Mammals in New Zealand Natural Forests: Aboveground and Belowground Consequences". Ecological Monographs 71 (4): 587–614. DOI:10.2307/3100037.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":2" defined multiple times with different content
  6. ↑ Whisson (2016-01-06). "Failure to Respond to Food Resource Decline Has Catastrophic Consequences for Koalas in a High-Density Population in Southern Australia". PLOS ONE 11 (1): e0144348. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0144348. ISSN 1932-6203. PMID 26735846. 
  7. ↑ Jordan (1967-01-01). "Deer browsing in northern hardwoods after clearcutting. Effect on height, density, and stocking of regeneration of commercial species". Res. Pap. Ne-57. Upper Darby, Pa: U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. 15 P 057. 
  8. ↑ Koh (March 2010). "Trillium grandiflorum height is an indicator of white-tailed deer density at local and regional scales". Forest Ecology and Management 259 (8): 1472–1479. DOI:10.1016/j.foreco.2010.01.021. ISSN 0378-1127. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Flowerdew (2001-01-01). "Impacts of woodland deer on small mammal ecology" (in en). Forestry 74 (3): 277–287. DOI:10.1093/forestry/74.3.277. ISSN 0015-752X.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":3" defined multiple times with different content
  10. ↑ Chollet (2013-04-01). "Declining woodland birds in North America: should we blame Bambi?" (in en). Diversity and Distributions 19 (4): 481–483. DOI:10.1111/ddi.12003. ISSN 1472-4642. 
  11. ↑ Alverson (1988-01-01). "Forests Too Deer: Edge Effects in Northern Wisconsin". Conservation Biology 2 (4): 348–358. DOI:10.1111/j.1523-1739.1988.tb00199.x. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 Augustine (2003-01-01). "Defining deer overabundance and threats to forest communities: From individual plants to landscape structure". Écoscience 10 (4): 472–486. DOI:10.1080/11956860.2003.11682795. ISSN 1195-6860. 
  13. ↑ Chollet (2013-12-01). "A better world for bryophytes? A rare and overlooked case of positive community-wide effects of browsing by overabundant deer". Écoscience 20 (4): 352–360. DOI:10.2980/20-4-3627. ISSN 1195-6860. 
  14. ↑ Borowski (2021-09-15). "Density-related effect of red deer browsing on palatable and unpalatable tree species and forest regeneration dynamics". Forest Ecology and Management 496: 119442. DOI:10.1016/j.foreco.2021.119442. ISSN 0378-1127. 
  15. ↑ Impacts of Browsing and Grazing Ungulates on Plant Characteristics and Dynamics.
  16. ↑ Spotswood (2002-02-12). "Effects of herbivory on the reproductive effort of 4 prairie perennials". BMC Ecology 2 (1): 2. DOI:10.1186/1472-6785-2-2. ISSN 1472-6785. 
  17. ↑ Browsing_and_Grazing_Ungulates_on_Plant_Characteristics_and_Dynamics.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Stewart (2001-01-01). "The impact of deer on lowland woodland invertebrates: a review of the evidence and priorities for future research" (in en). Forestry 74 (3): 259–270. DOI:10.1093/forestry/74.3.259. ISSN 0015-752X. 
  19. ↑ Jirinec (2017-05-01). "Songbird community varies with deer use in a fragmented landscape". Landscape and Urban Planning 161: 1–9. DOI:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2017.01.003. 
  20. ↑ Tanentzap (January 2011). "Seeing the forest for the deer: Do reductions in deer-disturbance lead to forest recovery?". Biological Conservation 144 (1): 376–382. DOI:10.1016/j.biocon.2010.09.015. ISSN 0006-3207. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 Chollet (2013-02-01). "Importance for forest plant communities of refuges protecting from deer browsing". Forest Ecology and Management 289: 470–477. DOI:10.1016/j.foreco.2012.10.043. 
  22. ↑ Kain (2011). "Over-browsing in Pennsylvania creates a depauperate forest dominated by an understory tree: Results from a 60-year-old deer exclosure". The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 138 (3): 322–326. DOI:10.3159/torrey-d-11-00018.1. 
  23. ↑ Long (1998-01-01). "Can Disturbance Create Refugia from Herbivores: An Example with Hemlock Regeneration on Treefall Mounds". The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 125 (2): 165–168. DOI:10.2307/2997303. 
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