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Ubi ugbo

Horticulture bụ nka na sayensị nke osisi na-eto eto. A na-ahụ nkọwapụta a n'ime usoro ọmụmụ ya, nke sitere na okwu Latịn hortus, nke pụtara "ubi" na omenala nke pụtara "ịkọ ihe"[1]. Enwere ngalaba dị iche iche nke ubi n'ihi na a na-akụ osisi maka ebumnuche dị iche iche.[2]. Nkewa ndị a gụnyere, mana ọnweghị oke na: ịkọ ugbo, mmepụta/mgbasa ihe ọkụkụ, arboriculture, nhazi ala, floriculture na nlekọta ahịhịa. Maka nke ọ bụla n'ime ndị a, e nwere ọrụ dị iche iche, akụkụ, ngwá ọrụ eji na ihe ịma aka ndị metụtara; Onye ọ bụla chọrọ nkà pụrụ iche na ihe ọmụma nke horticulturist.

Nwa akwụkwọ na-ahụ maka ọrụ ubi na-elekọta osisi n'ogige dị na Lawrenceville, Georgia, Machị 2015
Ogige Nkume, Ogige Leonardslee

Dị ka ọ na-adịkarị, a na-eji ihe ọkụkụ mara dị ka ihe ịchọ mma, obere obere / anaghị arụ ọrụ nke ihe ọkụkụ, ma e jiri ya tụnyere nnukwu ihe ubi / anụ ụlọ nke a na-ahụ na ọrụ ugbo. Otú ọ dị, e nwere akụkụ nke ihe ọkụkụ bụ nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe / azụmahịa dị ka mmepụta griin haus gburugburu ụwa.

Horticulture malitere site n'ime ụlọ nke osisi ihe dị ka afọ 10,000-20,000 gara aga.[3][4] Na mbụ, ọ bụ naanị osisi maka nri ka a na-eto ma na-echekwa ya, ma n'ikpeazụ ka ụmụ mmadụ na-esiwanye ike, a na-akụ osisi maka uru ịchọ mma ha. A na-ewere Horticulture dị iche iche na ọrụ ugbo n'oge etiti afọ mgbe ndị mmadụ malitere ịkụ osisi maka ihe ụtọ / ịchọ mma, kama ịbụ naanị maka nri.[1]

Nkà na ụzụ na-apụta na-akpali ụlọ ọrụ ahụ gaa n'ihu, ọkachasị n'ụzọ nke ịgbanwe osisi ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-adịghị mma maka nje, ọrịa na ụkọ mmiri ozuzo. Mgbanwe teknụzụ dị ka Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR / Cas9), na-emekwa ka nri na-edozi ahụ, ụtọ na mmepụta nke ihe ọkụkụ.

E nwere ọtụtụ òtù na ọha mmadụ na-ahụ maka ịkọ ugbo gburugburu ụwa, nke ndị na-akọ ugbo na ndị nọ n'ime ụlọ ọrụ ahụ guzobere. Ndị a gụnyere: Royal Horticultural Society, International Society for Horticultural Science, American Society of Horticultural Science, The Horticultural Association of India, The Global Horticulture Initiative, The Chartered Institute of Horticulture na The Australian Society of Horcultural Science.[2][3]

Nkewa nke horticulture na ụdị nke horticulturists

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E nwere nkewa na nkewa dị iche iche n'ime ọrụ ugbo, nke a bụ n'ihi na a na-akụ osisi maka ọtụtụ ihe dị iche iche. Ụfọdụ n'ime nkewa na horticulture gụnyere:

  • ịkọ ubi
  • mmepụta na mgbasa nke osisi
  • Ịzụ osisi
  • ịma mma ala
  • Ubi okooko osisi
  • Nhazi ubi na mmezi
  • Nlekọta ahịhịa
  • Nchekwa osisi na mweghachi ala. [4][5][6]

Ọ na-agụnye ịzụlite osisi niile gụnyere, ma ọ bụghị nanị: osisi / obere osisi / osisi, mkpụrụ osisi, akwụkwọ nri, okooko osisi, ahịhịa, mkpụrụ osisi. ubi a nwere ike ime n'ogige ntụrụndụ, ebe a na-azụ ụmụ, ụlọ akwụkwọ, ubi vaịn, ubi mkpụrụ osisi, ogige ntụrụntụ, wdg.

 
Mkpụrụ osisi na ahịa dị na Breda, Netherlands

Horticulturists, bụ ndị na-amụ ma na-eme ihe ọkụkụ nke ọma. Enwere ọtụtụ ụdị horticulturists dị iche iche nwere aha ọrụ dị iche iche, gụnyere: onye na-akọ ubi, onye na-akọ ubi, onye ọrụ ugbo, onye na-akụ ahịhịa, onye na-akụ ifuru, onye na-ahụ maka ahịhịa, onye na-ese ihe, onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ, ọkachamara n'ịgba ahịhịa, onye na-elekọta ụlọ akwụkwọ, onye na-ahụ maka ubi ubi, onye na-ahụ maka ahịhịa, na ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọzọ.[11] Enwere ike were ha n'ọrụ site na ụlọ ọrụ / ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche gụnyere, mana ọnweghị oke na: ubi ahịhịa, ubi nkeonwe / ọha, ogige ntụrụndụ, ebe a na-eli ozu, ụlọ griin haus, ebe a na-egwu gọọlfụ, ubi vine, ala, ụlọ ọrụ nhazi ala, nurseries, ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ, wdg. nwekwara ike ịbụ onye ọrụ onwe ya.

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

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Horticulture malitere site n'ime ụlọ nke osisi 10,000-20,000 afọ gara aga, ma kemgbe ahụ, etinyere ya nke ukwuu n'ime akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mmadụ.[3][4] Ime ụlọ nke osisi mere onwe ya n'ime mmepeanya dị iche iche n'ofe ụwa. Akụkọ banyere ihe ọkụkụ na-ejikọta akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ugbo na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ihe ọkụkụ, n'ihi na atọ ahụ sitere na ụlọ nke osisi dị iche iche maka nri.[4]. Na Europe, ọrụ ugbo na ihe ọkụkụ dịgasị iche n'oge ụfọdụ n'oge emepechabeghị anya..[1]

Omume mbụ n'ọrụ ugbo

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Omume mbụ na horticulture gụnyere ọtụtụ ụzọ dị iche iche ndị mmadụ na-elekọta ala (iji ọtụtụ ngwaọrụ), yana ụzọ dị ichegasị iche iche na ụdị osisi a na-akụ maka ọtụtụ ojiji. Usoro, ngwá ọrụ na osisi ndị a na-akụ, na-adabere mgbe niile na ọdịbendị na ihu igwe.

Ebe Ugwu na Central America tupu ha achịkwa

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E nwere ọtụtụ omenala ọdịnala nke anyị maara taa: dị ka ụmụ amaala nke North America tupu ha enwee ọchịchị iji biochar mee ka ala na-arụpụta ihe site na ịgba ihe mkpofu ahịhịa ọkụ - ndị bi na Europe kpọrọ ala a Terra Preta de Indio. [7][8] Na North America, ụmụ amaala na-akụ ọka, squash, na sunflower - n'etiti ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ. Ọdịbendị Mesoamerica lekwasịrị anya n'ịzụlite ihe ọkụkụ na obere, dị ka milpa ma ọ bụ ubi ọka, gburugburu ebe obibi ha ma ọ bụ n'ala pụrụ iche nke a na-eleta mgbe ụfọdụ n'oge ngafe site n'otu mpaghara gaa na nke ọzọ.[9] Na Central America, ndị Maya gụnyere mmụba nke oké ọhịa na osisi bara uru dị ka papaị, avocado, cacao, Seiba na sapodilla. N'ọhịa, a na-akụ ọtụtụ ihe ọkụkụ dịka agwa, squash, pumpkins na chili peppers. Ndị mbụ na-akọ ugbo n'ọtụtụ ọdịbendị, bụ ụmụ nwanyị ma ọ bụ naanị ụmụ nwanyị.[10]

Ojiji akụkọ ihe mere eme maka osisi na ịkọ ugbo

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Na mgbakwunye na uru ọgwụ na nri na-edozi ahụ nke osisi nwere, a na-akụkwa osisi maka ịma mma ha, yana iji mee ka ike, ihe ọmụma, ọnọdụ na ọbụna akụ na ụba nke ndị na-achịkwa ihe ọkụkụ a kụrụ akụ. Ike ihe atụ a nke osisi nwere adịla ọbụna tupu mmalite nke ịkọ ha.[11]

E nwere ihe akaebe na ogige dị iche iche Ndị Aztec na-elekọta dị nsọ, ka ha na-akụ osisi ndị nwere uru okpukpe. A zụlitere osisi maka mmekọrịta ihe atụ ha na Chi na Chi nwanyị. [1] Okooko osisi nwere ike ihe atụ n'ememe okpukpe, dịka a na-enye ha Chi, yana a na-enyekwa ha ndị isi n'ememme iji gosipụta njikọ ha na Chi.[1]

Akụkụ nke ịkọ ugbo

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Mgbasawanye

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Mgbasa nke osisi na horticulture bụ usoro nke a na-eme ka ụdị dị iche iche mụbaa, na-abawanye ọnụ ọgụgụ nke osisi ọ bụla. Mgbasa mgbasa na-agụnye ma usoro mmekọahụ na nke na-enweghị mmekọahụ.[12] Na mgbasa nke mmekọahụ, a na-eji mkpụrụ eme ihe, ebe mgbasa nke na-enweghị mmekọahụ na-agụnye nkewa nke osisi, nkewa nke tubers, corms, na bulbs - site na iji usoro dị ka ịkpụ, ịkwa akwa, itinye.[13]

Nhọrọ nke osisi

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Mgbe ị na-ahọrọ osisi iji kọọ, onye na-akọ ugbo nwere ike ịtụle akụkụ ndị dabeere na osisi ndị a chọrọ iji mee ihe ma nwee ike ịgụnye ọdịdị osisi, ụkọ, na uru.[14] Mgbe ị na-ahọrọ osisi maka ala, enwere nyocha dị mkpa nke ebe a ga-ebu ụzọ mee. A na-atụle ụdị ala, okpomọkụ / ihu igwe, ìhè, mmiri, na osisi ndị dịbu adị. A na-atụle nyocha ndị a nke gburugburu ebe obibi enyere mgbe ị na-ahọrọ ihe ọkụkụ maka ebe ahụ. Nhọrọ osisi nwere ike ịbụ maka ngosipụta kwa afọ, ma ọ bụ ha nwere ike ịbụ iji kụọ osisi na-adịgide adịgide. Ihe ndị e ji mara osisi ahụ dị ka ogo / ogo, ụcha, omume uto, uru ịchọ mma, oge okooko osisi na ikike mwakpo bụ ihe na-emechi usoro nhọrọ osisi.

Nchịkwa gburugburu ebe obibi / mgbanwe uto

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Ihe ndị metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi na-emetụta mmepe osisi gụnyere: okpomọkụ, ìhè, mmiri, pH, nnweta ihe oriri, ihe omume ihu igwe (mmiri ozuzo, snow, snow na mmiri ozuzo, igirigi, ifufe na oyi) iru mmiri, ịdị elu, ala, na mmetụta nke obere ihu igwe.[15] N'ọrụ ugbo, enwere ike izere mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi ndị a, chịkwaa ma ọ bụ jiri ya mee ihe n'ime ụlọ.

Okpomọkụ

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Osisi chọrọ okpomọkụ pụrụ iche iji too ma too nke ọma. Enwere ike ịchịkwa okpomọkụ site na ụzọ dị iche iche. Ikpuchi osisi na plastik n'ụdị cones - nke a na-akpọ hot caps, ma ọ bụ tunnels, nwere ike inye aka ịchịkwa okpomọkụ gbara ya gburugburu. Mulching bụkwa usoro dị irè iji chebe osisi ndị dị n'èzí site na oyi n'oge oyi. N'ime, ụzọ ndị ọzọ a na-esi egbochi oyi na-agụnye iji igwe ikuku, ihe na-ekpo ọkụ, na sprinklers.[16]

Ìhè

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Osisi amalitela ịchọ oke ìhè dị iche iche, na ogologo oge ehihie; uto na mmepe ha na-ekpebi site na oke ìhè / ike ọkụ ha na-enweta. Enwere ike ịchịkwa nke a site na iji ọkụ fluorescent n'ime ụlọ. Ịchịkwa oke ìhè na-achịkwa okooko osisi. Ịdị ogologo ụbọchị na-agba ume ka osisi ndị na-eto ogologo oge na-agbawa ma na-egbochi okooko osisi ndị na'oge dị mkpirikpi.[16]

Mmiri

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Ụzọ nchịkwa mmiri na-agụnye iji usoro ịgba mmiri / drainage, na ịchịkwa mmiri nke ala maka mkpa nke ụdị ahụ. Ụzọ ịgba mmiri gụnyere ịgba mmiri n'elu, ịgba mmiri, ịgba mmiri n"okpuru, na ịgba mmiri. A na-agbanwe oke mmiri, nrụgide, na ugboro ugboro iji melite gburugburu ebe obibi na-eto eto. Enwere ike iji aka mee obere mmiri.[16]

Mgbasa ozi na-eto eto na njikwa ala

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Nhọrọ nke mgbasa ozi na-eto eto na ihe ndị mejupụtara mgbasa ozi na na-enyere aka ịkwado ndụ osisi. N'ime ebe obibi, ndị na-akụ ihe nwere ike ịhọrọ ịzụlite osisi ha na usoro aquaponic ebe enweghị ala eji eme ihe. Ndị na-eto eto n'ime ụlọ okpomọkụ ga-ahọrọkarị ngwakọta na-enweghị ala nke na-agụnyeghị ihe ọ bụla dị n'ala na-apụta. Ngwakọta ndị a na-enye uru dị ka ịmịkọrọ mmiri, enweghị ike ịmụ nwa, ma na-adịkarị n'ime ụlọ ọrụ ahụ.

Ụzọ nchịkwa ala sara mbara, mana ọ na-agụnye iji fatịlaịza, atụmatụ ntụgharị ihe ọkụkụ iji gbochie mmebi nke ala a na-ahụ na monocultures, itinye fatịlaịtị, na nyocha ala.[16]

Nchịkwa site na iji gburugburu ebe obibi mechiri emechi

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Ihe ndị na-emetụta nje dị ka ihu igwe, ìhè na okpomọkụ bụ ihe niile enwere ike ịchịkwa gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka okpokoro oyi, greenhouses, conservatories, poly houses na ụlọ ndò. A na-ahọrọ ihe eji ewu ụlọ ndị a dabere na ihu igwe, ebumnuche na mmefu ego.

Okpokoro oyi na-enye gburugburu ebe obibi, a na-ewu ha nso n'ala ma nwee elu nke e ji ugegbe ma ọ bụ plastik mee. Glass ma ọ bụ plastik na-enye ohere ìhè anyanwụ n'ime etiti n'ehihie ma gbochie ọnwụ okpomọkụ nke ga-efu dị ka radiation ogologo oge n'abalị. Nke a na-enye ohere ịmalite ịzụlite osisi tupu oge uto amalite. Greenhouses / conservatories yiri n'ọrụ, mana ha buru ibu n'iwu ma jiri isi iyi ike mpụga kpoo ya. Enwere ike iji ugegbe wuo ha, ọ bụ ezie na a na-eji mpempe plastik eme ha ugbu a. Ụlọ okpomọkụ ndị dị oke ọnụ na nke oge a nwere ike ịgụnye njikwa okpomọkụ site na njikwa onyinyo na ọkụ ma ọ bụ ikuku oyi yana mmiri na-akpaghị aka. Ụlọ ndò na-enye ndò iji belata mmiri na-efu site na evapotranspiration.[16]

Ihe ịma aka

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Nsogbu Mmetụta Mmetụta

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A chọrọ ọrụ ugbo azụmahịa iji kwado ọnụ ọgụgụ na-eto ngwa ngwa na ọchịchọ maka ngwaahịa ya.[17] N'ihi mgbanwe ihu igwe zuru ụwa ọnụ, oke okpomọkụ, ike nke ihe omume mmiri ozuzo, ugboro ole idei mmiri, na ogologo oge na ugboro ụkọ mmiri ozuzo na-abawanye. Tinyere ihe ndị ọzọ na-akpata nrụgide dị ka salinity, nsị metal dị arọ, mmebi UV, na mmetọ ikuku, a na-emepụta gburugburu ebe nrụgide maka mmepụta ihe ọkụkụ. A na-agbakwunye nke a ka evapotranspiration na-abawanye, ala na-emebi ihe oriri ha, na ọkwa oxygen na-ebelata, na-akpata ihe ruru 70% nke ihe ọkụkụ.

Nsogbu nke nje

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Ihe ndị dị ndụ dị ka nje bacteria, nje, fungus, parasites, ụmụ ahụhụ, ahịhịa na osisi ndị a mụrụ n'ala bụ isi iyi nke nrụgide biotics ma nwee ike ịnapụ onye nwe ya ihe oriri ya.[18] Osisi na-emeghachi omume na nrụgide ndị a site na iji usoro nchebe dị ka ihe mgbochi ọdịdị na nke ọdịdị, kemịkal compounds, protein, enzymes na homonụ.[19] Enwere ike igbochi mmetụta nke nrụgide nke ndụ site na iji omume ndị dị ka itinye harging, spraying ma ọ bụ Integrated Pest Management (IPM).[20]

Nchịkwa owuwe ihe ubi

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A chọrọ nlekọta iji belata mmebi na mfu nke ihe ọkụkụ n'oge owuwe ihe ubi.[21] Ike mkpakọ na-eme n'oge owuwe ihe ubi, a pụkwara imetụta ihe ọkụkụ n'usoro mmetụta n'oge njem na ọrụ nkwakọba ihe. A na-eji usoro dị iche iche eme ihe iji belata mmerụ ahụ na mmerụ ahụ nke osisi dịka:[22]

  • Nchịkọta aka: Nke a bụ usoro nke ịghọrọ ihe ọkụkụ site n'aka. Mkpụrụ osisi, dị ka apụl, pears na peaches, nwere ike ịghọrọ site na clippers
  • Nlekọta: A ghaghị ịsacha akpa owuwe ihe ubi, igbe, clippers na ngwá ọrụ ndị ọzọ tupu owuwe ihe ọṅụṅụ.[22]

Nkà na ụzụ na-apụta

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Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR / Cas9) enwetala nkwado n'oge na-adịbeghị anya dị ka usoro dị irè, dị mfe, nke ziri ezi, na nke dị ala iji gbanwee genomes nke ụdị.[23] Kemgbe afọ 2013, a na-eji CRISPR eme ihe iji bulie ụdị ọka, mkpụrụ osisi, na akwụkwọ nri dị iche iche. A na-agbanwe ihe ọkụkụ iji mee ka ha na-eguzogide ihe mgbochi na ihe mgbochi dị ka parasites, ọrịa, na ụkọ mmiri ozuzo yana ịbawanye mmepụta, nri na-edozi ahụ, na ụtọ.[24] Tụkwasị na nke a, ejirila CRISPR mee ihe iji dezie àgwà ndị a na-achọghị, dịka ọmụmaatụ, belata nchara na mmepụta nke ihe na-egbu egbu na ihe ilu nke poteto. A na-ejikwa CRISPR mee ihe iji dozie nsogbu nke ọnụego mmịpụta mkpụrụ osisi dị ala na mkpụrụ osisi dị obere nke a na-ahụkarị na greenhouses. N'iji ya tụnyere Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO), CRISPR anaghị agbakwunye DNA ọ bụla na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke osisi ahụ.[25]

Nzukọ

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E nwere òtù dị iche iche n'ụwa niile na-elekwasị anya n'ịkwalite na ịgba ume nyocha na agụmakwụkwọ na ngalaba niile nke sayensị ubi; òtù ndị dị otú ahụ gụnyere International Society for Horticultural Science na American Society of Horticultural Science . [2][3]

Na United Kingdom, e nwere nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ abụọ na-ahụ maka ọrụ ugbo. Ancient Society of York Florists bụ òtù horticultural kachasị ochie n'ụwa ma guzobe ya na 1768; nzukọ a na-aga n'ihu na-akwado ihe ngosi horticultural anọ kwa afọ na York, England.[26] Tụkwasị na nke a, Royal Horticultural Society, nke e guzobere na 1804, bụ ọrụ ebere na United Kingdom nke na-eduga na agbamume na imeziwanye sayensị, nka, na omume nke ịkọ ugbo na alaka ya niile.[27] Nzukọ ahụ na-ekerịta ihe ọmụma banyere ọrụ ugbo site na obodo ya, mmemme mmụta, na ogige na ihe ngosi ụwa.   [citation needed]

Chartered Institute of Horticulture (CIH) bụ òtù ọkachamara Chartered maka ndị na-ahụ maka horticulturists na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-ahụ Maka ubi na-anọchite anya ngalaba niile nke ụlọ ọrụ ubi gafee Great Britain, Ireland na mba ofesi.Ọ bụ naanị ndị ọkachamara n'ọrụ ugbo ebe ndị ọkachamara ya kachasị elu nwere ike inweta ọnọdụ Chartered ma ghọọ Chartered Horticulturist. E guzobere Australian Society of Horticultural Science na 1990 dị ka òtù ọkachamara iji kwalite ma melite sayensị na ụlọ ọrụ horticultural nke Australia.[28] N'ikpeazụ, New Zealand Horticulture Institute bụ nzukọ ọzọ a ma ama na-ahụ maka ịkọ ugbo.[29]

Na India, Horticultural Society of India (nke bụzi Indian Academy of Horticultural Sciences) bụ ụlọ ọrụ kachasị ochie nke e guzobere na 1941 na Lyallpur, Punjab (nke dị na Pakistan ugbu a) mana e mechara kwaga Delhi na 1949.[30] Òtù ọzọ a ma ama na-arụ ọrụ kemgbe afọ 2005 bụ Society for Promotion of Horticulture nke dị na Bengaluru.[31] Ndị otu abụọ a na-ebipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị ọkà mmụta - Indian Journal of Horticulture na Journal of Horticultural Sciences maka ọganihu nke sayensị horticultural.   Ọ bụ Kerala State Horticulture Mission na-eduzi Horticulture na steeti India nke Kerala.

E guzobere National Junior Horticultural Association (NJHA) na 1934 ma bụrụ nzukọ mbụ n'ụwa nke a raara nye naanị ndị ntorobịa na ọrụ ugbo. A na-eme mmemme NJHA iji nyere ndị na-eto eto aka inweta nghọta bụ isi banyere ọrụ ugbo ma zụlite nkà na nka na sayensị a na-agbasawanye.[32]

Global Horticulture Initiative (GlobalHort) na-akwalite mmekọrịta na ọrụ n'etiti ndị ọrụ dị iche iche na horticulture. Nzukọ a na-elekwasị anya pụrụ iche na horticulture maka mmepe (H4D), nke na-agụnye iji horticulture belata ịda ogbenye na imeziwanye nri na-edozi ahụ n'ụwa niile. A na-ahazi GlobalHort n'ime njikọ nke ụlọ ọrụ mba na nke mba ụwa nke na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ na nyocha, ọzụzụ, na ọrụ na-emepụta teknụzụ iji mezuo ebumnuche kwekọrịtara. GlobalHort bụ òtù na-enweghị uru edebanyere aha na Belgium.[33]

Hụkwa

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Ebem si dee

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Baeyer, E. THE DEVELOPMENT AND HISTORY OF HORTICULTURE. Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) https://www.eolss.net/sample-chapters/c09/e6-156-07-00.pdf
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 ISHS. Archived from the original on September 22, 2012. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":6" defined multiple times with different content
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 ASHS. ashs.org. Archived from the original on 2017-08-11. Retrieved on 2016-06-11. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":7" defined multiple times with different content
  4. ↑ Preece (2005). The biology of horticulture: an introductory textbook, 2, John Wiley & Sons, 4–6. ISBN 0-471-46579-8. 
  5. ↑ Arteca (2015). Introduction to Horticultural Science, 2, Stamford, Connecticut: Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-1-111-31279-4. 
  6. ↑ Why Horticulture?. Department of Horticultural Science. University of Minnesota. Archived from the original on 2019-05-02. Retrieved on 2 May 2019.
  7. ↑ Solomon, Dawit, Johannes Lehmann, Janice Thies, Thorsten Schafer, Biqing Liang, James Kinyangi, Eduardo Neves, James Petersen, Flavio Luizao, and Jan Skjemstad, Molecular signature and sources of biochemical recalcitrance of organic carbone in Amazonian Dark Earths, Geochemica et cosmochemica ACTA 71.9 2285–2286 (2007) ("Amazonian Dark Earths (ADE) are a unique type of soils apparently developed between 500 and 9000 years B.P. through intense anthropogenic activities such as biomass-burning and high-intensity nutrient depositions on pre-Columbian Amerindian settlements that transformed the original soils into Fimic Anthrosols throughout the Brazilian Amazon Basin.") (internal citations omitted)
  8. ↑ Glaser, Bruno, Johannes Lehmann, and Wolfgang Zech, Ameliorating physical and chemical properties of highly weathered soils in the tropics with charcoal – a review, Biology and Fertility of Soils 35.4 219-220 (2002) ("These so called Terra Preta do Indio (Terra Preta) characterize the settlements of pre-Columbian Indios. In Terra Preta soils large amounts of black C indicate a high and prolonged input of carbonized organic matter probably due to the production of charcoal in hearths, whereas only low amounts of charcoal are added to soils as a result of forest fires and slash-and-burn techniques.") (internal citations omitted)
  9. ↑ von Hagen, V.W. (1957) The Ancient Sun Kingdoms Of The Americas. Ohio: The World Publishing Company
  10. ↑ Thompson, S.I. (1977) Women, Horticulture, and Society in Tropical America. American Anthropologist, N.S., 79: 908–10
  11. ↑ Pollan (2001). The Botany of Desire (in en). Random House. ISBN 0-375-50129-0. 
  12. ↑ Arteca (2014-02-14). Introduction to Horticultural Science (in en). Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-1-305-17780-2. Retrieved on 2022-12-07. 
  13. ↑ Peter (2009-02-05). Basics Of Horticulture (in en). New India Publishing. ISBN 978-81-89422-55-4. Retrieved on 2022-12-07. 
  14. ↑ Horticultural Practices (en). District of Saanich. Archived from the original on 2022-12-06. Retrieved on 2022-12-06.
  15. ↑ Rice (1980). Practical Horticulture; A Guide to Growing Indoor and Outdoor Plants. USA: Reston. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 Horticulture | Definition, Types, Techniques, & Uses | Britannica (en). www.britannica.com. Archived from the original on 2022-12-07. Retrieved on 2022-12-07. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content
  17. ↑ (2021) in Avinash Chandra Rai: Stress tolerance in horticultural crops: challenges and mitigation strategies. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing. ISBN 978-0-323-85363-7. OCLC 1251764903. 
  18. ↑ (2016) in Colin W. Wrigley: Encyclopedia of food grains, Second, Kidlington, Oxford, UK: Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-12-394786-4. OCLC 939553708. 
  19. ↑ (2019) in Elhadi M. Yahia: Postharvest physiology and biochemistry of fruits and vegetables. Duxford: Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-12-813279-1. OCLC 1061148070. 
  20. ↑ Pantazi (2020). Intelligent data mining and fusion systems in agriculture. London: Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-12-814392-6. OCLC 1124761701. 
  21. ↑ Hussein (2020-01-01). "Harvest and Postharvest Factors Affecting Bruise Damage of Fresh Fruits" (in en). Horticultural Plant Journal 6 (1): 1–13. DOI:10.1016/j.hpj.2019.07.006. ISSN 2468-0141. Retrieved on 2022-12-07. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 (2019) in Elhadi M. Yahia: Postharvest technology of perishable horticultural commodities. Duxford: Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-12-813277-7. OCLC 1109725060. Elhadi M. Yahia, ed. (2019). Postharvest technology of perishable horticultural commodities. Duxford: Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-12-813277-7. OCLC 1109725060. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":2" defined multiple times with different content
  23. ↑ Liu (2022-07-01). "CRISPR/Cas9 technology and its application in horticultural crops" (in en). Horticultural Plant Journal 8 (4): 395–407. DOI:10.1016/j.hpj.2022.04.007. ISSN 2468-0141. 
  24. ↑ Wang (2021-11-17). "CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Gene Editing Revolutionizes the Improvement of Horticulture Food Crops" (in en). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 69 (45): 13260–13269. DOI:10.1021/acs.jafc.1c00104. ISSN 0021-8561. PMID 33734711. Retrieved on 2022-12-07. 
  25. ↑ Mookerjee (2023-11-30). Gene-editing primer: What's the difference between CRISPR crops and GMOs? (en-US). Genetic Literacy Project. Retrieved on 2024-03-06.
  26. ↑ Ancient society of York Florists,oldest horticultural society in world,longest running horticultural show in world established 1768, flower shows in york yorkshire uk,horticultural shows in york yorkshire uk, vegetable shows in york yorkshire uk, fruit shows in york yorkshire uk, floral art shows in york yorkshire uk,handicrafts and baking shows in york uk,dahlia shows in york yorkshire uk,gladioli shows in york yorkshire uk,chrysanthemum shows in york yorkshire uk, auricula shows in york yorkshire uk, sweet pea shows in york yorkshire uk. www.ancientsocietyofyorkflorists.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2018-11-12. Retrieved on 2016-07-13.
  27. ↑ The Royal Horticultural Society, UK charity focussed on the art, science and practice of horticulture.. The Royal Horticultural Society Website. Archived from the original on 2019-05-26. Retrieved on 2018-01-13.
  28. ↑ Australian Society of Horticultural Science – Australian Society of Horticultural Science. Archived from the original on 2023-01-19. Retrieved on 2016-06-11.
  29. ↑ RNZIH – Royal New Zealand Institute of Horticulture – Home Page. Archived from the original on 2023-01-19. Retrieved on 2012-10-26.
  30. ↑ Headquarters (en-US). IAHS. Archived from the original on 2021-08-19. Retrieved on 2021-08-19.
  31. ↑ SPH. sph.iihr.res.in. Archived from the original on 2021-08-19. Retrieved on 2021-08-19.
  32. ↑ Home – NJHA. Archived from the original on 2023-01-19. Retrieved on 2016-06-11.
  33. ↑ The Global Horticulture Initiative. Archived from the original on 2018-04-13. Retrieved on 2016-06-11.
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