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Ubi ahịhịa

Ubi ahịhịaahịhịa(/ˈmɛdoʊ/ MED-oh) bụ ebe obibi ma ọ bụ ubi, nke ahịhịhịa, ahịhịrị, na osisi ndị ọzọ na-abụghị osisi jupụtara na ya. Osisi ma ọ bụ obere osisi nwere ike ịba n'ala ahịhịa, ọ bụrụhaala na ebe ndị a na-anọgide na-emeghe. Ahịhịa nwere ike ịpụta n'ụzọ okike n'okpuru ọnọdụ dị mma, mana a na-ejikarị obere osisi ma ọ bụ ọhịa emepụta ya maka mmepụta nke ahịhịa, nri, ma ọ bụ anụ ụlọ.[1] A na-akọwa ebe obibi ahịhịa, dị ka otu, dị ka "ala ahịhịhịa ọkara okike", nke pụtara na ha nwere ọtụtụ ụdị ndị a mụrụ n'ógbè ahụ, naanị obere ntinye aka mmadụ.

  • An uncut hay meadow.
    Ihe a na-akparaghị ókèe nwereUbi ahịhịa.
  • Montane hay meadows with haystacks.
    Ugwu ahịhịa ahịhịhịa na ahịhụ.
  • An orchard meadow.
    Afọubi mkpụrụ osisiUbi ahịhịa.
  • A meadow (pasture) maintained by grazing livestock.
    Ubi ahịhịa (ebe ịta ahịhịhịa) nke a na-elekọta site n'ịkpa anụ.
  • Artificially grazed meadow.
    Ubi ahịhịa e ji aka mee.
  • Artificial beehives.
    Ụlọ aṅụ aka mere.
Ubi ahịhịa na Ugwu Alps nke Bavaria
Ebe a na-ebi ebi, Austria

Ubi ahịhịa na-adọta ọtụtụ Anụ ọhịa, ma na-akwado osisi na Anụmanụ ndị na-enweghị ike itolite na ebe obibi ndị ọzọ. Ha dị mkpa na gburugburu ebe obibi ka ha na-enye ebe maka ngosipụta nke anụmanụ, akwukwo, nchịkọta nri, na-eme ka ụmụ ahụhụ na-agbapụta, na mgbe ụfọdụ ebe obibi, ma ọ bụrụ na ahịhịa dị elu. Omume ọrụ ugbo siri ike (ịkpụchasị ugboro ugboro, iji fatịlaịza mineral, nsị na ọgwụ ahụhụ), nwere ike ibute mbelata n'ọtụtụ ihe ndị dị ndụ na ụdị dị iche iche.[2] E nwere ọtụtụ ụdị ala ahịhịa, gụnyere ọrụ ugbo, mgbanwe, na nke na-adịgide adịgide - nke ọ bụla na-egwu akụkụ pụrụ iche na nke dị mkpa nke gburugburu ebe obibi.

Dị ka biomes ndị ọzọ, ala ahịhịa ga-enwe nrụgide dị ukwuu (gụnyere na ụdị dị iche iche ha) n'ihi Mgbanwe ihu igwe, ọkachasị ka mmiri ozuzo na ọnọdụ ihu igwe na-agbanwe. Otú ọ dị, ala ahịhịa na ala ahịhianya nwekwara ikike dị mkpa iji Mbelata mgbanwe ihu igwe dị ka carbon sinks; ahịhịhịa gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ na-echekwa carbon dị ukwuu n'ime ala.

Ụdị

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Ubi ahịhịa

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N'ọrụ ugbo, ala ahịhịa bụ ala ahịhi nke anụ ụlọ anaghị ịta nri mgbe niile, kama a na-ekwe ka ọ na-eto eto n'enweghị nchịkwa iji mepụta ahịhịhịa. Mgbọrọgwụ ha laghachiri azụ na Iron Age, mgbe ngwá ọrụ kwesịrị ekwesị maka owuwe ihe ubi ahịhịa pụtara. Ikike imepụta nri anụ ụlọ n'ala ahịhịa nwere uru dị ukwuu maka mmepụta anụ ụlọ, ebe enwere ike idebe ụmụ anụmanụ n'ime ogige, na-eme ka njikwa ọmụmụ dị mfe. Enwere ike ichekwa ihe ndị fọdụrụ na mmepụta biomass n'oge ọkọchị maka oge oyi, na-egbochi mmebi nke oké ọhịa na ala ahịhịa n'ihi na ọ dịghịzi mkpa maka ịta anụ ụlọ n'oge oyi.[1]

Karịsịa na United Kingdom na Ireland, a na-ejikarị okwu ala ahịhịa eme ihe n'echiche mbụ ya iji gosipụta ala ahịhiịa, na-egosi ala ahịha a na-egbutu kwa afọ n'oge ọkọchị maka ime ala ahịhe. Ubi ahịhịa na-abụkarị ala dị ala ma ọ bụ ala dị elu ebe ahịhịhịa ma ọ bụ ahịhụ na-eto site na mkpụrụ a kụrụ n'onwe ya ma ọ bụ mkpụrụ a kụnyere aka.[3] Ubi ahịhịa ọdịnala bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'ime ime obodo Britain, mana ugbu a na-ebelata. Prọfesọ John Rodwell na-ekwu na n'ime narị afọ gara aga, England na Wales efunahụla ihe dị ka 97% nke ala ahịhịa ha.[4] Ihe na-erughị hekta 15,000 (37,000 acres) nke ala ahịhịa dị ala ka dị na UK na ọtụtụ ebe dị obere ma kewaa. 25% nke ala ahịhịa UK dị na Worcestershire, ebe Foster's Green Meadow nke Worcestershire Wildlife Trust na-elekọta bụ isi saịtị.[5]

Echiche yiri nke ahịhịa ahịhịhịa bụ ahịhụ, nke dị iche na ahịhọn n'ihi na a na-ata ya n'oge ọkọchị, kama ikwe ka ọ too ma na-egbutu ya maka ahịhịrị.[3] Ebe ala ahịhịa nwekwara ike izo aka na ala ọ bụla a na-eji eme ihe maka ịta ahụhịa, na n'echiche sara mbara okwu ahụ na-ezo aka ọ bụghị naanị na ahịhịhịa ahịhịrị kamakwa na ebe obibi ndị na-abụghị ahịhọta dị ka ala ahịhụhịa na ahịhi.[6] A na-eji okwu ahụ, ala ahịhịa, akọwa ma ala ahịhi na ahịhịhịa.

Omume ọrụ ugbo a kapịrị ọnụ n'ihe gbasara ala ahịhịa nwere ike ịnwe okwu dị iche iche. Dị ka e kwuru, nke a nwere ike ịbụ mmepụta ahịhịa ma ọ bụ inye nri maka ịta ehi na anụ ụlọ kamakwa iji nye ohere maka ubi mkpụrụ osisi ma ọ bụ mmepụta mmanụ aṅụ. A na-etinye ahịhịa ma dabere na netwọk dị mgbagwoju anya nke ọnọdụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya maka nlekọta ha. N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, ha pụtara iji bulie arụmọrụ ọrụ ugbo mgbe ngwaọrụ ndị dị mkpa dị. Taa, omume ọrụ ugbo agbanweela na ala ahịhịa efunahụla ebumnuche mbụ ha. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, a na-enwe ekele maka ha taa maka ịma mma ha na ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi. N'ihi ya, European Union's Common Agricultural Policy na-akwado nlekọta ha, karịsịa site na ịkpa anụ.[1]

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    Ọ hapụrụ ala ahịhịa n'England.
  •  
    Otu ala ahụ afọ ole na ole ka e mesịrị.
  •  
    Conifers na-abanye n'ala ahịhịa na Washington, USA.

Ubi ahịhịa

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ubi ahịhịa na-agafe agafe na-eme mgbe a na-egbutu ala, ala ịta ahịhịhịa, ma ọ bụ ala ọzọ a na-egbu egbu ma na-amalite igosi uto dị mma, na-agbasa na okooko osisi na mkpụrụ nke ahịhịrị ya na ụdị okooko osisi ọhịa.[7] Otú ọ dị, ọnọdụ ahụ bụ naanị nwa oge, n'ihi na ahịhịa na-emesị bụrụ ndị na-acha uhie uhie mgbe ahịhịhịa ahịhịrị na osisi na-etolite nke ọma, na-abụ ndị na-ebute ụzọ nloghachi na ọnọdụ osisi zuru oke. [8] Enwere ike idebe ọnọdụ mgbanwe site na usoro ubi abụọ, nke a na-agbanwe ala a na-akọ na ala ahịhịa maka oge nke afọ 10 ruo 12 nke ọ bụla.[7]

Na North America tupu Ndị Europe achịkwa, Ndị Algonquian, Ndị Iroquois na ndị ọzọ American Indian na-ewepụkarị mpaghara ọhịa iji mepụta ala ahịhịa na-agafe agafe ebe mgbada na egwuregwu nwere ike ịchọta nri ma chụpụ ha. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ụfọdụ n'ime ala ahịhịa taa malitere ọtụtụ puku afọ gara aga, n'ihi ọkụ ndị American Indian na-ere mgbe niile. [8][9]

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    Ala ahịhịa ndị na-adịgide adịgide n'elu ugwuNdagwurugwu nke Flowers,Uttarakhand, India (ebe ọdịda anyanwụ Himalayas).
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    Ihe ndị a na-akpọUbi ahịhịa ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimirinaỌwara Oké Osimiri BiscaynsoTapia nke Casariego,Spain
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    Ọzara dị nsoWalla Walla, Washington USA.
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    Ubi ahịhịa na-adịgide adịgideOregon, USA.
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    Ubi ahịhịa na ala ahịhịhịaỌdọ Mmiri Baikal, Russia.
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    Ubi mmirinsoHohenau an der March,Austria
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    Ubi ahịhịa na Shangarh,Himachal Pradesh,India

Ubi ahịhịa na-adịgide adịgide

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Ubi ahịhịa na-adịgide adịgide, nke a na-akpọkwa ala ahịhịhịa okike, bụ otu ebe Ihe ndị metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi, dị ka ọnọdụ ihu igwe na ala, na-akwado ahịhịrị na-adịru ndụ ma na-egbochi uto nke osisi osisi ruo mgbe ebighi ebi.[10] Ụdị ahịhịa na-adịgide adịgide nwere ike ịgụnye:

  • Alpine meadows na-apụta n'ebe dị elu n'elu ahịhịa osisi ma na-echekwa site na ọnọdụ ihu igwe siri ike.
  • Ubi ahịhịa ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri na-eji nnu eme ihe.
  • Ala ahịhịa ndị dị n'ọzara na-egbochi obere mmiri ozuzo ma ọ bụ enweghị ihe oriri na humus.
  • Ala ahịhịa ndị a na-elekọta site n'oge Oké ọkọchị ma ọ bụ na-enwu ọkụ.
  • Ala ahịhịa mmiri (ebe ọkara mmiri) jupụtara ala mmiri n'ọtụtụ oge n'afọ.
 
Ebe ndịda si n'ebe Nethermead Arches gaa n'ebe ugwu Nethermeada na Prospect Park, Brooklyn, New York CityObodo New York
 
Ubi ahịhịa dị na Tifft Nature Preserve na Buffalo, New York

N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, a na-eche na obodo mepere emepe dị ka ebe nchekwa dị iche iche. Mgbanwe site na ahịhịa ndị dị n'obodo ukwu, nke a na-agbasa ebe obibi n'obodo, gaa na ala ahịhịhịa dị n'ime obodo na-eche na ọ na-akwalite ebe mgbaba ka ukwuu maka obodo osisi na anụmanụ. Ubi ahịhịa dị n'obodo ukwu chọrọ nlekọta siri ike nke na-etinye ndụ n'ebe ahụ n'ihe ize ndụ nke ịhapụ ebe obibi ha, ọkachasị n'ihi ugboro ole a na-egbutu osisi. Ịbelata ugboro ịkpụchasị egosila na ọ na-eme ka o doo anya na ụdị dị iche iche nke osisi ahụ, nke na-enye ohere ịgbanwe site na ahịhịa ndị dị n'obodo ukwu gaa na ala ahịhịhịa.[11]

N'ihi mmụba nke ime obodo, EU Biodiversity Strategy 2017 nyere iwu na ọ dị mkpa ichebe usoro okike niile n'ihi mgbanwe ihu igwe. Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị bi n'obodo ukwu nke mba ọ bụla na-enwetakarị ihe ọmụma osisi ha site na ileta ogige ntụrụndụ na ma ọ bụ akụrụngwa ahịhịa ndụ ọha. Ndị ọchịchị ime obodo nwere ọrụ nke inye ọha na eze oghere ahịhịa ndụ, mana ngalaba ndị a na-ata ahụhụ mgbe niile na mbelata mmefu ego, na-eme ka o sie ike maka ndị mmadụ inwe mmasị na anụ ọhịa na mpaghara obodo ma mebie usoro okike. N'ikwekọ na nnabata na-arịwanye elu nke "ihe mara mma nke obodo", a pụrụ ịhụ ahịhịa na-adịgide adịgide dị ka ihe ọzọ dị mma karịa ahịhịhịa ndị dị n'obodo ukwu dịka ha ga-abụkwa ihe dị ọnụ ala iji lekọta. Ihe ndị ndị njikwa nke oghere obodo dị iche iche depụtara dị ka ihe dị mkpa iji tụlee bụ:

  • Mma na mmeghachi omume ọha na eze
  • Ọnọdụ
  • Ihe onwunwe mmadụ na nkwado akụ na ụba
  • ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị obodo
  • Nkwurịta okwu
  • Ụdị dị iche iche na ebe obibi dị ugbu a
  • Ihe ndị metụtara ahụ.[12]
 
Ubi ahịhịa n'obodo ukwu ma e jiri ya tụnyere

Ntinye aka mmadụ

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Ubi ahịhịa ndị e chepụtara n'ụzọ aka ma ọ bụ nke ọdịbendị na-apụta ma na-achọ mgbe niile ntinye aka mmadụ iji nọgide ma na-eto eto. N'ọtụtụ ebe, ndị na-eto eto, ndị na'enweghị ihe ọ bụla nke nnukwu anụ na-agagharị n'efu ma ọ bụ ndị na-adịghịzi adị ma ọ bụ nke a kpaara ókè n'ihi ọrụ mmadụ. Nke a na-ebelata ma ọ bụ na-ewepụ mmetụta okike ha na gburugburu ebe obibi ma na-eme ka ahịhịa bụrụ nke mmadụ mepụtara ma ọ bụ lekọta. Ubi ahịhịa ndị dị ugbu a nwere ike iji nwayọọ nwayọọ belata, ma ọ bụrụ na omume ugbo anaghị elekọta ya. Ụmụ mmadụ emetụtala gburugburu ebe obibi na ala ruo ọtụtụ puku afọ n'ọtụtụ akụkụ nke ụwa, yabụ ọ nwere ike isi ike mgbe ụfọdụ ịmata ihe sitere n'okike na ihe bụ ọdịbendị. Ubi ahịhịa bụ otu ihe atụ. Otú ọ dị, ala ahịhịa yiri ka a kwadoro ya n'akụkọ ihe mere eme site na nnukwu ebe a na-azụ anụ, nke na-eme ka osisi na-eto eto ma na-echekwa ohere ahụ.[13][14]

Ka ọrụ ugbo dị ukwuu dị ka ịta ahịhịa na-ebelata n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ụwa, ala ahịhịhịa nọ n'ihe ize ndụ dị ka ebe obibi. Ọtụtụ ọrụ nyocha na-anwa iweghachi ebe obibi ala ahịhịa site na iweghachi ihe okike, nnukwu anụ ụlọ.[13][14] Ndị a gụnyere mgbada, Elk, ewu, Ịnyịnya ọhịa, wdg dabere na ebe. Ihe atụ ọzọ dị iche iche nke nwere oke sara mbara bụ European Tauros Programme.   [citation needed]

Ụfọdụ òtù na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na-atụ aro ịgbanwe ahịhịa ahịhịhịa ka ọ bụrụ ala ahịhịrị site na ịkwụsị ma ọ bụ belata ịkpụchasị. Ha na-azọrọ na ala ahịhịa nwere ike ichekwa ụdị dị iche iche nke ihe ndị dị ndụ, mmiri, belata ojiji nke fatịlaịza.[15] Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na 2018 ndị otu gburugburu ebe obibi na nkwado nke Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Nri na Mmekọrịta Ime Obodo nke England, na-echegbu onwe ha maka mbelata nke ọnụ ọgụgụ aṅụ n'ụwa niile, n'ụbọchị mbụ nke Bees' Needs Week 2018 (9-15 July) na-enye ụfọdụ aro otu esi echekwa aṅụ. Ntuziaka ndị a gụnyere 1) okooko osisi, obere osisi, na osisi, 2) ikwe ka ubi ahụ too n'ọhịa, 3) ịkpụ ahịhịa obere oge, 4) ịhapụ akwụ́ ụmụ ahụhụ na ebe hibernation naanị, na 5) iji nlezianya tụlee ọgwụ ahụhụ.[16]

Mmetụta nke njem nleta

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A chọpụtala mmetụta nke ọrụ mmadụ na-eme ka ala ahịhịa na-emebi emebi. Nke a emeela ka ala daa na Sholas. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'ihi ọrụ ịgba ọsọ na ime obodo, a chọpụtara na ala ahịhịa nke obodo Zakopane, Poland, gbanwere ihe ndị dị n'ala. Ihe ndị dị n'ala ahụ efunahụla ma metụta ya n'ihi kemịkal sitere na mmiri na-agbaze site na snow na igwe ski.[17]

Ubi ahịhịa na mgbanwe ihu igwe

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Mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi

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Mgbanwe ihu igwe na-emetụta usoro mmiri ozuzo okpomọkụ n'ụwa niile. Mmetụta ndị ahụ dị nnọọ iche na mpaghara mana n'ozuzu, okpomọkụ na-arịwanye elu, snowpacks na-agbaze n'oge na ọtụtụ ebe na-abụkarị ndị kpọrọ nkụ. Ọtụtụ ụdị na-emeghachi omume na mgbanwe ndị a site na iji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-ebugharị ebe obibi ha n'elu.[18] Mmụba nke ịdị elu na-ebelata okpomọkụ ma si otú a na-enye ohere maka ụdị dị iche iche ịnọgide na-enwe ebe obibi mbụ ha. Nzaghachi ọzọ a na-ahụkarị maka ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi gbanwere bụ mgbanwe phenological. Ndị a gụnyere mgbanwe n'oge ntolite ma ọ bụ okooko osisi. Ihe atụ ndị ọzọ gụnyere dịka ọmụmaatụ ịgbanwe usoro njem nke nnụnụ na-agafe agafe. Mgbanwe ndị a na-emetụta ndị ọkwọ ụgbọala atọ:

  • Okpomọkụ na-arị elu
  • Mgbanwe nke usoro mmiri ozuzo
  • Snowpack belatara na ịgbaze n'oge gara aga

N'ala ahịhịa, ka mmiri na-adịwanye obere, nke na-egosi obere mmiri maka osisi.[19] Osisi ndị na-agbasa okooko anaghị etolite ma n'ihi ya anaghị enye ihe ndị e kere eke nri dị ukwuu. Ụdị mgbanwe ndị a na osisi nwere ike imetụta ọnụ ọgụgụ nke atụ dịka ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọzọ e kere eke, gụnyere ụmụ ahụhụ na ụmụ ahụhụ.

Mmetụta nke okpomọkụ dị elu

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N'ịzaghachi mgbanwe okpomọkụ, osisi ndị na-agbasa okooko nwere ike imeghachi omume site na mgbanwe mpaghara ma ọ bụ oge. Mgbanwe nke oghere na-ezo aka na ịkwaga n'ebe oyi na-atụ, mgbe mgbe n'ebe dị elu.[20] Mgbanwe oge pụtara na osisi nwere ike ịgbanwe ọdịdị ya ka ọ gbasaa n'oge dị iche n'afọ. Site n'ịga n'ihu n'oge opupu ihe ubi ma ọ bụ n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ, ha nwere ike iweghachi ọnọdụ okpomọkụ ha n'oge gara aga. Mgbanwe ndị a na-ejedebe. Mgbanwe nke oghere nwere ike isi ike ma ọ bụrụ na ụdị ndị ọzọ ebiela n'ebe ahụ, ma ọ bụ mgbe osisi ahụ dabere na hydrology ma ọ bụ ụdị ala.[21] Ndị edemede ndị ọzọ egosila na okpomọkụ dị elu nwere ike ịbawanye ngụkọta nke biomass, mana oke okpomọkụ na ọgba aghara yiri ka ọ nwere mmetụta na-adịghị mma na ụdị dị iche iche.[22] Nke a yiri ka ọ bụ eziokwu maka ụdị dị iche iche nke ọtụtụ afọ, nke a na-ewere na ọ nwere mmetụta na-egbochi ihe omume ihu igwe siri ike.[22]

Mmetụta nke mgbanwe nke usoro mmiri ozuzo

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E nwere usoro mmiri dịgasị iche iche maka ala ahịhịa, site na akọrọ ruo na mmiri, nke ọ bụla na-emepụta obodo osisi dị iche iche na-eme ka onye na-enye mmiri. Mgbanwe n'usoro mmiri ozuzo nwere mmetụta dị iche iche, dabere na ụdị ala ahịhịa. Ahịhịa ndị kpọrọ nkụ ma ọ bụ mmiri na-egosi na ha na-eguzogide mgbanwe, dịka mmụba ma ọ bụ mbelata nke mmiri ozuzo anaghị agbanwe àgwà ha. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ala ahịhịa, nke nwere mmiri dị mma na-agbanwe àgwà ha n'ihi na ọ dị mfe itinye ha n'ọchịchị dị iche.[21] Ubi ahịhịa kpọrọ nkụ na-eyi egwu karịsịa site na mwakpo nke osisi na osisi ndị ọzọ na mbelata nke okooko osisi, ebe ebe ebe mmiri na-efunahụ ụdị osisi.[23][24][21] N'ihi ala dị n'elu ala, forbs nwere mgbọrọgwụ na-adịghị omimi nwere ihe isi ike inweta mmiri zuru ezu. Osisi osisi n'adịghị ka usoro mgbọrọgwụ ha dị ala ka nwere ike iwepụta mmiri echekwara na ala dị ala ma nwee ike ịkwado onwe ha n'oge ọkọchị dị ogologo na mmiri ha echekwara. N'ime ogologo oge, mgbanwe nke usoro mmiri nwekwara ike ime ka ọ dịrị ndị na-awakpo aka guzobe ụdị ndị nwere ike ịbawanye na ọnọdụ ọhụrụ.[21] Mmetụta ndị ahụ adịlarị anya, ihe atụ bụ dochie anya ala ahịhịa Alpine na ndịda Himalayas site na ala ahịha. Mgbanwe ihu igwe yiri ka ọ bụ ihe dị mkpa na-akpali usoro a.[25] Oge oyi na-ekpo ọkụ n'ụzọ dị iche nwere ike ịbawanye ngụkọta nke biomass, mana ọ na-akwado ụdị ndị na-asọmpi.[23] Site n'imebi osisi ndị pụrụ iche na ịkwalite mmụba nke ụdị ndị ọzọ, usoro mmiri ozuzo na-adịghị akwụsi ike nwekwara ike belata ụdị dị iche iche nke gburugburu ebe obibi.[23]

Mmetụta nke snowpacks belatara

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Snow kpuchiri ya na mgbanwe nke okpomọkụ, mmiri ozuzo na igwe ojii kpuchiri ya. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, mgbanwe na oge snow na-agbaze yiri ka ọ bụ, ọkachasị na mpaghara alpine, ihe dị mkpa maka nzaghachi phenological.[26] E nwere ọbụna data na-atụ aro na mmetụta nke snowmelt dị elu karịa okpomọkụ naanị. N'oge gara aga, ha abụghị ihe dị mma maka osisi, ebe ọ bụ na mmiri a na-etinye site na snow na-agbaze nwere ike ịla n'iyi n'ikpeazụ n'afọ ahụ. Tụkwasị na nke a, ọ nwere ike ikwe ka ogologo oge nke anụ oriri mkpụrụ. Nsogbu bụkwa enweghị snow na-ekpuchi, ihe omume oyi n'oge opupu ihe ubi nwere ike inwe mmetụta ọjọọ ka ukwuu.[27]

Mmetụta na mpaghara gburugburu ebe obibi

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Ndị ọkwọ ụgbọala niile a kpọtụrụ aha n'elu na-akpata nzaghachi dị mgbagwoju anya, nke na-abụghị nke a na-ahụkarị.[28] Enwere ike iwepụ nzaghachi ndị a site n'ile anya n'ọtụtụ ndị ọkwọ ụgbọala ihu igwe na ụdị dị iche iche ọnụ. Dị ka ụdị dị iche iche na-egosi ogo dịgasị iche iche nke nzaghachi phenological, ihe si na ya pụta bụ ihe a na-akpọ phenological reassembly, ebe ọdịdị nke gburugburu ebe obibi na-agbanwe n'ụzọ bụ isi. Nzaghachi nke phenological n'oge okooko osisi ụfọdụ nwere ike ọ gaghị adaba na mgbanwe nke ndị na-eme ka ha na-eme ntụ ọka ma ọ bụ oge na-eto eto nke obodo osisi na-adabere na ibe ha nwere ike ịmalite ịpụ iche. [28][26] Nnyocha nke ala ahịhịa na Rocky Mountains kpughere mmalite nke oge etiti oge na obere ọrụ okooko osisi.[29] N'ụzọ doro anya, nnyocha ahụ chọpụtara na ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu nke okooko osisi n'etiti oge okpomọkụ sitere na ọtụtụ ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu na usoro ala kpọrọ nkụ, mesic na mmiri. Nzaghachi Phenological na mgbanwe ihu igwe na-eme ka ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a dị iche iche dị iche iche, na-eduga na oghere n'etiti oge okpomọkụ. Nke a na-eweta egwu nye ndị na-eme ntụ ọka na-adabere na ihe onwunwe okooko osisi na-aga n'ihu. Dị ka obodo ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na-emekarị ka ọnọdụ mpaghara nke a na-enweghị ike imepụtaghachi na elu dị elu, Debinski et al. na-akọwa mgbanwe dị mkpirikpi a hụrụ na ala ahịhịa "dị ka mgbanwe na mosaic nke ihe mejupụtara ala".[21] Ya mere, ọ dị mkpa ileba anya ọ bụghị naanị otu ụdị dị iche iche si emeghachi omume na mgbanwe ihu igwe, kamakwa nyochaa ha n'ihe gbasara ebe obibi dị iche iche ha na-eme.   [citation needed]

Nchịkọta nke ihe ndị e ji eme ihe

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Ụmụ anụmanụ na osisi na-agbanwe ngwa ngwa na okpomọkụ ụwa nke mmadụ, na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu, ebe obibi, mgbanwe nke usoro ọmụmụ bụ atụmatụ iji mee mgbanwe na mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi a siri ike na nke a na-apụghị ịkọwapụta. Ụdị ahịhịa dị iche iche gburugburu ụwa bụ obodo dị iche iche nke osisi (osisi na-adịgide adịgide na nke na-adị kwa afọ) nke na-emekọrịta ihe mgbe niile iji dịrị ndụ ma mụọ. Oge na oge nke okooko osisi bụ otu n'ime nchịkọta nke ọtụtụ ihe dị iche iche dị ka snow na-agbaze, okpomọkụ na mmiri nke ala iji kwuo ole na ole. Mgbanwe niile osisi ma ọ bụ anụmanụ nwere ike ịgafe na-adabere na ọdịdị ala, ịdị elu, na latitude nke otu ihe dị ndụ. Ọ dị mkpa ileba anya n'ụzọ ziri ezi n'ihi na ha bụ otu n'ime ihe ngosi kachasị mma nke otu mgbanwe ihu igwe si emetụta mbara ala.[28]

Ọdịdị okooko osisi bụ otu n'ime ihe ndị kachasị mkpa nke osisi iji lanarị ụdị ihe isi ike ọ bụla. N'ihi usoro dị iche iche nke oge a na nlekota mgbe niile, anyị nwere ike ijide n'aka usoro gburugburu ebe obibi nke osisi na-eji eme ihe iji mụbaa ụdị ha. N'ala ahịhịa alpine nke ọwụwa anyanwụ Tibet, a hụrụ ọdịiche na myirịta dị iche iche n'etiti osisi ndị na-adị kwa afọ na ndị na-eto eto. Ebe osisi ndị na-eto eto na-agbasa okooko osisi na-adabere kpọmkwem na oge na n'ụzọ na-emegide na osisi ndị na'afọ. Nke a bụ naanị ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta nke ọtụtụ mmekọrịta na phenology na àgwà ọrụ na-emekọrịta ihe na gburugburu ebe obibi iji dịrị ndụ.[30]

Ọnọdụ ihu igwe siri ike

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Mgbanwe ihu igwe na-arị elu okpomọkụ n'ụwa nile, na mpaghara ndị na-eri nri na-enwekarị ike inwe mgbanwe ndị pụtara ìhè. Emere nnwale iji nyochaa mmeghachi omume nke ahịhịa ahịhịa alpine na ụdị dị iche iche nke oke okpomọkụ. Nnwale a dabere na osisi vaskụla ndị bi na gburugburu arctic na subarctic n'ime ọkwa ahịhịa atọ dị iche iche: oyi akwa, oyi akwa ala na otu ọrụ. Ọ dị oke mkpa iburu n'uche na osisi ndị a na-ekerịta oghere ahụ ma na-emekọrịta ihe mgbe niile na bryophytes, lichens, arthropods, anụmanụ na ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọzọ dị ndụ. Ihe si na ya pụta bụ ngbanwe doro anya nke ụkpụrụ mgbe niile nke osisi ghọtara ma nwee oge iji ruo ogo okpomọkụ nke pụtara na ha nwetara uru carbon net site n'ịbawanye photosynthesis na ume ume na-amụba ntakịrị ekele maka ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ maka oge kwesịrị ekwesị. Otú ọ dị, osisi ndị na-enwe mgbanwe n'ụdị ọ bụla (ọ bụghị nanị na okpomọkụ na-ebili ma na-adaba) n'ime oge dị mkpirikpi nwere ike ịnwụ n'ihi na ha enweghị oge zuru ezu iji ruo ogo okpomọkụ.[31]

Nweghachi ahịhịa

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Nchekwa carbon n'ala ahịhịa

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Ala ahịhịa nwere ike rụọ ọrụ dị ka nnukwu mmiri mmiri na isi mmalite nke carbon organic, na-ejide oke ya n'ime ala. Mgbanwe nke carbon na-adabere tumadi n'okirikiri ebumpụta ụwa nke ịweta carbon na efflux, nke na-emekọrịta ihe n'ụdị oge dị iche iche (dịka oge na-eto eto vs oge na-eto eto). Ụdị dị iche iche nke ala ahịhịa nwere n'aka nke ya dị iche iche àgwà (dị ka nhazi osisi) na-emetụta ikike mpaghara ime ihe dị ka sinks; A na-amata ahịhịa ahịhịa ahịhịa ozugbo dị ka ụfọdụ n'ime mmiri dị mkpa na okirikiri carbon zuru ụwa ọnụ. N'ihe atụ nke ahịhịa ahịhịa dị n'oké osimiri, mmụba nke ikuku ikuku griin ndị ọzọ (CH4 na N2O) na-eme mana nsonaazụ atụmatụ n'ozuzu ya na-ebute mbelata nke mkpokọta ikuku. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, onye ọkwọ ụgbọ ala na-ebukarị ahịhịa (ma ewezuga mgbanwe ozugbo n'ihi mmepe mmadụ) bụ mgbanwe ihu igwe, n'ihi ya na-abawanye ikuku carbon yana iwelite isiokwu nke ọrụ mweghachi nke n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ kpalitere mweghachi ahịhịa (dịka Zostera marina Meadow na Virginia). U.S.A). [32]

Mgbukpọ nke ala ahịhịa

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Ebe mmebi ala ahịhịa mere, mgbanwe dị ịrịba ama na ikuku carbon dioxide n'oge oge anaghị eto nwere ike ime. Ma mgbanwe ihu igwe na oke ịta nri na-ebute mbibi. Dị ka ihe atụ nke ahịhịa ala ahịhịa alpine dị na Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, enwere ike ịbụ isi iyi na-agafeghị oke nke CO2 na ikuku carbon, n'ihi nnukwu ọdịnaya organic ala na obere ire ere. Ka a na-agụtawanye ihe ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe, Otú ọ dị, mmetụta nke nbibi na-aghọwanye ihe a na-ahụ anya.[36] A hụla njikọ siri ike n'etiti mmebi ala ahịhịa na mfu carbon carbon, na-egosi na ihe omume a na-akpali mwepụta carbon dioxide. Nke a na-egosikwa ikike ibelata mgbanwe ihu igwe site na iweghachi ahịhịa ala mebiri emebi.[33]

Cap na azụmahịa

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N'ịbụ ụkpụrụ nke dabere n'ahịa, usoro okpu na azụmaahịa nwere ike ịhụ na oge ụfọdụ gụnyere ọrụ mweghachi maka mbelata ihu igwe. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, mmemme okpu na ahia na California na-ele anya ka a ga-esi tinye mweghachi ahịhịa n'ime usoro ha nke ibelata ikuku carbon. Ọmụmụ ihe mbụ a bụ, dị ka Audubon gosipụtara, na-atụ aka na ikike nke ịchekwa oke carbon nke ala na-abawanye ụba ma e jiri ya tụnyere ala ahịhịa na-emebi emebi, na-ebuli ụdị dị iche iche nke mpaghara ahụ.[38] N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, n'oge ọrịa COVID-19, ihe isi ike na mweghachi na-amalite igosi: N'ime afọ ndị mbụ, mpaghara ndị a na-emezigharị na-adị mfe na ọgba aghara n'èzí, dị ka njikwa ahịhịa ejidere mgbe ihe ndị dị ndụ na-enwe mmetụta siri ike, dịka ọmụmaatụ na-emerụ ahụ. ụdị.[34]

Hụkwa

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Ụfọdụ ụdị ala ahịhịa: Ebe obibi ndị yiri ya:
   

Ebem si dee

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Eriksson (2020). "Origin and Development of Managed Meadows in Sweden: A Review". Rural Landscapes: Society, Environment, History 7 (1). DOI:10.16993/rl.51. ISSN 2002-0104. 
  2. ↑ Knozowski (2023-11-10). "Effect of nature protection and management of grassland on biodiversity – Case from big flooded river valley (NE Poland)" (in en). Science of the Total Environment 898: 165280. DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165280. ISSN 0048-9697. PMID 37419354. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Meadow The New International Encyclopedia, 1905. Retrieved June 18, 2013.
  4. ↑ Rebecca Morelle: Conservationists warn of hay meadow decline BBC News Science & Environment, June 28, 2010. Retrieved June 18, 2013.
  5. ↑ James Hitchcock Fields of Gold Worcestershire Life May 2013 p75
  6. ↑ Pasture The New International Encyclopedia, 1905. Retrieved July 5, 2013.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Helena Ruzickova and Miroslav Bural, "Grasslands of the East Carpathian Biosphere Reserve in Slovakia," In: Office of Central Europe and Eurasia National Research Council, Biodiversity Conservation in Transboundary Protected Areas, National Academies Press, Sept 27, 1996, p. 233-236.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Robert Griffiths et al.: Conifer Invasion of Forest Meadows Transforms Soil Characteristics in the Pacific Northwest Forest Ecology and Management 208, 2005, p. 347-358. Retrieved June 18, 2013.
  9. ↑ Geoffery A. Hammerson, Connecticut Wildlife: Biodiversity, Natural History, and Conservation, UPNE, 2004.
  10. ↑ T. A. Rabotinov, "Meadow," The Great Soviet Encyclopedia (3rd ed), 1979. http://slovari.yandex.ru/ (in Russian), Retrieved June 18, 2013.
  11. ↑ Chollet (December 2018). "From urban lawns to urban meadows: Reduction of mowing frequency increases plant taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic diversity". Landscape and Urban Planning 180: 121–124. DOI:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2018.08.009. 
  12. ↑ Hoyle (July 2017). ""Not in their front yard" The opportunities and challenges of introducing perennial urban meadows: A local authority stakeholder perspective". Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 25: 139–149. DOI:10.1016/j.ufug.2017.05.009. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Natural Grazing – Practices in the Rewilding of Cattle and Horses. Rewilding Europe (2015). Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved on 16 December 2015.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Middleton (2006). "Biodiversity management of fens and fen meadows by grazing, cutting and burning". Applied Vegetation Science 9 (2): 307–316. DOI:10.1111/j.1654-109X.2006.tb00680.x. 
  15. ↑ MCLENDON. Why flowering meadows are better than lawns. Mother Nature Network. 2018 NARRATIVE CONTENT GROUP. Retrieved on 9 July 2018.
  16. ↑ Bees' Needs Week 2018. Bumblebee Conservation Trust. Archived from the original on 9 July 2018. Retrieved on 9 July 2018.
  17. ↑ Ciarkowska (May 2018). "Assessment of heavy metal pollution risks and enzyme activity of meadow soils in urban area under tourism load: a case study from Zakopane (Poland)". Environmental Science and Pollution Research International 25 (14): 13709–13718. DOI:10.1007/s11356-018-1589-y. ISSN 1614-7499. PMID 29504077. 
  18. ↑ "Ecosystem Shift: How Global Climate Change is Reshaping the Biosphere", Science in the News, 2014-06-30. Retrieved on 2020-04-26. (in en-US)
  19. ↑ Climate change impacts 'medium' meadows (en-US). Futurity (2010-07-09). Archived from the original on 2023-05-28. Retrieved on 2021-06-24.
  20. ↑ Parmesan (January 2003). "A globally coherent fingerprint of climate change impacts across natural systems". Nature 421 (6918): 37–42. DOI:10.1038/nature01286. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 12511946. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4 Debinski (2010). "Montane meadow change during drought varies with background hydrologic regime and plant functional group". Ecology 91 (6): 1672–1681. DOI:10.1890/09-0567.1. ISSN 0012-9658. PMID 20583709. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Alatalo (2016-02-18). "Impacts of different climate change regimes and extreme climatic events on an alpine meadow community" (in en). Scientific Reports 6 (1). DOI:10.1038/srep21720. ISSN 2045-2322. PMID 26888225. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 Natural England, UK. Climate Change Adaption Manual – Lowland meadow. Publications Natural England. Retrieved on 10 May 2020.
  24. ↑ Natural England, UK. Climate Change Adaption Manual – Upland hay meadow. Publications Natural England. Retrieved on 10 May 2020.
  25. ↑ Brandt (February 2013). "Regime shift on the roof of the world: Alpine meadows converting to shrublands in the southern Himalayas". Biological Conservation 158: 116–127. DOI:10.1016/j.biocon.2012.07.026. ISSN 0006-3207. 
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Forrest (February 2010). "Flowering phenology in subalpine meadows: Does climate variation influence community co-flowering patterns?". Ecology 91 (2): 431–440. DOI:10.1890/09-0099.1. ISSN 0012-9658. PMID 20392008. 
  27. ↑ Sherwood (March 2017). "Effects of experimentally reduced snowpack and passive warming on montane meadow plant phenology and floral resources". Ecosphere 8 (3): e01745. DOI:10.1002/ecs2.1745. ISSN 2150-8925. 
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 Theobald (2017-10-11). "Climate drives phenological reassembly of a mountain wildflower meadow community". Ecology 98 (11): 2799–2812. DOI:10.1002/ecy.1996. ISSN 0012-9658. PMID 29023677. 
  29. ↑ Aldridge (2011-03-16). "Emergence of a mid-season period of low floral resources in a montane meadow ecosystem associated with climate change". Journal of Ecology 99 (4): 905–913. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2011.01826.x. ISSN 0022-0477. 
  30. ↑ Jia (1 November 2011). "Relationships between Flowering Phenology and Functional Traits in Eastern Tibet Alpine Meadow". Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 43 (4): 585–592. DOI:10.1657/1938-4246-43.4.585. ISSN 1523-0430. 
  31. ↑ Alatalo (2016). "Impacts of different climate change regimes and extreme climatic events on an alpine meadow community" (in en). Scientific Reports 6. DOI:10.1038/srep21720. PMID 26888225. 
  32. ↑ Oreska (30 April 2020). "The greenhouse gas offset potential from seagrass restoration". Scientific Reports 10 (1). DOI:10.1038/s41598-020-64094-1. PMID 32355280. 
  33. ↑ Ma (11 July 2018). "Increasing grassland degradation stimulates the non-growing season CO2 emissions from an alpine meadow on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau". Environmental Science and Pollution Research 25 (26): 26576–26591. DOI:10.1007/s11356-018-2724-5. PMID 29995209. 
  34. ↑ From Meadow to Marsh, Habitats May Take a Hit During Pandemic (en). Audubon (20 April 2020).
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