Wikipedia

Anụ ụlọ

anụ ụlọ a na-azụ n'ebe a na-akọ ugbo iji mepụta ngwa ahịa dịka nri, eriri na ọrụ

Anụ ụlọ bụ anụ ụlọ a na-azụ n'ebe a na-arụ ọrụ ugbo iji nye ọrụ na imepụta ngwaahịa dị iche iche maka oriri dị ka anụ, àkwá, mmiri ara ehi, ajị anụ, akpụkpọ anụ na ajị anụ. Mgbe ụfọdụ, a na-eji okwu a na-ezo aka nanị n’anụmanụ ndị a zụlitere ka ha rie, na mgbe ụfọdụ, a na-ezo aka nanị maka anụ ndị a na-akọ ugbo, dị ka ehi, atụrụ, na ewu. A na-ewere ịnyịnya dị ka anụ ụlọ na United States.[2] USDA na-ekewa anụ ezi, anụ ehi, beef, na nwa atụrụ (anụ anụ) dị ka anụ ụlọ, na anụ ụlọ niile dị ka anụ uhie. Agụnyeghị anụ ọkụkọ na azụ̀ n'ụdị a.[3] Nke ikpeazụ nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi na ngwaahịa azụ anaghị achịkwa USDA, mana FDA.

Ehi n'ebe ịta nri n'Austria
Atụrụ na Ogige Ntụrụndụ Ecrins (France)

Ịzụ, nlekọta, igbu anụ na idobe anụ ụlọ n'ozuzu ya, nke a na-akpọ ịzụ ụmụ anụmanụ, bụ akụkụ nke ọrụ ugbo nke oge a ma bụrụ nke a na-eme n'ọtụtụ omenala kemgbe mmadụ gbanwere ọrụ ugbo site n'ụdị ndụ ndị dinta. Omume ịzụ anụmanụ dịgasị iche iche n'ọdịbendị na oge. Ọ na-aga n'ihu na-arụ nnukwu ọrụ akụ na ụba na omenala n'ọtụtụ obodo.

Omume ịkpa anụ agbanweela n'ụzọ dị ukwuu n'ịkpa anụ.[1] Ịzụ anụmanụ nke ukwuu na-eme ka ihe dị iche iche na-emepụta na-abawanye, mana ọ na-emetụtakwa ọdịmma anụmanụ, gburugburu ebe obibi, na ahụike ọha na eze.[2] Karịsịa, anụ ehi, mmiri ara ehi na atụrụ bụ isi iyi nke gas na-ekpo ọkụ site na ọrụ ugbo.

Okwu mmalite

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Ihe ịrịba ama okporo ụzọ Australia a na-eji okwu a na-adịghị ahụkebe "ụmụ anụ ụlọ" maka anụ ụlọ.

A na-eji okwu anụ ụlọ nke mbụ mee ihe n'agbata afọ 1650 na 1660, dịka okwu mgbagwoju anya na-ejikọta okwu "dị ndụ" na "stock".[6]. N'oge ụfọdụ, a na-eji "ehi" na "anụ ụlọ" mee ihe n'otu n'otu. Taa, [kpọpụta] ihe ehi pụtara ọgbara ọhụrụ bụ anụ ụlọ, ebe anụ ụlọ nwere nghọta ka ukwuu.

Iwu gọọmentị etiti United States na-akọwapụta okwu iji mee ka ngwa ahịa ọrụ ugbo akọwapụta tozuo ma ọ bụ erughi eru maka mmemme ma ọ bụ mmemme. Dị ka ihe atụ, akwụkwọ akụkọ iwu gbasara anụ ụlọ nke 1999 (PL. 106–78, Title IX) kọwara anụ ụlọ naanị dị ka ehi, ezì, na atụrụ, ebe iwu enyemaka ọdachi nke 1988 kọwara okwu ahụ dị ka “ehi, atụrụ, ewu, ezì, anụ ọkụkọ. (gụnyere anụ ọkụkọ na-amị akwa), anụmanụ equine eji eri nri ma ọ bụ na-emepụta nri, azụ ndị e ji eri nri, na anụmanụ ndị ọzọ nke odeakwụkwọ họpụtara." [3]

A na-akọwa Deadstock n'ụzọ dị iche na anụ ụlọ dị ka "anụmanụ ndị nwụrụ tupu e gbuo ha, mgbe ụfọdụ site na ọrịa ma ọ bụ ọrịa". Ọ bụ iwu na-akwadoghị n'ọtụtụ mba, dị ka Canada, ire ma ọ bụ nhazi anụ sitere na anụmanụ nwụrụ anwụ maka oriri mmadụ. [4]

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

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  Ịzụ ụmụ anụmanụ malitere n'oge mgbanwe omenala gaa n'obodo ndị na-arụ ọrụ ugbo na-ebikọ site na ụdị ndụ ndị dinta na-achịkọta. A na-azụ ụmụ anụmanụ mgbe ụmụ mmadụ na-achịkwa ọmụmụ ha na ọnọdụ ibi ndụ ha. Ka oge na-aga, omume mkpokọta, usoro ndụ na physiology nke anụ ụlọ agbanweela nke ukwuu. Ọtụtụ anụmanụ ndị a na-akọ ugbo n'oge a adịghị mma maka ndụ n'ụwa eke.

A zụlitere nkịta n'oge na-adịghị anya; nkịta na-apụta na Europe na Far East site na ihe dị ka afọ 15,000 gara aga.[5] A zụlitere ewu na atụrụ n'ọtụtụ ihe omume n'etiti afọ 11,000 na 5,000 gara aga na Southwest Asia.[6] A zụlitere ezì site na 8,500 BC na Near East na 6,000 BC na China. [7][8] Ịzụ ịnyịnya malitere n'ihe dị ka 4,000 BC.[9] A zụlitere ehi kemgbe ihe dị ka afọ 10,500 gara aga.[10]   [kọwapụta] ọkụkọ na ọkụkọ ndị ọzọ nwere ike ịbụ ndị a zụlitere n'ụlọ n'ihe dị ka 7,000 BC.[11]

Ụdị

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Okwu a bụ "anụ ụlọ" apụtachaghị nke ọma na enwere ike ịkọwa ya nkenke ma ọ bụ sara mbara. N'ụzọ sara mbara, anụ ụlọ na-ezo aka n'ọnụ ọgụgụ anụmanụ ọ bụla mmadụ debere maka nzube azụmahịa.

Anụmanụ Nna nna Ịzụ n'ụlọ Ojiji Foto
Ịnyịnya Tarpan Eurasia Ịnya ịnyịnya, ịgba ọsọ, iburu na ịdọrọ ibu, anụ, mmiri ara ehi  
Ịnyịnya ibu Nnụnụ ọhịa nke Afrịka Afrịka Ibu ibu na ibu  
Ehi Aurochs nke Eurasia Eurasia Anụ, mmiri ara ehi na mmiri ara ehi  
Zebu Aurochs nke India Eurasia Mmiri ara ehi, anụ na mmiri ara ehi  
Ehi Bali Banteng Eshia Anụ, mmiri ara ehi na mmiri ara ehi  
Yak Yak ọhịa Tibet Ụmụ anụmanụ, mmiri ara ehi, anụ na akpụkpọ  
Anụ ọhịa bea mmiri Anụ ọhịa buffalo India na SE Eshia Anụ, mmiri ara ehi na ibu ibu  
Mmekọahụ Gaur India na Malaysia Ibu ibu na ibu  
Atụrụ Mouflon Iran na Asia Minor Anụ, mmiri ara ehi na ajị anụ.  
Nwa ewu Bezoar ibex Gris na Pakistan Anụ, mmiri ara ehi na ajị anụ  
Nnụnụ reindeer Nnụnụ reindeer Eurasia Mmiri ara ehi, anụ na akpụkpọ  
Kamel Bactrian Kamel Bactrian nke ọhịa Ebe Etiti Eshia Ịgba ịnyịnya, ịgba ọsọ, anụ, mmiri ara ehi na ajị anụ  
Kamel ndị Arab Kamel nke Thomas Ebe Ugwu Africa na Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Eshia Ịgba ịnyịnya, ịgba ọsọ, anụ na mmiri ara ehi  
Ọkụ ọkụ Guanaco Andes Anụmanụ, anụ, ajị anụ  
Alpaca vicuña Andes Anụ, ajị anụ  
Ezì E Ji Eme Ezì ọhịa Eurasia Anụ  
Nne ọkụkọ Nnụnụ na-acha ọbara ọbara Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia Anụ, àkwá  
Nkịta Anụ ọhịa Europe Europe Anụ, ajị anụ  
Ezì Guinea Ezì ọhịa nke Montane Andes Anụ  

Obere anụmanụ

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Obere anụ ụlọ bụ okwu a na-eji maka anụmanụ ndị pere mpe, na-abụkarị anụmanụ. Nkeji abụọ kachasị bụ òké na lagomorphs (oke bekee). A na-edobe ma na-azụ anụ ndị dị obere, dị ka crickets na aṅụ mmanụ aṅụ. Ụmụ anụmanụ anaghị agụnye azụ (aquaculture) ma ọ bụ ọkụkọ (ịkụkọ anụ ọkụkọ).

Omume ugbo

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Ezinụlọ ewu nwere otu izu
 
Ebe a na-eme ihe nkiri n'ọgba dị n'ebe ugwu Spain

Dị ka omenala si dị, ịzụ anụmanụ bụ akụkụ nke ụzọ ndụ onye ọrụ ugbo, na-emepụta ọ bụghị naanị nri ezinụlọ chọrọ kamakwa mmanụ, fatịlaịza, uwe, njem na ike draught. Igbu anụmanụ maka nri bụ ihe ọzọ a na-atụle, ebe ọ bụla o kwere omume, a na-ewepụta ngwaahịa ha, dị ka ajị anụ, àkwá, mmiri ara ehi na ọbara (site n'aka Ndị Maasai) mgbe anụmanụ ahụ ka dị ndụ.[12]

N'ime usoro ọdịnala nke transshumance, ụmụ mmadụ na anụ ụlọ na-agagharị n'oge n'etiti ebe ịta nri oge okpomọkụ na oge oyi; na mpaghara Ugwu ebe ịta ahịhịa n'oge ọkọchị dị n'ugwu, ebe ịta ahụhụ n'oge oyi na ndagwurugwu.[13]

Enwere ike idebe anụmanụ nke ukwuu ma ọ bụ nke ukwuu. Usoro sara mbara na-agụnye ụmụ anụmanụ na-agagharị na uche, ma ọ bụ n'okpuru nlekọta nke onye na-azụ anụ, mgbe mgbe maka nchebe ha pụọ na anụ ndị na-eri ibe ha. Ịkpa anụ na Western United States na-agụnye nnukwu ìgwè ehi na-ata ahịhịa n'ọtụtụ ala ọha na eze na nke onwe.[14] A na-ahụ ọdụ ehi yiri nke ahụ na South America, Australia na ebe ndị ọzọ nwere nnukwu ala na obere mmiri ozuzo. A na-eji usoro ịzụ anụ maka atụrụ, mgbada, ostrich, emu, llama na alpaca.[15] N'elu ugwu nke United Kingdom, a na-atụgharị atụrụ n'ọhịa n'oge opupu ihe ubi ma na-eri ọtụtụ ahịhịa ugwu n'enweghị nlekọta, a na'iwetara ha n'ebe dị ala na ngwụcha afọ, yana inye nri ọzọ n'oge oyi.[16]

N'ime ime obodo, ezì na ọkụkọ nwere ike inweta ọtụtụ ihe na-edozi ahụ site na iri nri, na n'obodo ndị Afrịka, ọkụkọ nwere ikike ibi ọtụtụ ọnwa n'enyeghị ha nri, ma ka na-emepụta otu ma ọ bụ abụọ àkwá n'izu.[12] N'aka nke ọzọ, n'akụkụ ndị ọzọ dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Ụwa, a na-achịkwa ụmụ anụmanụ nke ọma; a pụrụ idebe ehi ehi n'ọnọdụ ịta nri na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla ha na-eri; a pụrụ itinye ehi n'ụlọ oriri dị elu; a pụrụ itinye ezì n'ụlọ ndị na-achịkwuo elu ma ghara ịga n'èzí; a pụrụ ịzụlite ọkụkọ n'ime ma debe ya n'ụlọ dị ka nnụnụ na-enye ọkụ n'okpuru ọnọdụ ndị a na-ahụ maka ụlọ nkwakọba ihe.[17][18] N'etiti oke abụọ a bụ ugbo na-enweghị isi, nke ezinụlọ na-azụkarị ebe anụ ụlọ na-ata nri n'èzí maka ọtụtụ n'ime afọ, a na-eme silage ma ọ bụ hay iji kpuchie oge afọ mgbe ahịhịa kwụsịrị itolite, a na'azụkwa fatịlaịza, nri na ihe ndị ọzọ na ugbo ahụ site n'èstre.[19]

Ịchụ nta

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Ndị ọrụ ugbo na-azụ anụmanụ ụwa'-emekarị ihe gbasara anụmanụ ndị na-eri anụ na Ndị ohi na-ezu ohi. Na North America, a na-ewere anụmanụ ndị dị ka anụ ọhịa wolf, grizzly bears, cougars, na coyotes mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka ihe iyi egwu nye anụ ụlọ. Na Eurasia na Africa, ndị na-eri ibe ha gụnyere anụ ọhịa wolf, agụ, ọdụm, dholes, anụ ojii nke Eshia, agụ iyi, hyenas nwere ntụpọ, na anụ ndị ọzọ na-eri anụ. Na South America, nkịta ọhịa, jaguar, anacondas, na anụ ọhịa bea bụ ihe iyi egwu nye anụ ụlọ. N'Australia, Dingoes, foxes, na wedge-tailed eagles bụ ndị na-eri ibe ha, na egwu ọzọ sitere n'aka nkịta ụlọ ndị nwere ike igbu n'ihi omume nke ịchụ nta, na-ahapụ ozu ahụ n'erighị.[20][21]

Ọrịa

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Ezigbo ọrụ ugbo, nri kwesịrị ekwesị, na ịdị ọcha bụ isi ihe na-enye aka na ahụike anụmanụ n'ugbo, na-eweta uru akụ na ụba site na mmepụta dị elu. Mgbe, n'agbanyeghị nlezianya ndị a, ụmụ anụmanụ ka na-arịa ọrịa, onye ọrụ ugbo na dọkịta anụmanụ na-agwọ ha ọgwụ. Na European Union, mgbe ndị ọrụ ugbo na-agwọ ụmụ anụmanụ, a chọrọ ka ha gbasoo ntuziaka maka ọgwụgwọ na idekọ ọgwụgwọ enyere.[22]

Ụmụ anụmanụ nwere ike ibute ọtụtụ ọrịa na ọnọdụ ndị nwere ike imetụta ahụike ha. Ụfọdụ, dị ka Ọrịa ezì oge ochie na scrapie bụ ndị a kapịrị ọnụ maka otu ìgwè anụmanụ, ebe ndị ọzọ, dị ka nsogbu ụkwụ na ọnụ na-emetụta anụmanụ niile nwere ụkwụ.[23][24][25] N'ebe ọnọdụ ahụ siri ike, gọọmentị na-etinye iwu maka mbubata na mbupụ, na njem anụ ụlọ, mgbochi nkewa na akụkọ nke ndị a na-enyo enyo. A na-enweta Ọgwụ mgbochi megide ọrịa ụfọdụ, a na-ejikwa ọgwụ nje eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe ebe ebe o kwesịrị.

At one time, antibiotics were routinely added to certain compound foodstuffs to promote growth, but this is now  considered poor practice in many countries because of the risk that it may lead to antibiotic resistance. Animals living under intensive conditions are particularly prone to internal and external parasites; increasing numbers of sea lice are affecting farmed salmon in Scotland.[26] Reducing the parasite burdens of livestock results in increased productivity and profitability.[27]

Dị ka Akụkọ Pụrụ Iche na Mgbanwe ihu igwe na Ala si kwuo, a na-atụ anya na ọrịa anụ ụlọ ga-akawanye njọ ka mgbanwe ihu igwe na-eme ka okpomọkụ na mmiri ozuzo dị iche iche dịkwuo elu.[28]

Njem na ahịa

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A na-etinye ezì n'ụgbọ ha

Ebe ọ bụ na ọtụtụ anụ ụlọ bụ anụ ụlọ, a na-akwọ ha n'ahịa "n'elu ụkwụ" gaa n'obodo ma ọ bụ ebe ọzọ dị n'etiti. A ka na-eji usoro a eme ihe n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ụwa.[29]

Ụgbọ ala na-agagharị ugbu a na mba ndị mepere emepe.[30]

Ahịa anụ ụlọ nke mpaghara na mpaghara na ahịa ọrụ ugbo pụrụ iche na-eme ka azụmahịa anụ ụlọ dị mfe. Na Canada na Cargill slaughterhouse na High River, Alberta, ndị ọrụ 2,000 na-edozi ehi 4,500 kwa ụbọchị, ma ọ bụ ihe karịrị otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ikike Canada. Ọ mechiri mgbe ụfọdụ n'ime ndị ọrụ ya butere Ọrịa coronavirus 2019.[31][32] Ụlọ ọrụ Cargill na Ụlọ ọrụ JBS dị na Brooks, Alberta na ụlọ ọrụ Harmony Beef dị na Balzac, Alberta nọchitere anya ụzọ atọ n'ụzọ anọ nke anụ ehi ndị Canada.[32] N'ebe ndị ọzọ, enwere ike ịzụta ma ree anụ ụlọ na ahịa ma ọ bụ Ahịa mmiri, dịka enwere ike ịchọta ya n'ọtụtụ akụkụ nke Central Asia.

Na mba ndị na-abụghị ndị Ọdịda Anyanwụ, inye ohere ịbanye n'ahịa agbaala ndị ọrụ ugbo ume itinye ego na anụ ụlọ, nke mere ka ọ dịkwuo mma. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) arụwo ọrụ na Zimbabwe iji nyere ndị ọrụ ugbo aka ime ọtụtụ anụ ụlọ ha.

N'ihe ngosi ngwaahịa, ndị ọrụ ugbo na-eweta anụ ụlọ ha kachasị mma iji sọọ mpi.[33]

Biomass

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Mgbasa nke ụmụ mmadụ, anụ ụlọ, na anụmanụ ndị ọzọ [34]

Ụmụ mmadụ na anụ ụlọ mejupụtara ihe karịrị 90% nke biomass nke anụ niile dị n'ụwa, na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe niile dị ka ụmụ ahụhụ jikọtara ọnụ.[34]

 
Nkọwa nkesa zuru ụwa ọnụ maka ehi, atụ, ịnyịnya, atụrụ, ewu, ezì, ọkụkọ na ọbọgwụ na 2010

E mere atụmatụ na uru nke mmepụta anụ ụlọ zuru ụwa ọnụ na 2013 dị ijeri dollar 883, (ndị dollar 2005-2006). Otú ọ dị, mmetụta akụ na ụba nke mmepụta anụ ụlọ na-agbasawanye: na ụlọ Ọrụ nri dị n'okpuru mmiri (saleyards, slaughterhouses, butchers, milk processingors, refrigerated transport, wholestresses, retailers, food services, tanneries, wdg), ụlọ ọrụ dị n'elu mmiri (feed productions, food transport, ugbo na ranch supply companies, equipment producters, seed companies, vaccine manufacturers, wdg) na ọrụ ndị metụtara ya (veterinarians, ndị ndụmọdụ nri, shearers, wdg).   [citation needed]

Anụ ụlọ na-enye nri dịgasị iche iche na ngwaahịa ndị na-abụghị nri; nke ikpeazụ gụnyere akpụkpọ anụ, ajị anụ, ọgwụ, ngwaahịa ọkpụkpụ, protein ụlọ ọrụ, na abụba. Maka ọtụtụ ebe a na-egbu anụ, obere anụmanụ nwere ike ịla n'iyi na igbu ọchụ. Ọbụna ihe dị n'ime eriri afọ e wepụrụ mgbe a na-egbu egbu nwere ike iweghachite maka iji ya mee ihe dị ka fatịlaịza. Nri anụ ụlọ na-enyere aka ịnọgide na-eme nri n'ala ịta nri. A na-anakọta nsị n'ụlọ nkwakọba ihe na ebe a na-eri nri iji mee ka ala a na-akọ ihe ubi. N'ebe ụfọdụ, a na-eji nsị anụmanụ eme ihe dị ka mmanụ, ma ọ bụ n'onwe ya (dị ka mba ụfọdụ na-abụghị nke ọdịda anyanwụ), ma ọ bụ na-apụtaghị ìhè (dị ka isi iyi nke methane maka okpomọkụ ma ọ bụ maka ịmepụta ọkụ eletrik). N'ógbè ebe ike igwe pere mpe, a na-eji ụdị anụ ụlọ ụfọdụ dị ka ihe eji arụ ọrụ, ọ bụghị naanị maka Ịkụ ugbo na ihe ndị ọzọ a na-arụ n'ugbo, kamakwa maka ibugharị ndị mmadụ na ngwongwo. N'afọ 1997, anụ ụlọ nyere ike maka ihe dị n'agbata 25 na 64% nke ike ọrụ ugbo na usoro ịgba mmiri n'ụwa, nakwa na e ji nde anụmanụ 300 mee ihe n'ụwa niile na obere ọrụ ugbo.[35] 

Ọ bụ ezie na mmepụta anụ ụlọ na-eje ozi dị ka isi iyi nke ego, ọ nwere ike inye uru akụ na ụba ndị ọzọ maka ezinụlọ ndị dị n'ime ime obodo, na-arụkarị ọrụ dị ka onye isi na-enye aka na nchekwa nri na nchekwa akụ na ụba. Anụ ụlọ nwere ike ije ozi dị ka mkpuchi megide ihe ize ndụ ma bụrụkwa ihe na-egbochi akụ na ụba (nke ego na nri) na mpaghara ụfọdụ na akụ na ụba ụfọdụ (dịka, n'oge ụfọdụ ụkọ mmiri ozuzo n'Africa).[36] Otú ọ dị, ojiji ya dị ka ihe mgbochi nwere ike ịbụ mgbe ụfọdụ ebe ndị ọzọ dị, nke nwere ike igosipụta mmezi atụmatụ nke mkpuchi na mgbakwunye na ọchịchọ ijigide akụ na-arụpụta ihe.[37] Ọbụna maka ụfọdụ ndị ọrụ ugbo na mba ndị dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, anụ ụlọ nwere ike ịbụ ụdị mkpuchi.[38] Ụfọdụ ndị na-akụ ihe ọkụkụ nwere ike ịmepụta anụ ụlọ dị ka atụmatụ maka ụdị dị iche iche nke isi mmalite ego ha, iji belata ihe ize ndụ metụtara ihu igwe, ahịa na ihe ndị ọzọ.[39][40]

Ọtụtụ nnyocha achọtawo ihe akaebe nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, yana akụ na ụba, mkpa anụ ụlọ dị na mba ndị na-abụghị ndị Ọdịda Anyanwụ na mpaghara ndị dara ogbenye n'ime ime obodo, ihe akaebe dị otú ahụ anaghị ejedebe na ndị na-azụ anụ ụlọ na ndị na'ịkwagharị agagharị.[36][41][42]

Ụkpụrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na mba ndị mepere emepe nwekwara ike ịdị ukwuu. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na nyocha nke ịkpa anụ ụlọ enyere ikike n'ala ọhịa nke mba na New Mexico, US, e kwubiri na "ịkpa anụ na-echekwa ụkpụrụ ọdịnala ma jikọta ezinụlọ na ala nna nna na Ihe nketa ọdịbendị", nakwa na "echiche nke ebe, njikọ na ala, na uru nke ichekwa oghere bụ isiokwu a na-ahụkarị". "Mkpa ala na ụmụ anụmanụ dị ka ụzọ isi chekwaa ọdịbendị na ụzọ ndụ gosipụtara ugboro ugboro na nzaghachi ndị nwere ikike, dị ka ndị ọrụ na nkwanye ùgwù maka ala, ụmụ anụmanụ, ezinụlọ, na obodo. "[43]

Na US, uru na-adịkarị ala n'etiti ihe na-akpali itinye aka n'ịkpa anụ ụlọ.[44] Kama nke ahụ, ezinụlọ, ọdịnala na ụzọ ndụ a chọrọ na-abụkarị isi ihe na-akpali ịzụta anụ ụlọ, na ndị na-azụ anụ ụlọ "dị njikere ịnabata obere ego sitere na mmepụta anụ ụlọ".

Mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi

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Nkezi gas na-ekpo ọkụ maka ụdị nri dị iche iche [45]
Ụdị Nri Mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ (g CO2-Ceq kwa g protein)
Anụ Na-egbukepụ Egwu
62
Ịzụlite Aquaculture
30
Ịkụ Azụ
26
Ịkpa Mmanụ Aquaculture Na-adịghị Agbanwe Agha
12
Anụ ezì
10
Nnụnụ
10
Mmiri ara ehi
9.1
Ịkụ Azụ
8.6
Àkwá
6.8
Mgbọrọgwụ Starchy
1.7
Ọka wit
1.2
Mkpụrụ ọka
1.2
Akwụkwọ nri
0.25

Ịkpa anụmanụ nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na gburugburu ụwa. Ọ na-ahụ maka ebe dị n'etiti 20 na 33% nke ojiji mmiri dị ọcha n'ụwa, na anụ ụlọ, na mmepụta nri maka ha, na-ewe ihe dị ka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ala na-enweghị ice. [46][47] Mmepụta anụ ụlọ bụ ihe na-enye aka na mkpochapụ ụdị, ọzara, na mbibi ebe obibi. [48][49] A na-ewere anụ dị ka otu n'ime isi ihe na-enye aka na mkpochapụ nke isii ugbu a.[50][51][52][53] Ọrụ ugbo anụmanụ na-enye aka na mkpochapụ ụdị n'ụzọ dị iche iche. A na-ebibi ebe obibi site n'iwepụ oké ọhịa na ịgbanwe ala iji zụlite ihe ọkụkụ na maka ịta anụmanụ (dịka ọmụmaatụ, ịzụ anụmanụ na-akpata ihe ruru 91% nke Mgbukpọ ọhịa na mpaghara Amazon ), ebe a na-elekwasịkarị anụ ndị na-eri ahịhịa ma na-achụ ha n'ihi ihe a na-eche na ọ na-eyi uru anụ ụlọ egwu.[54] Akụkọ kachasị ọhụrụ nke Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) wepụtara na-ekwu na n'etiti afọ 1970 na afọ 2000 mmụba nke ikuku ugbo nwere njikọ kpọmkwem na mmụba anụ ụlọ. A na-eme mmụba nke anụ ụlọ (gụnyere ehi, atụ, atụrụ, na ewu) na ebumnuche nke ịbawanye mmepụta anụmanụ, mana n'aka nke ya na-abawanye ikuku.

 
Mmepụta anụ ụlọ chọrọ nnukwu ala.

Na mgbakwunye, anụ ụlọ na-emepụta gas na-eme ka okpomọkụ.  IPCC emeela atụmatụ na ọrụ ugbo (gụnyere ọ bụghị naanị anụ ụlọ, kamakwa ihe ọkụkụ, biofuel na mmepụta ndị ọzọ) mejupụtara ihe dị ka pasent 10 ruo 12 nke ikuku ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ nke mmadụ na-emepụta n'ụwa niile (nke egosiri dị ka carbon dioxide 100 afọ) na 2005 na 2010. [55][56] Ehi na-emepụta ihe dị ka nde tọn methane 79 kwa ụbọchị.[57][58][59] Methane nke anụ ụlọ na-akpata 30% nke ngụkọta nke methane nke mbara ala.[57][58][59] Anụ ụlọ na-ahụ maka 34% nke ikuku nitrous oxide niile metụtara mmadụ, site na mmepụta nri na nsị.[57][58][59] Anụ ụlọ na-enye ohere dị ukwuu maka ibelata ikuku GHG.[57][58][59] A na-eme atụmatụ na usoro mmepụta kachasị mma ga-enwe ike belata ikuku anụ ụlọ site na pasent 30. [57][58][59]

Mmetụta nke mgbanwe ihu igwe

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Hụkwa

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Ebem si dee

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  1. ↑ NASS – Census of Agriculture – Publications – 2012. USDA. Archived from the original on 22 November 2017. Retrieved on 29 November 2017.
  2. ↑ Anomaly (1 November 2015). "What's Wrong With Factory Farming?" (in en). Public Health Ethics 8 (3): 246–254. DOI:10.1093/phe/phu001. ISSN 1754-9973. PMID 36540869. 
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  4. ↑ cbc.ca: "Police launch investigation into Aylmer Meat Packers", 28 August 2003
  5. ↑ Larson, G. (2014). "How Much Is That in Dog Years? The Advent of Canine Population Genomics". PLOS Genetics 10 (1): e1004093. DOI:10.1371/journal.pgen.1004093. PMID 24453989. 
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  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Webster, John (2013). Animal Husbandry Regained: The Place of Farm Animals in Sustainable Agriculture. Routledge, 4–10. ISBN 978-1-84971-420-4.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Webster" defined multiple times with different content
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  14. ↑ Starrs, Paul F. (2000). Let the Cowboy Ride: Cattle Ranching in the American West. JHU Press, 1–2. ISBN 978-0-8018-6351-6. 
  15. ↑ Levinson, David (2003). Encyclopedia of Community: From the Village to the Virtual World. Sage. ISBN 978-0-7619-2598-9. 
  16. ↑ Rebanks (2015). The Shepherd's Life. Penguin: Random House. ISBN 978-0141-97936-6. 
  17. ↑ Silbergeld (2008). "Industrial food animal production, antimicrobial resistance, and human health". Annual Review of Public Health 29: 151–69. DOI:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.29.020907.090904. PMID 18348709. 
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  19. ↑ Blount, W.P. (2013). Intensive Livestock Farming. Elsevier, 360–62. ISBN 978-1-4831-9565-0. 
  20. ↑ Northern Daily Leader, 20 May 2010, Dogs mauled 30 sheep (and killed them), p.3, Rural Press
  21. ↑ Simmons (10 September 2009). Dogs seized for killing sheep - Local News - News - General - The Times. Victorharbortimes.com.au. Archived from the original on 11 January 2012. Retrieved on 10 December 2011.
  22. ↑ EPRUMA | Responsible Use of Animal Medicines. www.epruma.eu. Retrieved on 8 February 2020.
  23. ↑ Classical swine fever. The Center for Food Security and Public Health. Retrieved on 20 May 2017.
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  25. ↑ Foot-and-mouth. The Cattle Site. Retrieved on 20 May 2017.
  26. ↑ Fraser, Douglas. "Scottish salmon farming's sea lice 'crisis'", BBC, 14 February 2017. Retrieved on 20 May 2017.
  27. ↑ Parasite control. Animal Health Ireland. Archived from the original on 14 May 2017. Retrieved on 20 May 2017.
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  29. ↑ Bonser (1972). The Drovers. Who They Were and How They Went: An Epic of the English Countryside. Country Book Club. 
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  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 "What led to Alberta's biggest outbreak? Cargill meat plant's hundreds of COVID-19 cases", CBC, 19 April 2020.
  33. ↑ Australian Screen: Agricultural shows
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Eggleton (17 October 2020). "The State of the World's Insects". Annual Review of Environment and Resources 45 (1): 61–82. DOI:10.1146/annurev-environ-012420-050035. ISSN 1543-5938.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Eggleton 2020" defined multiple times with different content
  35. ↑ de Haan (1997). Livestock & the environment: finding a balance. European Commission Directorate-General for Development. 
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 Swanepoel, F., A. Stroebel and S. Moyo. (eds.) 2010. The role of livestock in developing communities: Enhancing multifunctionality. African Sun Media.
  37. ↑ Fafchamps (1998). "Drought and saving in West Africa: are livestock a buffer stock?". Journal of Development Economics 55 (2): 273–305. DOI:10.1016/S0304-3878(98)00037-6. ISSN 0304-3878. Retrieved on 12 May 2018. 
  38. ↑ Johannesen (2011). "Livestock as Insurance and Social Status: Evidence from Reindeer Herding in Norway". Environmental and Resource Economics 48 (4): 679–694. DOI:10.1007/s10640-010-9421-2. ISSN 0924-6460. Retrieved on 12 May 2018. 
  39. ↑ Bell (2012). "Integrated crop–livestock systems in Australian agriculture: Trends, drivers and implications". Agricultural Systems 111: 1–12. DOI:10.1016/j.agsy.2012.04.003. ISSN 0308-521X. Retrieved on 12 May 2018. 
  40. ↑ Kandulu (2012). "Mitigating economic risk from climate variability in rain-fed agriculture through enterprise mix diversification". Ecological Economics 79: 105–112. DOI:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2012.04.025. ISSN 0921-8009. Retrieved on 12 May 2018. 
  41. ↑ Khan (2013). "Impactul creșterii animalelor asupra dezvoltării socio-economice în Nordul Indiei" (in ro). Forum Geografic XII (1): 75–80. DOI:10.5775/fg.2067-4635.2013.084.i. ISSN 1583-1523. Retrieved on 12 May 2018. 
  42. ↑ Ali, A. (2013). "Livestock ownership in ensuring rural household food security in Pakistan". J. Animal Plant Sci. 23 (1): 313–318. ISSN 1018-7081. Retrieved on 12 May 2018. 
  43. ↑ McSweeney, A. M and C. Raish. 2012. Social, cultural and economic aspects of livestock ranching on the Santa Fe and Carson National Forests. USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR 276.
  44. ↑ Gentner (2006). "Classifying federal public land grazing permittees". Journal of Range Management 55 (1). DOI:10.2458/azu_jrm_v55i1_gentner. ISSN 0022-409X. 
  45. ↑ Michael Clark; Tilman, David (November 2014). "Global diets link environmental sustainability and human health". Nature. 515 (7528): 518–522. Bibcode:2014Natur.515..518T. doi:10.1038/nature13959. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 25383533. S2CID 4453972.
  46. ↑ Mekonnen (2012). A Global Assessment of the Water Footprint of Farm Animal Products. Water Footprint Network. Archived from the original on 2015-03-11. Retrieved on 2018-04-01.
  47. ↑ Livestock a major threat to environment. Food and Agriculture Organizations of the United Nations. Archived from the original on 2008-03-28. Retrieved on 2018-04-01.
  48. ↑ Whitford, Walter G. (2002). Ecology of desert systems. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-747261-4. 
  49. ↑ "Biodiversity Decline", Annenberg Learner. Retrieved on 8 February 2020.
  50. ↑ Morell (2015). "Meat-eaters may speed worldwide species extinction, study warns". Science. DOI:10.1126/science.aad1607. 
  51. ↑ Machovina (2015). "Biodiversity conservation: The key is reducing meat consumption". Science of the Total Environment 536: 419–431. DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.022. PMID 26231772. 
  52. ↑ Williams (2015). "The Anthropocene Biosphere". The Anthropocene Review 2 (3): 196–219. DOI:10.1177/2053019615591020. 
  53. ↑ Smithers. "Vast animal-feed crops to satisfy our meat needs are destroying planet", The Guardian, 5 October 2017. Retrieved on 3 November 2017.
  54. ↑ Margulis (2003). Causes of Deforestation of the Brazilian Rainforest, World Bank Working Papers. Washington: World Bank Publications. DOI:10.1596/0-8213-5691-7. ISBN 978-0-8213-5691-3. 
  55. ↑ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2007. Climate change 2007, Mitigation of climate change. Fourth Assessment Report
  56. ↑ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2014. Climate change 2014, Mitigation of climate change. Fifth Assessment Report.
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 57.2 57.3 57.4 Global emissions from livestock in 2015. FAO - GLEAM v3.0 dashboard.
  58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 58.2 58.3 58.4 (2016) Reducing enteric methane for improving food security and livelihoods. FAO. 
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 59.2 59.3 59.4 (2013) Tackling Climate Change through Livestock. Rome: FAO. ISBN 9789251079201. 
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