Nkwado ọrụ ugbo n'ebe ugwu Naịjirịa
Ịkwado ọrụ ugbo na Northern Nigeria, ụzọ mgbochi na gburugburu ebe obibi yana ọrụ akụ na. [1] ndị ọchịchị ndị bi n'ime ime obodo dị na mpaghara a gbagoro site na mmadụ 243 ruo 348 kwa square kilometa n'etiti 1962 na 1991 mana mpaghara ala dị n'okpuru ọchịchị ihe na-adịgide adịgide ada otu ihe ihe. ahụ. [1] Mmụba ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na-ebute oke nri n'etiti ndị bi n'obodo mepere emepe na ime obodo, ebe a na-akọ ihe, na mbelata ọnwụ ala . diski, oge ebe ọrụ ugbo na-aga ada ada ya na mbelata dịka na Kano na mpaghara gbara agbata obi. [1] [2] N'agbanyeghị na ogbenye na nri ezughi oke dị na mpaghara ahụ, ọ naghị emetụta osisi n'ihi mbọ aka na-aga n'ihu nri nri n'ihi nnukwu ihe achọrọ ya. [1] [2]
Mmiri na-ezo n'oge – na e nwere akpọ oge ọkọchị - mana ọ na-akpa ike mgbe ọ bịara, na-eme ka ọ dị mkpa ka ndị ọrụ ugbo were usoro nchekwa mmiri nke ala. [3] [1] A na-akụ nnukwu ihe ubi n'oge mmiri ozuzo nke na-amalite na June ma ọ bụ Julaị, [4] mgbe akụ na-ekpo ọkụ. [5] [6] Ala ndị dị na mpaghara ahụ bụ aja aja na-acha ọsọ ma ọ bụ aja aja nke pH nke 6.0 - 7.0. [7] Ihe ndị a na-akọ na mpaghara ahụ bụ millet, sorghum na cowpea, ebe groundnut na sesame bụ obere ihe kpatara . [8] Nri anụ anụ na-ejekwa ozi dị ka ihe mgbakwunye dị mkpa na nri, nri n'oge nri nri. [8] A na-akụ nnukwu ihe omume n'oge mmiri ozuzo nke na-amalite na June ma ọ bụ Julaị, [4] mgbe njọ dị ọkụ. [5] [6] Na mpaghara a, e nwere ndị ọrụ ugbo nke ndị Manga na ndị Hausa, na ndị na-azụ anụ ndị a maara dị ka Fulani.. [3]
N'ebe ugwu Naijiria, nchọcha gbasara ọrụ ugbo siri ike na-eme ọtụtụ iri awụ, ndị na mpaghara Kano dị nso. Atụmatụ maka mpaghara a lekwasịrị anya n'iji ịbụ na egwu ịgba mmiri na-ebubata, ebe na-usoro ọrụ ugbo ọdịnala nke mpaghara ahụ anya. [4] Omenala nke ọma na mpaghara Kano nso-Settled nke ugwu Nigeria . [1] Na apụ nke iri na ndị ọbịa, ndị na-enye onyinye dị ka Henry Barth ụgbọ ugbo siri ike a na mpaghara nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ gbara gburugburu obodo Kano. [4]
Okwu mmalite
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N'ihi ọnọdụ ọha na eze na gburugburu ebe obibi dị na ugwu Nigeria, mgbanwe nke ma njikwa gburugburu ebe obibi na ọrụ akụ na ụba bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke atụmatụ ọ bụla maka ọrụ ugbo na ime obodo na mpaghara.[1] A na-ekwukarị na ndị ọrụ ugbo Afrịka anaghị enwe ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịkwalite ọrụ ugbo site n'iji usoro na-akwado gburugburu ebe obibi yana nke na-arụpụta akụ na ụba. Ahịhịa dị n'ebe ugwu Nigeria bụ nke dị n'akụkụ ma ọ bụ ahịhịa dị mkpụmkpụ [11] (lee foto 1), ebe e ji mara mpaghara a n'ụdị ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ nke nwere mmiri ozuzo n'oge yana oge ọkọchị.[5]. Aghọtara nrụgide nke ọnụ ọgụgụ na-abawanye ụba (lee foto 2) na-eme ka ndị na-eri nri n'obodo ukwu na ndị ọrụ ugbo ime obodo na-arị elu, mgbasawanye nke ebe a na-akọ ihe, belata oge ala a na-akụghị akụ na enweghị ihe ntinye dị mkpa iji kwụọ ụgwọ na n'ihi ya belata ala ala. ọmụmụ. Nke a pụtara na mkpụrụ n'otu n'otu na hectare ga-adalata ma nri ga-adị ụkọ, ọkachasị ndị bi n'ime ime obodo. Agbanyeghị, mmụba nke njupụta ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị mmadụ nwere ike inwe mmetụta dị mma karịa nsonaazụ ọjọọ maka akụ na ụba yana gburugburu ebe obibi.[1] Nnyocha e mere na mpaghara Kano dị nso na mpaghara gbara ya gburugburu[1] [2] gosiri na n'ebe ụfọdụ, n'oge ụfọdụ, mmụba nke ọrụ ugbo nwere ike ime ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụrụ na ọ bụrụ na ọ bụrụ na ọ na-adịghị emebi emebi. Ọ bụ ezie na e nwere ịda ogbenye na mpaghara ahụ, yana ndị na-enweghị nri zuru oke, ọ dịghị ka ọ bụ mbelata nke ihe ọkụkụ. Kama nke ahụ, ihe akaebe na-egosi na enweela mbọ a na-agbasi mbọ ike ịbawanye mmepụta nri na mbọ iji nagide mkpa na-arịwanye elu.. [1] [2]
Ala nke mpaghara
dezieA na-hazi ala ndị dị na mpaghara ugwu Nigeria dị ka ala aja aja na-acha ekwu ma ọ bụ nchara nchara nke mpaghara ala nti nkụ na Aid . A na-akpọkwa ha dị ka ala Ferruginous na-ekpo ọkụ ma na-ewere ya dị ka Ferric Luvisols . Ndị a bụ ala aja nke nwere ihe dị ka 85% mpe mpe. ụzọ pH ha dị n'etiti 6.0 na 7.0 na nnukwu n'ihu ha dị ihe dịka 1.4 g/cm3 [3] [5]
Ala n'ọtụtụ akụkụ nke ugwu Nigeria bụ Sandy nke enweghị ike ijide mmiri. [6] Ewezuga bụ ala dị na Kebbi, Sokoto Zamfara na Adamawa nke a maara dị ka ala fadama nwere nnukwu mmiri na ihe ndị na-edozi ahụ. [7] Ọtụtụ ala dị n'ebe ugwu nwere ụbara nitrogen phosphorus ọdịnaya. [6]
Nchekwa na ịchịkwa mmiri ala
dezieỌ bụ ezie na e nwere ịda ogbenye na mpaghara ahụ, yana ndị na-enweghị nri zuru oke, ọ dịghị ka ọ na-ebelata ihe ọkụkụ. Kama, ihe akaebe na-egosi na enweela mbọ a na-aga n'ihu iji bulie mmepụta nri na mbọ iji na-egbo mkpa na-abawanye ụba. [1] [2]
Ihe ọkụkụ na-ahụkarị na isi nri nri
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Ihe kpatara ndị bụ isi na mpaghara a bụ millet, sorghum na cowpea (lee foto 4 ruo 6), ebe a na-ewere groundnut na sesame dị ka obere ihe kpatara. [8] E tinyela Guna (ehi) melon ( Citrullus lanatus ) n'oge na-adịbeghị anya na i ji ihe ima maka ejija. Ọ na-achọ otu mmiri mmiri, a na-akụ ya n'oge oge, na-etokwa na mmiri nke na-ahapụ n'ime ruo ala mgbe ewepụtara ya ná ndụ ndị bu mmiri mmiri nke awụ na-azụ. Ihe ubi a bụ nnukwu oriri oriri. [4] Osisi ndị a dị dị ka oke ubi henna njikọ (Lawsonia inermis) yana mgba dị iche iche. A na-akụkwa mgbasa nke intercrop n'etiti ọka; ha na-enwekarị cowpeas ma ọ bụ groundnuts, nke bụ osisi na-edozi nitrogen. A na-echekwa n nke osisi tozuru okè. [1]
Nri anụ ndị dị n'ebe ugwu egwuregwu Nigeria na-azụ site n' osisi dị iche, osisi na osisi herbaceous dị iche iche. Ha na- ụdị dị iche iche, ekpomeekpo, na vitamin na mineral ndị dị mkpa maka uto uto. Ọzọkwa, a na-eji ha dị ka nri anụ ụlọ; n'akwa ugbo, ihe owuwu, na ọgwụ; na n'ihi omenala. Enwere ike ebe nri ndị nwere ike n'ebe obibi obibi site na ala ubi (dị ka ata), ruo n'ubi na-akụghị (ala a na-akọghị) na ala ịta mgba, yana n'ime obodo n 'onwe ha. Nri ndị a na-adị mkpa, n'oge nri nri, dị ka n'oge ụkọ mmiri ma ọ bụ mgbe nri nwere oke n'ihi nsogbu nsogbu na eze dị ka ogbenye ma ọ bụ agha. [8] [9] Ihe omume a na-ahụ na ebe nri nri: mmetụta millet, isi sorghum, mmetụta cowpea[8] [9]
Usoro iheomume ugbo
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Nkwadebe nke ubi maka ịkọ ugbo na-amalite n'April ma ọ bụ May mgbe ndị ọrụ ugbo na-ekpochapụ osisi. [10] Mgbe ụfọdụ, a na-akpọ ahihia ọkụ ka a kpọsasịa ubi ndị anụ ụlọ na-atabeghị. Mmalite nke oge mmiri ozuzo bụ na June ma ọ bụ Julaị, nke a bụkwa mgbe ọtụtụ ihe ọkụkụ na-amalite, ọ bụ ezie na ndị ọrụ ugbo ole na ole nwere ike ịkụ ihe tupu mmiri ozuzo amalite. Ogige ebe a na-esi n'ọgụ a na-eme n'ime obodo a na-akpọ ashasha kpochapụ ahịhịa nke ọma. [3]
N'nọnnọ September, a na-egbute millet, na-esochi ya na agwa. N'ọgwụgwọ Ọktoba ma ọ bụ Nọvemba, a na-egbute sorghum . Na mgbakwunye na nke a, ndị ọrụ ugbo na-achọghị ka anụ ụlọ rie ọka ha ga-aghọrọkwa ihe ndị a. Ụfọdụ ndị ọrụ ugbo na-amalite mmalite guna egusi ka a na-egbute millet . Otú ọ dị, guna melon na-adị mfe maka ụmụ anụmanụ, n'ihi ya, ihe na-egosi adị mma kwa afọ. A na-egbute ha site na February ruo Brubụ ma ọ bụrụ na ọ dị. [3]
Mmepụta ehi na Northern Nigeria
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Ịzụ ehi na Naijiria amụbaala mmepụta anụ - anụ ehi, ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi, akpụkpọ anụ, na nsị maka nsị, ma ọ bụ mmanụ ụgbọala. [11]
A na-amụ ehi site n'ime ka mkpuru ehi na-ata nri n'ala atụ. Otú ọ dị, omume a nwere ike ikwe ka ojiji ala UK mma maka mmetụta mmetụta [12]
Ụdị anụ nke dị na ugwu Nigeria: ndị ọcha Fulani, Red Bororo, Sokoto Gudali, Adamawa Gudali, Wadara, Azawak, Muturu, Keteku, Ndama na Kuri. [13] [14]
Ụkpụrụ iji ala ọrụ ugbo
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Na omenala enweela nkewa n'etiti ndị ọrụ ugbo na-anọ otu ebe eri ndị Manga na ndị Hausa, na ndị na-azụ anụ anụ a maara dị ka Fulani (lee foto 7). Otú ọ dị, nke a barala, ma otu abụọ a na-arụ ọrụ anụ ụlọ na-eme ihe ubi, n'agbanyeghị na ihe ndị Fulani na-ebute ụzọ ka bụ ike ehi, ebe Manga na Hausa na-ebute ihe ụzọ ụzọ. [3]
N'ebe ugwu Naijiria, nchọcha gbasara ọrụ ugbo siri ike na-eme ọtụtụ iri awụ, ndị na mpaghara Kano dị nso. Naeje afụ nke ndụ, ndị na-enye ọzụzụ dị ka Henry Barth ọrụ ugbo siri ike na mpaghara na mpaghara a ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ gbara gburugburu obodo Kano. [4] Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 1913, ọrịa oke nke otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ala ubi n'ime afọ [Notes 1] n'afọ ọ àlà. Ozi ndị bi n'ime ime obodo na mpaghara a gbagoro site na mmadụ 243 ruo 348 kwa square kilometa n'etiti 1962 na 1991, mana mpaghara ala dị n'okpuru ọchịchị ihe na-adịgide adịgide ike. N'ime oge a, ala a egwu n'otu isi obodo si na hectare 0.36 ruo 0.29. Ozi, ọnweghị ihe mgba ọkụ ọkụ mbelata ọlụ na ọkụ nke ọka. Ọzọkwa, nkezi ihuenyo ọka ga-amịpụta ọnụ ọgụgụ nke osisi ugbo osisi na-adịgide adịgide. [4]
Mmepe nke ugbo
dezieAtụmatụ maka Naijiria, dị ka ọbụbụeze nke atọ (1975-1980), lekwasịrị anya na na ụzọ na ụzọ mma isi ọchịchị nke ihi ihe bụ site na nkà na ẹse ọhụrụ nke a na-ebubata na-azụ ya na nkuzi. ndị ọrụ ka ha bụrụ ndị ọchụnta ego. Ntụle a na-eche na nna ọrụ ugbo buru ibu ma ifkwa ọkaibe na-enwe ike iwepụta nri n'ihu n'ụdị akara. A na-anya anya na njikwa, ụlọ ọrụ ọrụ ugbo, na ndị ọrụ ugbo bara ọgaranya, ebe ndị ọrụ ugbo kasị daa ogbenye, na n'ezie ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ ugbo, na-ama anya. Etinyere obere nlebara anya na nna ndị nwe ike inyere ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ na mpaghara ahụ aka, dị ka okporo ụzọ dị mma, ọrụ, ọrụ, na ndị na-arụkọ ọrụ ala. [15]
Ụdị akara a bụ ihe atụ nke ụgbọ mmiri Kano dị na Kadawa bụ nke e wuru maka ọkà wit [Notes 1] n'oge ọkọchị. Atụmatụ ịgba mmiri a buru ibu n'ọnụ ọnụ ahịa dị ukwuu maka ribalite, [Notes 2] nwere nnukwu echiche na-aga n'ihu maka ndị ọrụ ugbo ebe ọ bụ na ha kwesịrị5 maka ojiji dị ka traktọ, seese osisi, na ọgwụ pesticides. Nrụpụta nke ọka wit enwetara site na usoro a dara nke ọma n'atụmatụ nke ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka ịka Dutch NEDECO mere, bụ nke ihe aka na ọrụ a. Ndị ọrụ River River agbasiri ike ike ọrụ ọrụ ugbo site na nke ndị ọrụ ugbo na-esi na mbụ na-akọ nri nke aka ha ma na-eju onwe ha afɔ, gaa n'ebe ha na-akụ nri maka akara ma na- azụta nri iji gboo mkpa nke ha. N'inye nsogbu ahụ, yana uru ole na ole enwetara, akwụkwọ ya na ụdị ugbo a, ndị ọrụ ugbo nke mpaghara a na- nnukwu ihe ndị a [15] na Project River Kano bụ naanị obere obere nke echere. [16] Ọzọkwa, nnukwu ọrụ ogbugba mmiri n'ubi dị ka ndị nwere ike ngosi na-egosi mma [16] ma na-egosipụta ya na salinization [Notes 3] nke ala.
N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, na mpaghara ndịda Sahara Africa ọrụ ugbo kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ nke ụmụ amaala na-arụ bụ ihe dịpụrụ adịpụ karịa iwu. Ruo n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ejirila nnukwu ala mara ebe a nwere obere ndị ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ ala a. Ihe ka ọtụtụ ná ndị Africa akwagala nnọọ mgbe ha chere ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na-abawanye ụba na mbelata ihe ọkụkụ. Echiche gbasara mmepe ọrụ ugbo, ọkachasị n'afọ 1960 na 1970 ka ewepụtara n'echiche nke na-eleda ọdịnala ma ọ bụ ihe akpọrọ ihe amamihe. Achọpụtala mmụba n'usoro teknụzụ nke akọwapụtara nke ọma, na-emesi ike na igwe, ọgwụ pesticides, na fatịlaịza kemịkalụ sịntetik, yana ebe usoro mmepụta ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na-edochi ntụkwasị obi na gburugburu ebe obibi na mpaghara agropastoral ( ngwakọta ugbo ) sitere na ngwaahịa a. usoro na-arụ ọrụ. [4] Usoro a gụnyere njikọ chiri anya nke ịzụ anụ ụlọ na ọrụ ugbo iji nọgide na -enwe ọmụmụ ala . [4]
Mpaghara Kano dị nso: Ọmụmụ ihe
dezieIhe atụ nke njikọ chiri anya dị n'etiti ọrụ ugbo na ịzụ anụ ụlọ na-eme na mpaghara Kano dị nso na Nigeria. Ihe ndekọ a dị ịrịba ama n'ihi ọnụ ọgụgụ na ogologo oge nke mpaghara ahụ rụrụ ọrụ ugbo siri ike . Ebe ndị mmadụ ruru ihe dị ka nde ise (5) na mpaghara ahụ ewezuga ihe karịrị nde mmadụ na ọkara bi na Kano, ihe ịma aka na-eche ndị obodo ahụ ihu, n'ihe gbasara igbo mkpa ha na-eto eto dị ukwuu. Ihe karịrị pasentị iri asatọ na ise nke ala dị na mpaghara a bụ nke a na-arara nye maka ala ubi, ndị ọrụ ugbo n'onwe ha na-agbasi mbọ ike maka ichekwa akụ ala. Ha na-aṅa ntị na nchebe nke ihe ndị dị ndụ na ala karịa ihe ndị ọzọ. E gosiputara nke a site na njikwa ha na-elekọta anụmanụ na ihe mkpofu ha. N'oge ọkọchị, a na-ede anụmanụ naanị n'abalị ma na-ahapụ onwe ha ịgagharị n'ọhịa n'ehihie. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-ejigide ha n’ụlọ akwụkwọ ha ma na-eri nri a kpụkọrọ akpụkọ n’oge okooko, ihe ndina ha na nri ha na-agwakọta ma laghachi n’ubi. Na mgbakwunye na nke a, a na-enye ụmụ anụmanụ ihe fọdụrụ n'ihe ọkụkụ, ịchọgharị osisi, na ahịhịa, si otú a na-ejigharị ihe ndị na-edozi ahụ . [1]
Atụmatụ akụrụngwa na teknụzụ iji ala eme ihe
dezieke oke bụ ala bụ nnukwu akụ n'ọrụ ugbo. Mmekọrịta dị n'etiti gburugburu ebe obibi na akụnụba enweghị ike ilele anya n'ihi na n'ebe ugwu Nigeria enwere ogologo oge ọkọchị na oge ọkọchị na mgbe mmiri dị mmiri, mmiri ozuzo na-asọpụta. Ikike nke itinye aka na teknụzụ bụ ihe na-agbanwe egwuregwu maka nkwado na ọrụ ugbo na North yana ịnweta data ziri ezi yana gbakwunyere.
Hụkwa
dezieIhe ndetu
dezie
Ntụaka
dezie- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Mortimore (January 2005). "Dryland Development: Success Stories from West Africa". Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development 47 (1): 8–21. DOI:10.3200/ENVT.47.1.8-21.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Rascoe, P. University of Texas. 1997. University of Texas Libraries. Perry–Castañeda Library Map Collection. Retrieved on: 3 February 2010 <http://lib.utexas.edu/maps/nigeria.html>.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Harris (1999). "Nutrient Management Strategies of Small-Holder Farmers in a Short-Fallow Farming System in North-East Nigeria". The Geographical Journal 165 (3): 275–285. DOI:10.2307/3060443.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Adams (1997). "Agricultural Intensification and Flexibility in the Nigerian Sahel". The Geographical Journal 163 (2): 150–160. DOI:10.2307/3060178.
- ↑ Sonneveld (1997). Dominant Soils of Nigeria. European Soil Data Centre. Stichting Onderzoek Wereldvoedselvoorziening van de Vrije Universiteit.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Usman (20 May 2011). Sustainable Soil Management of the Dryland Soils in Northern Nigeria (in en). GRIN Verlag. ISBN 978-3-640-92104-1.
- ↑ Usman (2011-05-19). Sustainable Soil Management of the Dryland Soils in Northern Nigeria (in en). GRIN Verlag. ISBN 978-3-640-92104-1.
- ↑ Yahaya (2020-02-12). Major Agricultural Crops in Nigeria: Full List of Cash Crops (en-US). Nigerian Infopedia. Retrieved on 2022-04-03.
- ↑ Hausa | people | Britannica (en). www.britannica.com. Retrieved on 2022-04-03.
- ↑ Rainy Season Farming In Nigeria (en-US). Farmsquare (21 April 2021). Retrieved on 28 February 2022.
- ↑ Nwoga (24 December 2021). Assisted Reproductive Technologies as Veritable Tools for Improving Production Efficiencies of N'dama and Muturu Cattle Breeds in Nigeria-A Review (in en). IntechOpen. ISBN 978-1-83969-509-4.
- ↑ Cattle production in Nigeria. Agriculture Nigeria. Archived from the original on 10 April 2021. Retrieved on 10 April 2021.
- ↑ Breeds of Cattle in Nigeria & Their Characteristics. nigerianfinder.com (2 March 2019). Retrieved on 2022-04-03.
- ↑ Different breeds of indigenous cattle in Nigeria & features (en-GB). Naijadazz (2019-03-31). Archived from the original on 2022-01-29. Retrieved on 2022-04-03.
- ↑ Wallace (January 1981). "The Challenge of Food: Nigeria's Approach to Agriculture 1975–80". Canadian Journal of African Studies 15 (2): 239–258. DOI:10.1080/00083968.1981.10803975.