Pollarding

Pollarding bụ usoro ịkwa osisi nke gụnyere iwepụ alaka ndị dị n'elu nke osisi, nke na-akwalite uto nke isi akwụkwọ na alaka. Na Rom oge ochie, Propertius kwuru banyere pollarding na narị afọ nke mbụ TOA.[1] Omume a na-emekarị na Europe kemgbe oge ochie, ma na-ewere ọnọdụ taa n'ime obodo mepere emepe n'ụwa nile, nke bụ isi iji nọgide na-enwe osisi n'ogo siri ike ma ọ bụ idobe ome ọhụrụ ka ụmụ anụmanụ na-ata nri agaghị eru.^[1]

N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe pollarding gasịrị

Afọ abụọ mgbe pollarding gasịrị

Usoro osisi willow pollards dị nso na Sluis, Zeeland, Netherlands.

Dị ka omenala si dị, ndị mmadụ na-akụ osisi pollard n'ihi otu n'ime ihe abụọ: maka nri anụ ụlọ ma ọ bụ maka osisi. Fodder pollards na-emepụta "pollard hay" maka nri anụ ụlọ; a na-ebipụ ha n'agbata afọ abụọ na isii ka akwụkwọ ha wee bụrụ ihe kachasị. A na-egbutu pollards osisi n'oge dị ogologo nke afọ asatọ ruo iri na ise, usoro ịkpụ osisi na-emepụta ogwe osisi kwụ ọtọ maka mgbidi na iwu ụgbọ mmiri. Enwere ike iwepụta alaka willow ma ọ bụ hazel dị ka ihe eji akwa nkata, mgbidi, na ihe owuwu ubi dị ka bowers. N'oge ndị a, a na-eji omume ahụ eme ihe mgbe ụfọdụ maka osisi ịchọ mma, dị ka crape myrtles na steeti ndịda US. ^[2]^[3]

Pollarding na-emekarị ka osisi dị ogologo ndụ site n'idebe ha n'ọnọdụ na-eto eto na site n'ibelata ịdị arọ na ikuku nke akụkụ elu nke osisi ahụ.^[4] Pollards ndị okenye na-abụkarị oghere, n'ihi ya, ọ nwere ike isi ike ịchọpụta afọ n'ụzọ ziri ezi. Pollards na-eto nke nta nke nta, na-eto eto na-eto ngwa ngwa n'afọ ndị a gbasịrị.

Omume

Ahịrị osisi willows na Germany

Pollarding nke osisi ụgbọelu na Mallorca, Spain

Dị ka ọ dị n'ịkọwa ihe, pollarding bụ ịgba osisi ahụ ume ka ọ na-amịpụta uto ọhụrụ mgbe niile iji nọgide na-enweta osisi ọhụrụ maka ebumnuche dị iche iche, karịsịa maka mmanụ ụgbọala. N'ebe ụfọdụ, a na-echekwa alaka osisi mịrị amị ka nri nri oyi maka ngwaahịa. Dabere n'iji ihe eji eme ihe, ogologo oge n'etiti ịkpụ ga-adịgasị iche site na otu afọ maka osisi hay ma ọ bụ withies, ruo afọ ise ma ọ bụ karịa maka nnukwu osisi. Mgbe ụfọdụ, ọ bụ naanị ụfọdụ osisi tolitere ka a ga-egbutu n'otu oge - nke a na-eche na ọ ga-ebelata ohere ịnwụ osisi ahụ mgbe a na-akpụgharị pollard ndị leghaara anya.

A na-ahọrọ ịhịa aka n'ahụ karịa ịhịa aka n'ahụ osisi na ebe ndị ọzọ a na-ata ahịhịa, n'ihi na anụmanụ ga-achọgharị ntolite site na stool. N'akụkọ ihe mere eme na England, a na-enyekarị ndị obodo ikike pollard ma ọ bụ "lop" maka mmanụ n'ala nkịtị ma ọ bụ n'ime ọhịa ndị eze; nke a bụ akụkụ nke ikike estover.^[5]

Osisi beech oge ochie na Epping Forest, Essex, England

Mmetụta mberede nke pollarding n'ime ọhịa bụ nkwalite nke uto n'okpuru osisi n'ihi mmụba nke ìhè na-eru n'ala ọhịa. Nke a nwere ike ịbawanye ụdị dị iche iche. Otú ọ dị, n'ọhịa ebe pollarding bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị ma ugbu a akwụsịla, mmetụta dị iche na-eme, ka akụkụ na elu na-etolite n'alaka osisi. Enwere ike ịhụ ihe atụ nke a na Epping Forest, nke dị na London na Essex, UK, nke ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ pollarded ruo na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 19. N'ebe a, ìhè nke na-eru n'ala ọhịa dị obere n'ihi oke osisi pollarded.

A na-akpọ pollards a na-egbutu n'ihe dị ka otu mita n'elu ala stubs (ma ọ bụ stubbs). A na-ejikarị ihe ndị a eme ihe dị ka akara na coppice ma ọ bụ ọhịa ndị ọzọ. A pụghị iji osisi mee ihe n'ebe ụmụ anụmanụ na-elegharị anya n'osisi, ebe ọ bụ na osisi ndị na-etolite ọzọ dị n'okpuru akara nyocha.

Ụdị dị iche iche

Oak pollard na-egosi akụkụ nke ókèala parish oge ochie nke Wash Common, akụkụ nke Newbury, na Sandleford, UK

Dị ka ọ dị na coppicing, ọ bụ naanị ụdị nwere uto epicormic siri ike nwere ike pollarded. N'ime ụdị ndị a (nke gụnyere ọtụtụ osisi nwere akwụkwọ dị obosara ma osisi conifers ole na ole), iwepụ isi apical na-ahapụ uto nke ọtụtụ buds na-ehi ụra n'okpuru osisi na akụkụ ala nke osisi ahụ. Osisi ndị na-enweghị uto a ga-anwụ na-enweghị akwụkwọ na alaka ha. Ụfọdụ ụdị osisi ndị dị obere anaghị eme pollards ngwa ngwa, n'ihi na ịkpụ isi ogwe osisi na-akpali uto site na ala, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ oche. Ihe atụ nke osisi ndị na-eme nke ọma dị ka pollards gụnyere akwụkwọ ndụ dị ka beeches ('Taxus'), oaks (Quercus), maples (Acer), igurube ojii ma ọ bụ acacia ụgha (Robinia pseudoacacia), hornbeams (Carpinus), lindens na limes (Tilia), planes (Platanus), horse chestnuts (Aesculus), mulberries (Morus), Eastern redbud (Cercis yeadensis), osisi nke eluigwe (Ailanthus altissima), willows (Salix, na conifers ole na ole dị ka).^[6]

A na-eji usoro a eme ihe n'Africa maka osisi moringa iji mee ka akwụkwọ ndị na-edozi ahụ dị mfe maka owuwe ihe ubi. A na-ejikwa Pollarding mee ihe n'Ọhịa n'obodo n'ebe ụfọdụ maka ihe ndị dị ka njikwa ogo osisi, nchekwa, na nchegbu ahụike. Ọ na-ewepụ alaka ndị na-ere ure ma ọ bụ ndị na-arịa ọrịa iji kwado ahụike zuru oke nke osisi ahụ ma wepụ alaka ndị dị ndụ na ndị nwụrụ anwụ nke nwere ike imerụ ihe onwunwe na ndị mmadụ, yana ịbawanye ọnụ ọgụgụ akwụkwọ n'oge opupu ihe ubi maka ihe mara mma, ndò na ikuku. Osisi ụfọdụ nwere ike ime ka ha dị ọhụrụ site na pollarding - dịka ọmụmaatụ, pear Bradford (Pyrus calleryana 'Bradford'), ụdị okooko osisi nke na-aghọ nke na-emebi emebi ma dị arọ mgbe ọ kara nká.

Osikapa, mgbe ọ kara nká, nwere ike ịmepụta ogwe osisi ọhụrụ site na uto nke alaka pollard; ya bụ, alaka ndị dị ndụ nke kewara site na alaka isi n'ụzọ okike.

Na Japan, a na-eme Daisugi na Cryptomeria.

Mmalite na ojiji nke okwu ahụ

Pollard beech oge ochie, Box Hill, Surrey, UK. [Ihe odide ala peeji [note 1]]

"Poll" bụ aha mbụ maka elu isi, na "to poll" bụ ngwaa nke pụtara 'ịkpụ ntutu'. A gbatịkwuru ojiji a na ọgwụgwọ yiri nke alaka osisi na mpi anụmanụ. Pollard pụtara naanị onye ma ọ bụ ihe a nyochara (dị ka mmepụta nke "onye aṅụrụma" na "onye na-agba ọsọ"); dịka ọmụmaatụ, ehi na-enweghị mpi ma ọ bụ anụ ụlọ a nyochara. Ka oge na-aga, a malitere iji aha "pollard" mee ihe dị ka ngwaa: "pollarding". Pollarding anọchiwo ugbu a polling dị ka ngwaa n'echiche nke ọhịa. A pụkwara iji Pollard mee ihe dị ka adjective: "osisi pollard". ^[7]

Hụkwa

Ịkụ osisi mkpụrụ osisi
Ịrịọ arịrịọ
Nchịkọta
Ịchụkọta
Ịkụ osisi n'elu
Bonsai
Daisugi

↑ De Decker (n.d.). "How to Make Biomass Energy Sustainable Again". Low-Tech Magazine. Retrieved on 27 April 2021.
↑ Southern Living 2003 garden annual, p. 111; Oxmoor Publishing, 2003
↑ Tree Care Industry Magazine, v. 17, p. 38, published 2006 by National Arborist Association
↑ Read (October 2006). A brief review of pollards and pollarding in Europe. Burnham Beeches National Nature Reserve. Archived from the original on 2011-07-14.
↑ Forests and Chases of England and Wales: A Glossary. Info.sjc.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved on 2011-02-08.
↑ Pollarding. Royal Horticultural Society.
↑ Oxford English Dictionary 1933: Poll (v), Pollard (v), Pollard (sb2)

[DeDecker-1] De Decker (n.d.). "How to Make Biomass Energy Sustainable Again". Low-Tech Magazine. Retrieved on 27 April 2021.

[Oxmoor-2] Southern Living 2003 garden annual, p. 111; Oxmoor Publishing, 2003

[Arborist-3] Tree Care Industry Magazine, v. 17, p. 38, published 2006 by National Arborist Association

[4] Read (October 2006). A brief review of pollards and pollarding in Europe. Burnham Beeches National Nature Reserve. Archived from the original on 2011-07-14.

[5] Forests and Chases of England and Wales: A Glossary. Info.sjc.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved on 2011-02-08.

[6] Pollarding. Royal Horticultural Society.

[7] Oxford English Dictionary 1933: Poll (v), Pollard (v), Pollard (sb2)

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