Wikipedia

Mmepụta ihe n'ọrụ ugbo

A na-atụpụta nrụpụta ọrụ ugbo dị ka oke ihe a rụpụtara n'ọrụ ugbo na ntinye. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-atụkarị ngwaahịa ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu site n'ịdị arọ, nke a maara dị ka mkpụrụ osisi, ngwaahịa dịgasị iche iche na-eme ka ịlele mkpokọta ọrụ ugbo siri ike. Ya mere, a na-atụkarị arụpụta ọrụ ugbo dị ka uru ahịa nke mmepụta ikpeazụ. Enwere ike iji arụpụta ihe a tụnyere ọtụtụ ụdị ntinye dị iche iche dị ka ọrụ ma ọ bụ ala. A na-akpọ ntụnyere ndị dị otú ahụ ihe nleba anya nke arụpụtaghị ihe.[1]

Nri a na-emepụta n'otu onye kemgbe afọ 1961
Ebe a na-edebe ọkasilos
Ubi osikapa na Thailand
Ndị Cambodia na-akụ osikapa, 2004

Enwere ike iji ihe akpọrọ mkpokọta ihe nrụpụta (TFP) tụọ nrụpụta ọrụ ugbo. Usoro a na-agbakọ arụpụta ọrụ ugbo na-atụnyere ndeksi nke ntinye ọrụ ugbo na index nke mmepụta. Ewubere usoro a nke arụpụta ọrụ ugbo iji dozie adịghị ike nke akụkụ akụkụ nke nrụpụta; karịsịa na ọ na-esikarị ike ịmata ihe ndị na-eme ka ha gbanwee. Mgbanwe na TFP na-abụkarị n'ihi nkwalite teknụzụ.[2]

Mmepụta ihe n'ọrụ ugbo bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke nchekwa nri.[4] Ịbawanye mmepụta ihe n'ọrụ ugbo site na Omume na-adịgide adịgide nwere ike ịbụ ụzọ dị mkpa iji belata oke ala achọrọ maka ọrụ ugbo na nwayọ na-Mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi na Mgbanwe ihu igwe site na usoro dị ka mgbukpọ ọhịa.[3]

Isi iyi nke mmepụta ugbo

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Ọka a na-amị mkpụrụ na mba ndị na-emepebeghị emepe kemgbe 1961. Nnukwu ịrị elu nke ihe ọkụkụ na US malitere na 1940s. Pasentị uto kachasị ngwa ngwa na mmalite uto ngwa. Na mba ndị na-emepe emepe, mkpụrụ ọka ka na-arị elu ngwa ngwa.[4]

Mgbanwe na usoro ọrụ ugbo ma ọ bụ mmelite na teknụzụ na-akpali mmepụta. Ụfọdụ isi mmalite nke mgbanwe na mmepụta ugbo gụnyere: [5]

  • Imepụta ígwè
  • Ụdị mkpụrụ osisi dị elu, nke bụ ihe ndabere nke mgbanwe GreenMgbanwe ahịhịa ndụ
  • Fertilizers: Ihe oriri ndị bụ isi: nitrogen, phosphorus na potassium[6][7] na ihe oriri ndị ọzọ dị ka sulfur, zinc, copper, Manganese, calcium, magnesium na molybdenum na ala na-adịghị mma
  • Agụmakwụkwọ na njikwa na usoro ọchụnta ego iji belata ọnụahịa a na-akwụghị ụgwọ na nke na-agbanwe agbanwe ma melite ndị ọrụ
  • Liming nke ala acid iji bulie pH na inye calcium na magnesium
  • Ịgba mmiri
  • Ọgwụ Herbicide
  • Injinia mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa
  • Ọgwụ ahụhụ
  • Mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ osisi
  • Nri anụmanụ mere ka ọ dịkwuo mma site na nhazi
  • Idebe ụmụ anụmanụ n'ime ụlọ n'oge oyi

Lee: Mmepụta mmezi teknụzụ (akụkọ ihe mere eme) Akụkụ: 2.4.1: Mechanization: Ọrụ ugbo, Akụkụ 2.6: Ọrụ ugbo sayensị.

Mmetụta

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Mmepụta nke ugbo mpaghara dị mkpa maka ọtụtụ ihe. Ewezuga inye nri ndị ọzọ, ịbawanye mmepụta nke ugbo na-emetụta atụmanya mpaghara maka uto na asọmpi na ahịa ọrụ ugbo, nkesa ego na nchekwa, na ịkwaga ndị ọrụ. Mmụba nke mmepụta ugbo nke mpaghara na-egosi nkesa dị mma nke ihe onwunwe dị ụkọ. Ka ndị ọrụ ugbo na-eji usoro ọhụrụ na ọdịiche, ndị ọrụ ugbe na-arụpụta ihe na-erite uru site na mmụba nke ọdịmma ha ebe ndị ọrụ ugpo na-adịghị arụpụta ihe ga-apụ n'ahịa iji chọọ ihe ịga nke ọma n'ebe ọzọ.[8]

 
Ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta mmiri ara ehi na Victoria.

Ka ugbo mpaghara na-arụpụta ihe, uru ya na ngwaahịa ugbo na-abawanye, nke pụtara na ọ nwere ike ịmepụta ngwaahịa ndị a na ọnụahịa ohere dị ala karịa mpaghara ndị ọzọ.[9] Ya mere, mpaghara ahụ na-aghọwanye asọmpi n'ahịa ụwa, nke pụtara na ọ nwere ike ịdọta Ndị na-azụ ahịa karịa ebe ọ bụ na ha nwere ike ịzụta ọtụtụ ngwaahịa enyere maka otu ego ahụ. Ka mmepụta ihe na-eme ka ọnụ ahịa nri daa, nke a na-eduga na mmụba nke ezigbo ego n'ebe ndị ọzọ.

Mmụba nke mmepụta ihe ugbo na-eduga na uto ọrụ ugbo ma nwee ike inye aka belata ịda ogbenye na mba ndị dara ogbenye na ndị na-emepe emepe, ebe ọrụ ugbo na'ọrụ na-ejikarị ọnụ ọgụgụ ka ukwuu nke ndị bi na ya. Ka ugbo na-amịkwu ihe, ụgwọ ọrụ ndị na-arụ ọrụ n'ọrụ ugbo na'enweta na-abawanye. N'otu oge ahụ,Ọnụ ahịa nri na-ebelata ma ihe oriri na-akwụsi ike. Ya mere, ndị ọrụ nwere ego ka ukwuu iji mepụta nri yana ngwaahịa ndị ọzọ. Nke a na-eduga na uto ọrụ ugbo. Ndị mmadụ na-ahụ na enwere ohere ka ukwuu iji nweta ihe ha na-eri site n'ọrụ ugbo ma na-adọrọ mmasị n'ọrụ ọrụ ugbo ma ọ bụ dị ka ndị nwe ugbo n'onwe ha ma ọ bụ dịka ndị ọrụ.[10]

 
Ihe na-agbasa nsị mmiri.

Ọ bụghị naanị ndị na-arụ ọrụ n'ọrụ ugbo na-erite uru site na mmụba nke mmepụta ugbo. Ndị na-arụ ọrụ na ngalaba ndị ọzọ na-enwekwa ọnụ ahịa nri dị ala na nri siri ike. Ụgwọ ọnwa ha nwekwara ike ịbawanye.[10]

Nchebe nri

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Mmepụta ihe n'ọrụ ugbo na-aghọwanye ihe dị mkpa ka ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ nọ n'ụwa na-aga n'ihu na-eto.[11] Ka mmepụta ihe ubi na-eto, ọnụahịa nri na-ebelata, na-enye ndị mmadụ ohere imefu obere nri, na ịlụso agụụ ọgụ.[12] India, otu n'ime mba ndị mmadụ kacha biri n'ụwa, emeela ihe n'ime iri afọ gara aga iji bulie mmepụta ala ya. N'afọ ndị 1960 North India mepụtara naanị ọka wit, mana site na ọbịbịa nke ọka wit na rices na-amị mkpụrụ n'oge gara aga, enwere ike ịghọrọ ọka wit n'oge iji kụọ osikapa. A na-eji ngwakọta ọka wit / osikapa a eme ihe ugbu a na Punjab, Haryana, na akụkụ nke Uttar Pradesh. Mkpụrụ ọka wit nke tọn atọ na mkpụrụ osikapa nke tọn abụọ jikọtara maka tọn ọka ise na hekta ọ bụla, na-enyere aka inye ndị India ijeri 1.1 nri.[11]

Ọnụ ahịa nri dị elu n'ụwa niile n'etiti afọ 2006 na 2008, nke bụ isi ihe kpatara ya bụ ọnụ ọgụgụ na-arịwanye elu nke ala a na-akọ ugbo eji eme ihe maka ịzụlite mmanụ na akụ na ụba na China na ebe ndị ọzọ na-akpata mmụba nke ọchịchọ maka ngwaahịa anụ (nke na-adịghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma karịa osisi n'ihe gbasara iji ala eme ihe), mere ka pasent nke ego a na-enweta maka nri mụbaa n'ụwa nile, na-amanye ezinụlọ ibelata mmefu ndị ọzọ dị iche iche dị ka ụlọ akwụkwọ maka ụmụ agbọghọ. N'ógbè ndịda Sahara Africa, mbelata mmepụta ugbo n'ihi ọdịda ihe ọkụkụ emeela ka agụụ na-agụ.[12] N'aka nke ọzọ, ọnụahịa dị elu n'ụwa niile pụtara n'ezie na ndị ọrụ ugbo nwere ihe ịga nke ọma na-enweta ihe ka ukwuu, nke a na-eme ka mmepụta ha dịkwuo elu.[13]

Ịtinye ego na mmepụta ọrụ ugbo nke ụmụ nwanyị na obodo ndị ọrụ ugbo dị mkpa karịsịa n'ịkwalite mmepe akụ na ụba na nchekwa nri n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke mba ndị na-emepe emepe. Ụmụ nwanyị n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ụwa, dịka ọmụmaatụ n'Africa, na-enwekarị obere ọrụ karịa ụmụ nwoke, mana ha na-etinye ego karịa n'ọrụ ugbo n'ihe gbasara oge ha na-eme. Ha na-enwekarị ọrụ maka nlekọta ụmụaka, n'ihi ya, mmepụta ihe ha nwere ike ịpụta na uru maka ezinụlọ ahụ n'ozuzu ya.[12]

Mmekọrịta ya na mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ

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Ụfọdụ ndị nkatọ na-ekwu na mmụba nke mmepụta ugbo na-eme ka mmadụ nwee oke mmadụ. Ha na-ekwu na, dị ka ụdị ndị ọzọ, ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na-eto ruo n'ikike ha. Mgbe otu ụdị ruru ikike ibu ya, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ogbenye na ndị na-adịghị ike na-anwụ site na ọrịa ma ọ bụ agụụ na-agụ bụ ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a na-agbakwunye na ndị mmadụ site na ọmụmụ. N'ihi na ihe ọhụrụ na-aga n'ihu na-emeziwanye mmepụta ugbo (karịsịa mmepụta), Otú ọ dị, ikike ibu ibu na-agagide na-abawanye, na-enye ohere ka ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ gaa n'ihu. Ndị edemede a na-ekwu na e nwere ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ n'ụwa nakwa na ya mere uto nke mmepụta ihe ugbo na-emebi gburugburu ebe obibi - ọ bụrụ na ikike ibu ibu dị ala, ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ ga-eru nguzozi na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala.[14][15]

Otú ọ dị, n'adịghị ka ụmụ anụmanụ ndị ọzọ, mmepe na ọganihu dị ukwuu n'ime ụmụ mmadụ emeela ka ọmụmụ dị ala. Ya mere, ka mmepụta ihe mụbaa na ịda ogbenye belatara n'ụwa niile, mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na-ebelata. Nnyocha na-egosi na anyị nwere ike ịnagide ọnụ ọgụgụ ụwa na-ebelata n'ọdịnihu.[16]

Echiche mmekọrịta na-emegide

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Ehi mmiri ara ehi na Maryland
 
Ụfọdụ ihe oriri dị mkpa gụnyere achịcha, osikapa na pastaMkpụrụ osisi pasta

Deolalikar na 1981 nyochara echiche mbụ nke Sen chepụtara na 1975 na n'ọrụ ugbo ọdịnala, tupu oge a na India, enwere mmekọrịta dị iche na nha nke ugbo na mmepụta ihe, megidere akụ na ụba nke nha a na-ahụ na ụdị ọrụ akụ na ụba ndị ọzọ niile. A na-arụrịta ụka ma mmekọrịta dị iche iche dị adị n'ezie. Ọtụtụ nnyocha na-agbagha echiche a.[17] Na Zimbabwe, iwu gbasara Mgbanwe ala n'okpuru onye isi ala Robert Mugabe, ọkachasị na 2000 na-esote, kewara nnukwu ugbo n'ime ọtụtụ obere ugbo, nke a belatara mmepụta ihe. Mgbanwe ala nke Marxist na Soviet Union, China na Vietnam jikọtara obere ugbo n'ime nnukwu nkeji, nke a na-emekarị ka mmepụta ihe dịkwuo ukwuu.

Ka o sina dị, ịbawanye mmepụta ugbo n'etiti obere ugbo bụ ụzọ dị mkpa iji melite ndụ ndị ọrụ ugbo na mba ndị na-emepe emepe.[3]

Mmụba na-adịgide adịgide na mmepụta ihe

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N'ihi na ọrụ ugbo na-enwe mmetụta dị ukwuu na mgbanwe ihu igwe na ihe ndị ọzọ metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi, ọrụ ugbo na-esiwanye ike, nke ga-eme ka mmepụta nke ala ọ bụla na-arụ ọrụ, ndị ụfọdụ na-ele ya anya dị ka ụzọ dị mkpa maka ibelata mgbanwe ihu igwe, n'ihi na ndị ọrụ ugbo agaghị achọ ala ọzọ. ma si otú a kpalie ha ka ha ghara isonye n'ịkwatu ala ọzọ ma ọ bụ igbutu osisi. Ịmepụta mmụba site na omume ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide na-eme ka ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide n'ime ogologo oge, na-ejigide ikike nke ọgbọ n'ọdịnihu iji gboo mkpa nke onwe ha ma na-echekwa gburugburu ebe obibi. Amụma mba ụwa, nke gụnyere na Sustainable Development Goal 2, lekwasịrị anya n'ịkwalite omume ndị a n'ọkwa mba ụwa..[18]

Ọ bụghị mmetụta niile nke mgbanwe ihu igwe ga-adị njọ na nrụpụta ọrụ ugbo. Akụkọ pụrụ iche IPCC gbasara mgbanwe ihu igwe na ala na akụkọ pụrụ iche gbasara okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ nke 1.5 Celsius C abụọ oru ngo jikọtara mgbanwe na mkpụrụ nke ihe ọkụkụ ka okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ na-eme ebe ụfọdụ mpaghara bred na-aghọ obere ihe, ebe ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ na-abawanye oke na nrụpụta.[24]

Hụkwa

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  • Mgbasawanye nke ọrụ ugbo
  • Ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma n'ọrụ ugbo
  • Nri vs. nri
  • Green Revolution
  • Ọrụ ugbo
  • Mmepụta ihe
  • Nrụpụta mmeziwanye teknụzụ (akụkọ ihe mere eme) Akụkụ nke 4: Ọrụ ugbo, Akụkụ nke 6: Ọrụ ugbo sayensị

Ebem si dee

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  1. ↑ Preckel (2003-11-01). "Bridging the Gap between Partial and Total Factor Productivity Measures Using Directional Distance Functions" (in en). American Journal of Agricultural Economics 85 (4): 928–942. DOI:10.1111/1467-8276.00498. ISSN 0002-9092. 
  2. ↑ Agricultural Investment and Productivity in Developing Countries, FAO Economic And Social Development Paper No. 148, ed. Lydia Zepeda, 2001, FAO Corporate Document Repository, 12 July 2007, http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/X9447E/x9447e00.HTM.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Sustainable Intensification for Smallholders (en). Project Drawdown (2020-02-06). Retrieved on 2020-10-16. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":02" defined multiple times with different content
  4. ↑ Fischer. "Can Technology Deliver on the Yield Challenge to 2050". Expert Meeting on How to Feed the World. 
  5. ↑ Egli (2008). "Comparison of Corn and Soybean Yields in the United States: Historical Trends and Future Prospects". Agronomy Journal 100: S79–88. DOI:10.2134/agronj2006.0286c. 
  6. ↑ About IPNI, the International Plant Nutrition Institute
  7. ↑ The Fertilizer Institute
  8. ↑ Mundlak, Yair, "Agricultural Productivity and Economic Policies: Concepts and Measurements," OECD Working Paper No. 75, OECD Development Center, August 1992, SourceOECD.org, 13 July 2007 http://miranda.sourceoecd.org/vl=4172647/cl=20/nw=1/rpsv/cgi-bin/wppdf?file=5lgsjhvj7g21.pdfTempleeti:Dead link (13–16).
  9. ↑ Beierlein (2003). Principles of Agribusiness Management, 3, Prospect Heights, Illinois: Waveland Press, 154. ISBN 1-57766-267-9. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Promoting Pro-Poor Growth: Agriculture, DAC Guidelines and Reference Series, Paris: OECD, 2006, OECD.org, 13 July 2007 37922155.pdf. Archived from the original on 2007-08-17. Retrieved on 2007-07-13. (10). Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "oecd.org" defined multiple times with different content
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Brown, Lester R. Plan B 2.0: Rescuing a Planet Under Stress and a Civilization in Trouble. New York City: Earth Policy Institute, 2006.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 (2012) in Kumar: Hunger, Agricultural Production, and Government Policies. Department of Economics, University of Victoria, 1–31.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Kumar2012" defined multiple times with different content
  13. ↑ "The perfect storm: Global food prices hit six-year high", Al Jazeera English, 13 March 2021. Retrieved on 14 March 2021.
  14. ↑ Russell Hopfenberg. Human population numbers as a function of food supply.
  15. ↑ Hopfenberg (2014). "An expansion of the demographic transition model: the dynamic link between agricultural productivity and population". Biodiversity 15 (4): 246–254. DOI:10.1080/14888386.2014.973904. 
  16. ↑ Tupy (10 January 2013). Prosperity and World Population Growth. Cato Institute. Retrieved on 11 March 2021.
  17. ↑ Deolalikar (1981). "The Inverse Relationship between Productivity and Farm Size: A Test Using Regional Data from India". American Journal of Agricultural Economics 63 (2): 275–279. DOI:10.2307/1239565. ISSN 0002-9092. 
  18. ↑ Goals. Sustainable agriculture.
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