Injera


obere ụdị nke	flatbread, sourdough bread
mba/obodo	Ethiopia
mba osi	Ethiopia
Ihe ejị mee ya	Eragrostis tef, mmiri
WikiProject na-elekọta ya	WikiProject Intangible Cultural Heritage

Injera bụ isi na usoro nri, dị ka achịcha ma ọ bụ osikapa n'ebe ọzọ.^[1]^[2]

Ihe ndị e ji mee ya

Dị ka omenala si dị, a na-eji naanị ihe abụọ eme injera, bụ ntụ ọka na mmiri. A na-egweri ntụ ọka teff site na ọka nke Eragrostis tef, nke a makwaara dị ka teff, ihe ọkụkụ ọka oge ochie sitere na Highlands nke ndị Etiopia.^[3] A na-ejedebe mmepụta teff na ụfọdụ ugwu dị n'etiti na mmiri ozuzo zuru oke, na, ebe ọ bụ ihe ọkụkụ na-amị obere, ọ dị oke ọnụ maka ezinụlọ ndị ọrụ ugbo.^[4] Ka ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ n'ugwu ndị Etiopia na-akụ mkpụrụ nke ha, a na-eji ọka wit, ọka bali, ọka, ma ọ bụ ntụ ọka osikapa eme ihe mgbe ụfọdụ iji dochie ụfọdụ ma ọ bụ ihe niile dị na teff. A na-ahazi mkpụrụ Teff dabere na agba, nke a na-eji eme ụdị injera dị iche iche: nech (acha ọcha), igodo ma ọ bụ quey (acha ọbara ọbara), na sergegna (agwakọta).^[4] Mgbe teff adịghị, ọ na-abụkarị n'ihi ọnọdụ ma ọ bụ njedebe ego, a na-eme injera site na ịgba mkpụrụ dị iche iche , gụnyere ọka bali, millet, na sorghum.^[5] Otú ọ dị, Teff bụ ọkacha mmasị maka ime injera, karịsịa n'ihi àgwà mmetụta ya (acha, ísì, ụtọ).^[4] Mkpụrụ ọka teff enweghị gluten.

Nkwadobe

A na-awụnye batrị ngwa ngwa na gburugburu site n'èzí gaa n'ime. Debre Markos, Ethiopia

Iji mee injera, a na-agwakọta ntụ ọka teff na mmiri. A na-akpali usoro ịgbaze site na ịgbakwunye ersho, mmiri doro anya, nke na-acha odo odo nke na-agbakọta n'elu ntụ ọka teff na agbaze ma na-anakọta ya site na ịgbaze gara aga. Ersho nwere (aerobic) ụdị Bacillus na ọtụtụ ihe iko achịcha (n'usoro nke ọtụtụ): Candida milleri, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, Kluyveromyces marxianus, Pichia naganishii na Debaromyces hansenii.^[6]^[4] Mgbe ahụ, a na-ahapụ ngwakọta ahụ ka ọ gbasa maka nkezi ụbọchị abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ, na-enye ya ụtọ dịtụ ilu.

Ime ihe

Ụzọ e si eme achịcha

Usoro isi nri maka injera agbanwebeghị nke nta kemgbe mmalite ya. Dị ka omenala si dị, a na-agwakọta ntụ ọka na mmiri ma mee ka ọ gbasaa. A na-eme ya site na ịwụsa ngwakọta ahụ n'elu nnukwu griddle gburugburu, nke a maara dị ka mitad.

Injera na-esi nri na griddle.

A na-eme injera ka ọ bụrụ nnukwu, dị larịị na nke dị gburugburu. Mmetụta nke ntụ ọka ahụ na-enye ohere ka a wụsa ya n'elu ebe a na-eme achịcha, kama ịpịpụta ya, nke a na-adịghị ahụ maka ihe iko achịcha ma ọ bụ achịcha siri ike.

N'ihe gbasara ọdịdị, injera na-eji ya tụnyere French crêpe na Indian dosa dị ka achịcha dị larịị nke e siri na gburugburu ma jiri ya mee ihe dị ka isi maka nri ndị ọzọ. N'ihe na-atọ ụtọ na ọdịdị, ọ dị ka appam nke Ndịda India. Ala ala nke injera, nke na-emetụ n'elu okpomọkụ, nwere ọdịdị dị nro, ebe elu ya nwere oghere. Ọdịdị a na-eme ka injera dị mma maka ịnakọta ofe na efere.

Ebe a na-eme achịcha

A na-eme achịcha na griddle gburugburu - ma ọ bụ nnukwu efere ụrọ ojii n'elu ọkụ ma ọ bụ ekwú eletrik pụrụ iche. A mara griddle dị ka mitad (ምጣድ) (n'asụsụ Amharic) ma ọ bụ mogogo (ሞጎጎ) (n"asụsụ Tigrinya). A chọtawo mitads n'ebe ndị e gwupụtara ihe n'ala site na 600 AD.^[5] N'oge ndị a, a naghịzi eji ụrọ eme mitads mgbe niile, ọ pụkwara ịbụ eletrik.

Stovu ụrọ ọdịnala nwere ike ghara ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma n'ihi na ha na-eri nnukwu nkụ ma na-emepụta anwụrụ ọkụ, na-emepụta mmetọ ụlọ ma na-eme ka ha dị ize ndụ iji mee ihe n'ebe ụmụaka nọ.^[7] N'afọ 2003, otu ìgwè nyocha Eritrea mepụtara stovu maka isi nri injera na nri ndị ọzọ na-eji mmanụ dị mfe, dị ka alaka kama nnukwu alaka, ihe ọkụkụ fọdụrụ na nsị, nke a na-akpọ kubet.^[8] A na-eme ọtụtụ akụkụ nke stovu ọhụrụ a n'obodo ndị dị n'etiti Etiopia na Eritrea, ebe ụmụ nwanyị na-eji ụrọ kpụọ akụkụ ndị ọzọ n'ógbè ndị dị n"ógbè ahụ.^[8]

Nwanyị na-enyocha ime achịcha nke injera n'ụlọ ya. Gheralta, Etiopia

Ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'obodo ukwu, ọkachasị ndị bi na mpụta mba Etiopia na Eritrea, na-eji stovu injera eletrik, nke a na-eji nnukwu efere ígwè kpuchie, ma ọ bụ naanị efere na-adịghị agbakọta.

Ojiji na ojiji nke oge a

Injera na-egosi ọdịdị spongy

N'Etiopia na Eritrea, a na-etinye ụdị stews, salad (n'oge ibu ọnụ Ọtọdọks nke Etiopia, nke ndị kwere ekwe na-ezere ọtụtụ ngwaahịa anụmanụ), na injera (nke a na-akpọ injera firfir) na injera maka ije ozi. Iji aka mmadụ (nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe, ọ bụ naanị aka nri), a na-adọwa obere injera ma jiri ya jide stews na salad maka iri nri.^[9]^[10] Injera n'okpuru stews ndị a na-etinye mmiri na ụtọ nke nri, mgbe stews na salad apụọla, a na-eri achịcha a. N'ihi ya, Injera bụ n'otu oge nri, iri arịa, na efere. Mgbe "ihe ndina" niile nke injera apụọla, nri agwụla.

Na Ethiopia na Eritrea, a na-eri injera kwa ụbọchị n'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ezinụlọ ọ bụla. N'èzí mba Etiopia na Eritrea, enwere ike ịchọta injera na ụlọ ahịa nri na ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ na-ahụ maka nri ndị Etiopia na Eritrean.

Injera bụ ihe kachasị mkpa nke nri na Etiopia na Eritrea. Ọ na-abụkarị ma efere na arịa maka nri. A na-etinye ofe dị ka <i id="mwqQ">wat</i> n'elu achịcha ahụ, mgbe ahụ, a na-eri nri ahụ site n'ịdọwa iberibe injera ma na-agbanye stew ahụ.^[5]^[11] Ọ bụ ezie na ojiji a na-eji injera eme ihe n'ụzọ nkịtị dị ka isi na isi nri ọ bụla nke ndị Etiopia na Eritrea agbanwebeghị kemgbe e kere ya, uru ihe atụ ya agbanwela. Enwere ike ịchọta ụdị dị iche iche nke injera n'ugwu na ala dị ala nke Etiopia. N'ala ndị dị ala, a na-ejikarị sorghum eme injera ma n'ugwu, a na'ejikarị ọka bali eme ya.^[1] N'ụzọ ọ bụla, n'ihi na e ji ihe ọzọ mee ya karịa teff, uru ihe nnọchianya ya di obere ma e jiri ya tụnyere uru ihe nnọchiteanya nke injera e ji teff mee. E nwere ọdịiche dị iche iche nke uru ihe atụ na ụdị teff. Teff na-acha ọcha dị oke ọnụ ịzụta ma si otú a na-egosi ọnọdụ dị elu karịa ibe ya dị ọnụ ala, teff na- ọbara ọbara.^[1]

N'èzí Etiopia na Eritrea

E nwere ụdị yiri nke injera na mba ndị ọzọ dị n'Afrịka, ya bụ Sudan na Chad. A mara ụdị a na-eri na South Sudan, Sudan na Chad dị ka kisra.^[12]

United States

Otu akpa nke ntụ ọka teff.

Injera ghọrọ ihe a na-ahụkarị na United States n'oge mmụba nke ndị Etiopia na-akwaga mba ọzọ n'afọ ndị afọ 1980 na 1990, n'ụzọ dị ukwuu n'ihi Iwu Ndị Gbara Ọsọ Ndụ nke e mere na afọ 1980.^[13]^[14] A na-emepụta ntụ ọka teff ugbu a na United Steeti site na Teff Company na Idaho, na-eme ka ndị Etiopia si mba ọzọ nwee ike ịnweta teff.^[15]

Hụkwa

Ndepụta nri na nri ndị Etiopia
Nri Eritrea
Kisra
Baghrir
Lahoh
Appam
Dosa
Nri ndị Sudan
Ndepụta nri ndị Afrịka

Ihe odide

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Lyons (September 2003). "Griddles, Ovens, and Agricultural Origins: An Ethnoarchaeological Study of Bread Baking in Highland Ethiopia". American Anthropologist 105 (3): 515–530. DOI:10.1525/aa.2003.105.3.515.
↑ Mekonnen (29 January 2013). Ethiopia: the Land, Its People, History and Culture. Yohannes Mekonnen. ISBN 978-1-4823-1117-4.
↑ Jones (2010). "A Taste of Ethiopian Cuisine". Computers & Applied Sciences Complete: 55–56.
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 Bart (19 July 2018). The economics of teff: Exploring Ethiopia's biggest cash crop (in en). Intl Food Policy Res Inst. ISBN 9780896292833.
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 Kloman (2010). Mesob Across America: Ethiopian Food in the U.S.A.. New York: IUniverse.
↑ Ashenafi (1994). "Microbial flora and some chemical properties of ersho, a starter for teff (Eragrostis tef) fermentation". World Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology 10 (1): 69–73. DOI:10.1007/BF00357567. PMID 24420890.
↑ Diehl (4 May 2017). "The Development of an Energy Efficient Electric Mitad for Baking Injeras in Ethiopia", 2017 International Conference on the Domestic Use of Energy (DUE), 75–82. DOI:10.23919/DUE.2017.7931827. ISBN 978-0-9946759-2-7.
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 Ashden awards: REC (formerly ERTC), Eritrea – Local construction of efficient stoves. Ashden (2003). Retrieved on 17 October 2017.
↑ Bhandari. "How to Eat: Ethiopian cuisine is hands-on", Toronto Star, 15 March 2017. Retrieved on 29 March 2017.
↑ McManus (2004). Right Hand, Left Hand: The Origins of Asymmetry in Brains, Bodies, Atoms and Cultures. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674016132. “Other Bantu languages mostly talked about the 'eating hand' and, [...]”
↑ Sokolov (1993). "The Teff Also Rises". Natural History 102 (3).
↑ Burdett (2012). Delicatessen Cookbook – Burdett's Delicatessen Recipes: How to make and sell Continental & World Cuisine foods. Springwood emedia. ISBN 9781476144627.
↑ Yearbook of Immigration Statistics 2008. Department of Homeland Security (4 May 2016). Retrieved on 11 August 2019.
↑ Chacko (2003). "Identity and Assimilation among Young Ethiopian Immigrants in Metropolitan Washington". Geographical Review 93 (4): 491–506. DOI:10.1111/j.1931-0846.2003.tb00044.x.
↑ Weil. "To Ethiopians in America, Bread is a Taste of Home", The New York Times, 1 August 2007. Retrieved on 8 May 2018.

Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

The Deep Dish on Chicago Ethiopian Companion website to Kloman's book Mesob Across America
Nri Injera nke ọdịnala nke Etiopia
N'ebe a, Eat This: A Beginner's Guide to Ethiopian Food A Houston Press isiokwu nke na-akọwa ihe niile dị mkpa maka nri ndị Etiopia
Crang (1996). "The World on a Plate: Culinary Culture, Displacement and Geographical Knowledges". Journal of Material Culture 1 (2): 131–156. DOI:10.1177/135918359600100201.
nke Solier, Isabelle. Nri na Onwe: Nri, Mmepụta, na Omenala Ihe. Bloomsbury Academic 2013

Njikọ mpụga

[:0-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Lyons (September 2003). "Griddles, Ovens, and Agricultural Origins: An Ethnoarchaeological Study of Bread Baking in Highland Ethiopia". American Anthropologist 105 (3): 515–530. DOI:10.1525/aa.2003.105.3.515.

[2] Mekonnen (29 January 2013). Ethiopia: the Land, Its People, History and Culture. Yohannes Mekonnen. ISBN 978-1-4823-1117-4.

[3] Jones (2010). "A Taste of Ethiopian Cuisine". Computers & Applied Sciences Complete: 55–56.

[:3-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 Bart (19 July 2018). The economics of teff: Exploring Ethiopia's biggest cash crop (in en). Intl Food Policy Res Inst. ISBN 9780896292833.

[:1-5] 5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 Kloman (2010). Mesob Across America: Ethiopian Food in the U.S.A.. New York: IUniverse.

[World_Journal_of_Microbiology_and_Biotechnology,_1994,_Volume_10,_Issue_1,_pp_69–73-6] Ashenafi (1994). "Microbial flora and some chemical properties of ersho, a starter for teff (Eragrostis tef) fermentation". World Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology 10 (1): 69–73. DOI:10.1007/BF00357567. PMID 24420890.

[7] Diehl (4 May 2017). "The Development of an Energy Efficient Electric Mitad for Baking Injeras in Ethiopia", 2017 International Conference on the Domestic Use of Energy (DUE), 75–82. DOI:10.23919/DUE.2017.7931827. ISBN 978-0-9946759-2-7.

[:2-8] 8.0 ^8.1 Ashden awards: REC (formerly ERTC), Eritrea – Local construction of efficient stoves. Ashden (2003). Retrieved on 17 October 2017.

[9] Bhandari. "How to Eat: Ethiopian cuisine is hands-on", Toronto Star, 15 March 2017. Retrieved on 29 March 2017.

[10] McManus (2004). Right Hand, Left Hand: The Origins of Asymmetry in Brains, Bodies, Atoms and Cultures. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674016132. “Other Bantu languages mostly talked about the 'eating hand' and, [...]”

[11] Sokolov (1993). "The Teff Also Rises". Natural History 102 (3).

[Burdett-12] Burdett (2012). Delicatessen Cookbook – Burdett's Delicatessen Recipes: How to make and sell Continental & World Cuisine foods. Springwood emedia. ISBN 9781476144627.

[13] Yearbook of Immigration Statistics 2008. Department of Homeland Security (4 May 2016). Retrieved on 11 August 2019.

[14] Chacko (2003). "Identity and Assimilation among Young Ethiopian Immigrants in Metropolitan Washington". Geographical Review 93 (4): 491–506. DOI:10.1111/j.1931-0846.2003.tb00044.x.

[15] Weil. "To Ethiopians in America, Bread is a Taste of Home", The New York Times, 1 August 2007. Retrieved on 8 May 2018.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]