Hardpan

Lard bụ ngwaahịa abụba siri ike siri ike nke enwetara site na ịsụgharị anụ ahụ nwere abụba nke ezi.[1][2] Ọ dị iche na tallow, ngwaahịa yiri nke ahụ sitere na abụba nke ehi ma ọ bụ atụrụ.

Enwere ike ịmegharị mmanu abuba site na uzuoku, esi nri, ma ọ bụ okpomọkụ kpọrọ nkụ. Àgwà nri nri nke mmanu abuba dịgasị iche iche dabere na mmalite na usoro nhazi; Ọ bụrụ na a sụgharịa ya nke ọma, ọ nwere ike ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ isi na-enweghị isi.[3] Ọ nwere nnukwu fatty acid ọdịnaya na enweghị trans abụba. N'ebe a na-ere ahịa, a na-erekarị mmanu abuba a nụchara anụcha dị ka ihe eji kechie akwụkwọ.

Ọtụtụ nri na-eji mmanu abuba dị ka abụba esi nri ma ọ bụ mkpụmkpụ, ma ọ bụ dị ka mgbasa n'otu ụzọ ahụ dị ka bọta. Ọ bụ ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ dị iche iche dị ka sausaji, patés, na njuputa. Dị ka ihe na-anọchi bọta, ọ na-enye flakiness na pastry. N'ihe oriri ndị ọdịda anyanwụ, o meela ka mmanụ a na-eri nri na-ewu ewu, ma ọtụtụ ndị na-esi nri na ndị na-eme achịcha ka na-akwado ya karịa abụba ndị ọzọ maka ojiji ụfọdụ.

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

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A na-egbute fatback iji kwadebe tourtièreebe a na-eme nri

Lard abụwo ihe dị mkpa na-esi nri na ime achịcha n'omenala ebe anụ ezì bụ ihe dị mkpa maka nri, na abụba ezì na-abụkarị ihe bara uru dị ka anụ ezì.[1]

N'ime narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, a na-eji abụba eme ihe n'ụzọ yiri nke ahụ na bọta na North America na ọtụtụ mba Europe. Lard nọgidere na-ewu ewu dị ka bọta na mmalite narị afọ nke 20 ma jiri ya mee ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe dị ka ihe na-anọchi anya bọta n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ. Dị ka ihe a na-enweta ngwa ngwa site na mmepụta anụ ezì nke oge a, abụba dị ọnụ ala karịa ọtụtụ mmanụ akwụkwọ nri, ọ bụkwa ihe a na'ahụkarị na nri ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ ruo mgbe mgbanwe ụlọ ọrụ mere ka mmanụ akwụkwọ nri bụrụ ihe a na ya ma dị ọnụ ala. E mepụtara mkpụmkpụ akwụkwọ nri na mbido afọ 1900, nke mere ka o kwe omume iji abụba sitere na akwụkwọ nri mee ihe n'ime achịcha na n'iji ya eme ihe ndị ọzọ ebe a na-akpọ abụba siri ike. Akwụkwọ akụkọ Upton Sinclair bụ The Jungle, ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ akụkọ ifo, gosipụtara ndị ikom na-adaba n'ime ite na-asụgharị ma na-ere dị ka abụba, nke kpatara mgbasa ozi ọjọọ.

Ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha narị afọ nke 20, a malitere iwere abụba dị ka nke na-adịghị mma karịa mmanụ akwụkwọ nri (dị ka Mmanụ oliv na mmanụ sunflower) n'ihi nnukwu ihe dị na ya nke abụba acid na cholesterol. Otú ọ dị, n'agbanyeghị aha ya, abụba nwere abụba na-adịchaghị mma, abụba na na-adighi mma na cholesterol karịa oke bọta site na ịdị arọ.[2] Mmiri na-enweghị mmiri ozuzo enweghị mkpụrụ ndụ. A na-ele ya anya dị ka "nri ịda ogbenye". [1]

N'afọ ndị 1990 na mmalite afọ 2000, Otú ọ dị, ndị na-esi nri na ndị na-eme achịcha chọpụtara ụkpụrụ nri pụrụ iche nke abụba, na-eduga n'ime ka abụba a dịghachi mma n'etiti "anụ ahụ". Mgbasa ozi na-adịghị mma banyere ihe dị n'ime abụba nke mmanụ akwụkwọ nri hydrogenated na mkpụmkpụ akwụkwọ nri emeela ka omume a dịkwuo mkpụmhaka. Onye isi nri na onye na-ede akwụkwọ nri Rick Bayless bụ onye a ma ama na-akwado omume ọma nke abụba maka ụdị nri ụfọdụ. [3][4][5][6]

Ọ na-aghọkwa ihe a ma ama na United Kingdom n'etiti ndị na-anụ ọkụ n'obi nri ọdịnala ndị Britain. Nke a dugara na "ọgba aghara" na ngwụcha afọ 2004. [7][8]

Mmepụta

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A na-emepụta Lard karịsịa na China, Germany, Brazil, United States, na Russia sochiri ya.[9]

Mba Mmepụta, 2018 (tonnes)
(ụgbọ)
1  China 2,544,847
2  Germany 549,989
3  Brazil 508,600
4  United States 447,474
5  Rọshịa 434,100
6  Ịtali 215,513
7  Poland 174,649
8  Romania 148,997
9  France 146,519
10  Mexico 143,842
Ebe e si nweta ya: FAOSTAT Nkwupụta
 
Homelard

Enwere ike inweta Lard site na akụkụ ọ bụla nke ezì nke nwere nnukwu abụba. A na-enweta ogo kachasị elu nke abụba, nke a maara dị ka abụba akwụkwọ, site na abụba "flare" nke gbara akụrụ gburugburu na n'ime loin. Mkpụrụ ọka nwere obere ụtọ anụ ezì, na-eme ka ọ dị mma maka iji ya mee ihe na ihe ndị a na-eme achịcha, ebe a na-eji ya akpọrọ ihe maka ikike ya imepụta flaky, mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ. A na-enweta akara kachasị elu site na fatback, abụba siri ike dị n'okpuru akpụkpọ ahụ n'etiti akpụkpọ anụ na uru ahụ. A na-enweta akara kachasị ala (maka ebumnuche nke ịsụgharị ya ka ọ bụrụ abụba) site na abụba dị nro nke gbara akụkụ ahụ nri gburugburu, dị ka obere eriri afọ, ọ bụ ezie na a na-ejikarị abụba mee ihe kpọmkwem dị ka mkpuchi maka ịcha anụ ndị na-adịghị mma ma ọ bụ n'imepụta pâtés.[10][1][11]

Enwere ike ịmegharị mmanu abuba site na usoro abụọ: mmiri ma ọ bụ akọrọ. Na nsụgharị mmiri mmiri, a na-esi abụba ezì na mmiri ma ọ bụ na-esi nri na okpomọkụ dị elu na mmanu abuba, nke na-adịghị edozi na mmiri, na-esi na elu nke ngwakọta ma ọ bụ kewapụ ya na centrifuge mmepụta ihe. Na nsụgharị akọrọ, a na-ekpuchi abụba ahụ na nnukwu okpomọkụ na pan ma ọ bụ oven na-enweghị mmiri (usoro yiri frying anụ ezi). Usoro abụọ a na-emepụta ngwaahịa dị iche iche. Mmanu abuba a na-atụgharị mmiri nwere ekpomeekpo na-anọpụ iche karịa, agba dị nfe, yana ebe anwụrụ ọkụ dị elu. Mmanu abuba a kpụrụ akpụ na-acha aja aja ma nwee ụtọ caramelized ma nwee ebe anwụrụ ọkụ dị ala.[12][13]

A na-emepụta mmanu abuba nke arụpụtara n'ụlọ ọrụ, gụnyere ọtụtụ mmanu abuba a na-ere n'ụlọ ahịa, site na ngwakọta nke abụba dị elu na nke dị ala sitere na ezì niile.[18] A na-enwekarị hydrogenated mmanu abuba iji meziwanye nkwụsi ike ya na okpomọkụ ụlọ. Mmanu abuba nke hydrogenated a na-ere ndị ahịa na-enwekarị ihe na-erughị 0.5 g nke transfat kwa gram 13.[19] A na-ejikwa bleaching na deodorizing, emulsifiers, na antioxidants dị ka BHT na-agwọkarị Lard.[4][20] Ọgwụgwọ ndị a na-eme ka ọ na-agbanwe agbanwe ma na-egbochi mmebi. (A ga-edobere mmanu abuba a na-adịghị agwọ ọrịa n'ime friji ma ọ bụ oyi kpọnwụrụ iji gbochie enweghị ike ime.) [14]

Ndị na-azụ ahịa na-achọ isi iyi dị elu nke abụba na-achọkarị ndị na-emepụta ihe, ma ọ bụ na-eme ka ha jiri onwe ha mee abụba ma ọ bụ abụba.[15][3][4][5]

Otu ihe na-esite na abụba na-eme ka ọ kpọọ nkụ bụ anụ a siri esi, akpụkpọ ahụ na anụ ahụ a maara dị ka cracklings.[1]

Ihe ndị mejupụtara ya

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Otu triglyceride molecule, isi ihe mejupụtara abụba

Lard na-ejikarị abụba, nke a maara dị ka triglycerides n'ihe gbasara kemịkal. Triglycerides nwere abụba atọ, na-adịgasị iche site n'otu triglyceride gaa na nke ọzọ. N'ozuzu, abụba yiri abụba n'ihe mejupụtara ya. Ihe dị ka 20% nke abụba bụ achiral triglyceride na palmitic acid na carbon 2 na oleic acid na carbons 1 na 3. Ezì ndị a na-enye nri dị iche iche ga-enwe abụba dị iche iche na uru iodine. Ezì ndị a na-enye ahụekere ma ọ bụ ezì ndị a zụlitere maka Jamón Ibérico na-emepụta ụdị abụba dịtụ iche ma e jiri ya tụnyere ezì ndị e zụliere n'ugbo ndị dị na North America a na-eri ọka.[2][16]

Ojiji e ji esi nri

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Lard bụ otu n'ime mmanụ ole na ole a na-eri eri nke nwere nnukwu anwụrụ ọkụ, nke sitere na nnukwu abụba acid ya. Mkpụrụ ọka dị ọcha bara uru karịsịa maka isi nri ebe ọ bụ na ọ na-emepụta obere anwụrụ ọkụ mgbe ọ na-ekpo ọkụ ma nwee ụtọ pụrụ iche mgbe ejikọtara ya na nri ndị ọzọ. Ọtụtụ ndị na-esi nri na ndị na-eme achịcha na-enye abụba karịa ụdị mkpụmkpụ ndị ọzọ n'ihi ụtọ ya na ụdị ngwa ya.[17]

Uru nri na-edozi ahụ

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E jiri ya tụnyere abụba ndị ọzọ

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N'ime achịcha

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N'ihi nnukwu abụba dị na abụba, ọ dị nnọọ irè dị ka mkpụmkpụ n'ime achịcha. Akpụkpọ anụ e ji abụba mee na-adịkarị arọ karịa nke e ji bọta mee. Ọtụtụ ndị na-esi nri na-eji ụdị abụba abụọ ahụ eme ihe na achịcha ha iji jikọta ihe ndị na-eme ka abụba dị mkpirikpi na ụtọ bọta. [1][18][19]

N'isi nri

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A na-eji Lard eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe na nri nke Europe, China na New World ma ka na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na nri British, Central Europe, Mexican na Chinese. Na nri ndị Britain, abụba bụ ihe ọdịnala na-eme na obere achịcha na pudding Krismas, achịcha lardy na maka isi azụ̀ na chips yana ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọzọ. [7][8]

Lard bụ otu n'ime isi ihe ndị a na-etinye na pâté leverpostej Ndị Scandinavia.

 
1916 mgbasa ozi maka abụba nke Swift & Company mepụtara

Na Spain, otu n'ime nsụgharị kachasị ewu ewu nke nri ụtụtụ Andalusian gụnyere ọtụtụ ụdị mantecas dị iche iche, nke a na-eri na achịcha a na-akpọ achịcha. N'etiti ụdị ndị ọzọ, manteca colorá (ụgbọ e ji paprika) na zurrapa de lomo (ụgbọ nwere anụ ezì) bụ ndị a na-ahọrọ.[20][21] Na nri Catalan, a na-eji abụba eme ntụ ọka maka achịcha a maara dị ka coca. Na Balearic karịsịa, ntụ ọka ensaimades nwekwara abụba.

 
Otu iberibe achịcha a na-agbasa na abụba bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na nri ọdịnala nke ime obodo nke ọtụtụ mba.

Lard a na-eri dị ka ihe a na-gbasaa na achịcha bụ ihe a na'ahụkarị na Europe na North America, ọkachasị n'ebe abụba mmiri ara ehi na mmanụ akwụkwọ nri dị ụkọ.[1]

Ka ọchịchọ maka abụba na-eto n'ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ dị elu, obere ndị ọrụ ugbo amalitela ịghọ ndị ọkachamara n'ụdị ezì nketa nwere abụba dị elu karịa ezì nke oge a. Ụdị dị ka Mangalitsa pig nke Hungary ma ọ bụ Nnukwu Black pig nke Great Britain na-enwe nnukwu mmeghachi omume, ruo n'ókè nke na ndị na-azụ anụ enweghị ike ịgbaso ọchịchọ.[22]

Mgbe ejiri ya mee ihe na-enweghị iru eru, okwu ahụ bụ 'lard' n'asụsụ Bekee na-ezo aka n'ụgbụgbọ mmiri, nke nwere ụtọ dị nro, nke na-anọpụ iche ma e jiri ya tụnyere anụ ezì na-atọ ụtọ, ma ọ bụ ịdọrọ mmiri. Sandwiches na-agba ọsọ ka na-ewu ewu n'ọtụtụ mba Europe - Hungarian zsíroskenyér ("achịcha buru ibu") ma ọ bụ zsírosdeszka ("plank buru ibu"), na German "Fettbemme", abụba ezì. A na-enye nri ndị yiri ya na biya mgbe ụfọdụ na Poland, Czech Republic, na Slovakia. A na-ejikarị yabasị eme ya, jiri nnu na paprika mee ya, ma rie ya dị ka nri na biya. A na-asụgharịkarị ihe ndị a niile na menu dị ka sandwiches "lard", ikekwe n'ihi enweghị ihe ọmụma nke ọtụtụ ndị na-asụ Bekee n'oge a na-ada. Mgbalị iji zír Hungarian ma ọ bụ smalec Polish (nke abụọ pụtara "mkpụrụ abụba / ụgbụ") mgbe usoro nri ndị Britain na-akpọ maka abụba ga-ekpughe ọdịiche dị n'etiti abụba mmiri na ịdọrọ.[23][24] Na Taiwan, Hong Kong na Macau, yana n'ọtụtụ akụkụ nke China, a na-eri abụba na-agwakọta ya na osikapa e siri esi na soy sauce iji mee "osikapa" (豬油ī飯 ma ọ bụ豬油ī饭). Na Japan, a na-ejikarị abụba azụ eme ihe maka ramen, na-emepụta nri siri ike, nke na-atọ ụtọ ma na-atọ ezigbo ụtọ.

Dị ka omenala si dị, tinyere mmanụ ahụekere, a na-eji abụba eme ihe nke ukwuu na nri ndị Eshia dị ka mmanụ nri zuru oke, esp. na stir-fries na deep-frying.

 
Schweineschmalz, abụba ndị Germany
 
Griebenschmalz, abụba German na akpụkpọ anụ ezì

Na Germany, a na-akpọ abụba Schweineschmalz (n'ụzọ nkịtị, "mkpụrụ abụba sitere na ezì") ma bụrụkwa ọkacha mmasị dị ka gbasaa. Enwere ike inye ya n'ụzọ dị mfe, ma ọ bụ enwere ike ịgwakọta ya na ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ: enwere ike iji obere akpụkpọ anụ ezì mee ka abụba ezì dịkwuo mma, nke a na-akpọ Grieben (cf. Yiddish gribenes) iji mepụta Griebenschmalz. Nchịkọta ndị ọzọ na-akpọ maka obere apụl ma ọ bụ yabasị. Otú ọ dị, na Bekee, schmaltz na-ezo aka na abụba kosher nke a sụgharịrị site na ọkụkọ, ọbọgwụ ma ọ bụ goose.

Grieben na-eri akwụkwọ nri site na yabasị ma ọ bụ apụl, nke malitere dị ka ụzọ na-enweghị isi iji kpochapụ Schmalz n'oge mkpa, ghọrọ ihe a ma ama n'onwe ha n'ihi na ha na-enye ohere maka ụtọ a kapịrị ọnụ na abụba dị ala. Ndị na-eri akwụkwọ nri zuru oke dị ka Schmalz nke dabeere na abụba akwụkwọ nri na-ejikwa ihe ndị ahụ. Na Germany, a machibidoro iji okwu Schmalz maka ngwaahịa ndị na-abụghịlard.

Na Poland, a na-ejikarị abụba a gwakọtara ya na mkpụrụ osisi, nke a na-egbakarị apụl, ma gbasaa ya na nnukwu achịcha, dị ka ihe mbido.

Ojiji ndị ọzọ

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Enwere ike iji abụba a na-eme ka ọ dị mma mepụta biofuel na ncha.[25] Lard na-enyekwa uru dị ka mmiri na-ebibi ihe na igwe. Ojiji ya na igwe na-ebelata kemgbe etiti narị afọ nke 20 ka mmiri ndị ọzọ a na-emepụta n'ụzọ pụrụ iche ghọrọ ihe a ma ama. Agbanyeghị, ọ ka bụ nhọrọ dị irè. A na-eji abụba anụmanụ na abụba anụ ndị ọzọ eme ihe n'oge gara aga dị ka ihe na-egbochi ụfụfụ na usoro mmepụta ihe dịka ịṅụ mmanya; n'ebe ahụ, abụba anụ ọhịa ejirila polyethers dochie anya ya.[26]

Hụkwa

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  • Lardy cake, achịcha Bekee nwere nnukwu abụba
  • Suet, dị ka abụba akwụkwọ
  • Mmanụ whale

Ebem si dee

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  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Davidson, Alan.
  2. 2.0 2.1 Ockerman, Herbert W. (1991).
  3. 3.0 3.1 "The Real Thing: nothing beats lard for old-fashioned flavor" by Matthew Amster-Burton, The Seattle Times, September 10, 2006.
  4. 4.0 4.1 "Don't let lard throw you into a tizzy" by Jacqueline Higuera-McMahan, San Francisco Chronicle, March 12, 2003.
  5. 5.0 5.1 "Light, Fluffy – Believe It, It's Not Butter" by Matt Lee and Ted Lee, New York Times, October 11, 2000.
  6. "Heart-stopping moment for doctors as we're falling in love again with lard" by Sally Williams, Western Mail, January 5, 2006.
  7. 7.0 7.1 Helen Carter (16 November 2004). Lard crisis: mince pies threatened as supplies dwindle. the Guardian. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "guardian" defined multiple times with different content
  8. 8.0 8.1 "Chefs prize it. The French love it. The Poles are hogging it. And now Britain's running out of it." by Christopher Hirst, The Independent, November 20, 2004.
  9. Lard Production in 2018 by FAO
  10. Davidson, Alan.
  11. Ockerman, Herbert W. and Basu, Lopa.
  12. Moustafa, Ahmad and Stauffer, Clyde.
  13. Rombaur, Irma S, et al. (1997).
  14. Matz, Samuel A. (1991).
  15. "Ask Cook's: Is Lard an Acceptable Shortening?", Cook's Illustrated, November 2004.
  16. Kaminsky, Peter.
  17. Julie R. Thomson, "10 Reasons You Should Be Cooking With Lard," HuffPost Taste, 28 April 2014 (Retrieved 5 October 2014).
  18. "Heaven in a Pie Pan – The Perfect Crust" by Melissa Clark, New York Times, November 15, 2006.
  19. King Arthur Flour.
  20. Manteca "Colorá", tarrina 400g - fabricantes de embutidos, chacinas, venta de embutidos (es). Angellopezsanz.es (2009-01-18). Archived from the original on 2012-04-26. Retrieved on 2012-08-13.
  21. ZURRAPA DE LOMO TARRINA 400 G - fabricantes de embutidos, chacinas, venta de embutidos (es). Angellopezsanz.es (2009-01-18). Archived from the original on 2012-04-26. Retrieved on 2012-08-13.
  22. Sanders. "An Old Breed of Hungarian Pig Is Back in Favor", The New York Times, March 29, 2009.
  23. IMG_2116 by chrys, Flickr.com, September 16, 2006.
  24. "Austrian Restaurant Guide" by Keith Waclena, February 18, 2000.
  25. "The Biodiesel Bible" by Keith Addison, Make your own biodiesel (website).
  26. Randal M. Hill, Steven P. Christiano, "Antifoaming agents", in Joseph C. Salamone, ed.