Ihe ndị na-abụghị osisi

Ngwaahịa ndị na-abụghị osisi (NTFPs) bụ nri bara uru, ihe, ihe na / ma ọ bụ ngwaahịa ndị a na-enweta n'oké ọhịa ndị ọzọ na-abụghị ọhịa. Owuwe ihe ubi sitere na nchịkọta ọhịa ruo n'ọrụ ugbo. Ha na-agụnyekarị anụmanụ, ndị na-ebu ajị anụ, mkpụrụ osisi, mkpụrụ osisi، mushrooms, mmanụ, sap, akwụkwọ osisi, pollarding, osisi ọgwụ, peat, mast, fuelwood, azụ, ụmụ ahụhụ, ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ, na nri.^[1] Echiche ndị na-agbakọta gụnyere ngwaahịa ndị na-abụghị osisi (NWFPs), ngwaahịa ọhịa, obere ihe ndị dị n'oké ọhịa, ihe pụrụ iche, obere, ihe ọzọ na nke abụọ - maka ọdịiche ndị ọzọ lee ngalaba nkọwa dị n'okpuru^[2]^[3]

Nnyocha na NTFPs lekwasịrị anya na ikike ha nwere imepụta dị ka ngwaahịa maka ego na ahịa ime obodo, dị ka ngosipụta nke ihe ọmụma ọdịnala ma ọ bụ dị ka nhọrọ ndụ maka mkpa ezinụlọ ime obodo, dịka akụkụ dị mkpa nke njikwa ọhịa na usoro nchekwa, yana maka ọrụ dị mkpa ha na imeziwanye ụdị nri dị iche iche na inye nri na-edozi ahụ, ọkachasị maka ndị bi n'oké ọhịa.^[2] Nnyocha niile na-akwalite ngwaahịa ọhịa dị ka ngwaahịa na ngwá ọrụ bara uru nke nwere ike ịkwalite nchekwa nke ọhịa.

NTFPs karịsịa na-eme ka ngwaahịa ọhịa pụta ìhè nke bara uru nye ndị obodo na obodo, mana a leghaara ya anya n'ihi ihe ndị na-elekọta ọhịa (dịka ọmụmaatụ, mmepụta osisi na nri anụmanụ). Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ihe dị ka ijeri mmadụ 2.4 - ma n'obodo ukwu ma n'ime ime obodo - na-eji ike sitere na osisi maka isi nri.^[4] Obodo dị iche iche na-etinye aka n'ịchịkọta na iji NTFPs ọhịa, mgbe mgbe na obodo dị iche iche ma ọ bụ ọrụ nwoke na nwanyị na-ekpebi otu esi eji ha eme ihe.

N'ime iri afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, mmasị etolitela n'iji NTFPs dị ka ihe ọzọ ma ọ bụ ihe mgbakwunye na omume nchịkwa ọhịa. N'ụdị ọhịa ụfọdụ, n'okpuru ọnọdụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, enwere ike ijikwa ọhịa iji mụbaa ụdị dị iche iche nke NTFP, na n'ihi ya, iji mụbaa ọtụtụ ụdị dị iche na ụdị dị iche nke akụ na ụba. Uto truffle ojii na mpaghara Mediterenian na-aba uru nke ukwuu mgbe a na-elekọta ya nke ọma.^[5]^[6]

Nkọwa

Ụdị NTFP dịgasị iche iche gụnyere mushrooms, huckleberries, ferns, transplants, seed cones, pine nut, tree nut, moss, maple syrup, cork, cinnamon, rubber, wild pigs, tree oil and resins, na ginseng. United Kingdom's Forestry Commission na-akọwa NTFPs dị ka "ihe ọ bụla dị ndụ a na-ahụ n'ọhịa ma e wezụga osisi", na Forest Harvest, akụkụ nke Reforesting Scotland project, na-akọwaa ha dị ka "ngwongwo sitere n'ọzara - ma e wezụga owuwe ihe ubi nke osisi".^[7]^[8] Nkọwa ndị a gụnyere anụ ọhịa na nke a na-achịkwa, azụ, na ụmụ ahụhụ.^[9] A na-ejikarị NTFP n'ụdị dị ka akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, ihe ịchọ mma, osisi ọgwụ, nri, ụtọ na ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ, eriri, na saps na resins.

Ngwaahịa ndị na-abụghị osisi

Ngwaahịa ndị na-abụghị osisi (NWFPs) bụ akụkụ nke NTFP; ha na-ewepu mmanụ osisi na icheku ọkụ.^[2] Ma NWFP na NTFP gụnyere nri ọhịa. N'ụwa niile, ihe dị ka ijeri mmadụ 1 na-adabere n'ụzọ ụfọdụ na nri ọhịa dịka anụ ọhịa, ụmụ ahụhụ a na-eri eri, ihe ọkụkụ a na-iri eri, mushrooms na azụ, nke na-enwekarị ọkwa dị elu nke micronutrients.^[4] Ọtụtụ nde ezinụlọ n'ụwa niile na-adabere na NWFPs maka ego ha nwetara, ngwaahịa ndị a nwekwara ike ịdị mkpa maka akụ na ụba mpaghara. N'ụwa niile, FAO na-eme atụmatụ na NWFPs mepụtara ijeri US $ 88 na 2011.^[10] Ihe dị ka pasent 80 nke ndị bi na mba ndị na-emepe emepe na-eji NWFPs, nke kachasị na osisi, maka ahụike. Uru nke nri ọhịa dị ka ihe na-edozi ahụ anaghị ejedebe na mba ndị na-enweta ego dị ala na nke dị n'etiti; ihe karịrị 100 nde mmadụ na European Union (EU) na-eri nri ọhịa mgbe niile.

Mgbanwe ala, mmetọ na oke owuwe ihe ubi na-eyi ndụ na ndụ ndị na-anakọta ihe na ndụ ndị mmadụ egwu n'ọtụtụ mpaghara ụwa. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a chọpụtala na otu n'ime ụdị osisi ise na-agwọ ọrịa na nke na-esi ísì ụtọ na-eyi egwu na ha ga-apụ n'anya, ma ọ bụ naanị pasent 7 nke MAPs ka a nyochara maka IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (TRAFFIC, 2018). Data na ozi gbasara NWFPs ezughi oke ma ọ dị mkpa iji nyochaa ọnọdụ ha n'ọhịa, onyinye ha nyere na nchekwa nri na nri na-edozi ahụ na maka nchọpụta gafee usoro nnyefe.^[2]

Owuwe ihe ubi nke NTFPs ka dị n'ọtụtụ ebe n'ụwa niile. Ndị mmadụ si n'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, ala, na ọdịbendị na-ewepụta NTFPs maka ọtụtụ ebumnuche, gụnyere ihe oriri ezinụlọ, nlekọta ọdịnala na ọdịnala ezinụlọ, mmezu ime mmụọ, ọdịmma anụ ahụ na nke mmetụta uche, okpomọkụ ụlọ na isi nri, nri anụmanụ, ọgwụ na ọgwụgwọ ụmụ amaala, mmụta sayensị, na ego.^[9] Okwu ndị ọzọ na-anọchi anya owuwe ihe ubi gụnyere ọrụ ọhịa, nchịkọta, nchịkọta, na ịchọta nri. NTFPs na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka ihe ndị a na-emepụta maka ụlọ ọrụ ndị sitere na nnukwu ndị na-eweta okooko osisi na ụlọ ọrụ ọgwụ na microenterprises na-elekwasị anya na ọrụ dịgasị iche iche (dị ka ime nkata, ịkpụ osisi, na owuwe ihe ubi na nhazi nke osisi ọgwụ dị iche iche).

A na-edekọ ihe karịrị ụdị osisi 28,000 ugbu a dị ka ndị na-eji eme ọgwụ ma ọtụtụ n'ime ha na-ahụ na gburugburu ebe obibi nke ọhịa. Nleta na gburugburu ọhịa nwere ike inwe mmetụta dị mma na ahụike anụ ahụ na nke uche mmadụ na ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ nwere mmekọrịta ime mmụọ miri emi na ọhịa.^[4]

Atụmatụ na onyinye nke NTFPs na akụ na ụba mba ma ọ bụ mpaghara siri ike, usoro sara mbara maka ịchọpụta uru jikọtara ọnụ nke ọtụtụ narị ngwaahịa ndị mejupụtara ụlọ ọrụ NTFP dị iche iche na-enweghị. Otu ihe dị iche na nke a bụ ụlọ ọrụ maple syrup, nke na 2002 na US naanị wepụtara 1.4 US gallons (5,00 m3) nke ruru US $ 38.3 nde. N'ọhịa ndị dị n'ebe okpomọkụ dị ka na US, mushrooms ndị a na-eri eri n'ọhụrụ dị ka matsutake, osisi ọgwụ dị ka ginseng, na akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ dị ka salal na sword fern bụ ụlọ ọrụ ọtụtụ nde dollar. Ndị ọzọ nwere data azụmahịa edere ede gụnyere Brazil nut, bamboo, mmanụ aṅụ, chestnuts, na gum Arabic, n'etiti ndị ọzọ.^[11] Ọ bụ ezie na ụdị ndị a bara uru nwere ike ịdọta uche kachasị, enwere ike ịchọta ụdị NTFP dị iche iche n'ọtụtụ ọhịa nke ụwa, ọtụtụ n'ime ha ka na-adịghị ahụ anya na ọnụ ọgụgụ gọọmentị.

N'ọhịa ndị dị n'ebe okpomọkụ, dịka ọmụmaatụ, NTFPs nwere ike ịbụ isi iyi ego nke nwere ike ịgbakwunye ọrụ ugbo na / ma ọ bụ ọrụ ndị ọzọ. Nnyocha uru nke oké ọhịa Amazon na Peru chọpụtara na iji NTFPs eme ihe nwere ike ị nweta ego dị elu karịa ka owuwe ihe ubi osisi nke otu mpaghara ahụ ga-eme, ka ọ na-echekwa ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi dị mkpa.^[12] Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba, ọdịbendị, na gburugburu ebe obibi ha, mgbe a tụlere ha n'ozuzu, na-eme ka ijikwa NTFP bụrụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke njikwa ọhịa na-adịgide adịgide na nchekwa nke ọdịiche dị iche iche na ọdịbendị.

Mmetụta ọ na-emetụta ndị mmadụ

Ọdịiche dị n'etiti nwoke na nwanyị

Ma ndị ikom ma ndị inyom na-etinye aka na nchịkọta na ire NWFPs - ma nwee ihe ọmụma dị iche iche na ngwaahịa dị iche iche, ọ bụ ezie na ụmụ nwanyị na-anakọta nri ọhịa iji gbakwunye nri na-edozi ahụ nke ezinụlọ ha - inye ha ike nwere mmetụta dị mkpa na nri na-eri ezinụlọ / obodo.^[2] Maka nchịkọta oge (na-akwụghị ụgwọ) nke mmanụ osisi maka iji ya eme ihe n'ime ime obodo, ụmụ nwanyị na-akpata ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ pasent 80 nke ọrụ niile na oke dị elu karịa nke a na Africa na Latin America na Caribbean.^[10]

N'ime obodo ndị nwere obere agbụrụ

Ndị mmadụ ole na ole nọ na Vietnam, Myanmar, na Laos bi n'ebe dị anya site na ebe obibi ndị a ma ama. Agbụrụ ndị dị n'ugwu na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ na-erughị eru nwere njikọ chiri anya na ọhịa ruo ọtụtụ narị afọ. A na-enweta ọtụtụ ihe oriri ezinụlọ ha na akụkụ nke ego ha na-enweta site na ire ngwaahịa NTFP dị iche iche. N'ugwu ndị dị na Vietnam, mmepụta NTFP na-agbasa ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ n'afọ niile, ya mere na-enye ndị agbụrụ pere mpe ego na-adịgide adịgide. Site na June ruo August bụ mkpụrụ osisi ọhịa a na-akpọ uoi (Scaphium macropodium) nke na-enye ọtụtụ ego ezinụlọ. Ezinụlọ ọ bụla na-eziga ọtụtụ mmadụ n'ime ọhịa mgbe niile n'oge a ebe ha na-anọ ụbọchị 2-3 nke a na-anakọta mkpụrụ osisi 5-6 kilogram. A na-ere otu kilogram nke mkpụrụ osisi kpọrọ nkụ (2-3 ụbọchị nke anyanwụ kpọrọ nkụ) maka $ 1.50. Ihe na-esote na-abịa achara, mushrooms, na nchịkọta akwụkwọ nri nke na-agafe na Febụwarị. Ndị mmadụ ole na ole nọ n'ógbè Sa Pa na-adabere n'ọtụtụ NTFPs maka ndụ ha. N'etiti ngwaahịa ndị a chịkọtara bụ mkpụrụ osisi, mkpụrụ osisi, akwụkwọ, mushrooms, azụ, mmanụ aṅụ, osisi achara, orchid ọhịa na ndepụta ahụ na-aga n'ihu. Ahịa Fraịdee jupụtara na orchid na osisi ọhịa ndị ọzọ ndị mmadụ a na-eweta maka ndị njem nleta, ma nke obodo ma nke mba ụwa, ndị na-agbakọta n'ebe ahụ. N'etiti 10-15% nke ngụkọta ego ezinụlọ na-enweta site na ire NTFPs. Owuwe ihe ubi nke akwụkwọ na nri ezinụlọ na-aga gburugburu afọ ebe ụdị dị iche iche dị mfe n'ọnwa ụfọdụ. Mmiri si n'ọhịa bụ ọrụ ọzọ bara uru na ndụ ndị a. Ha nwere ụlọ ọrụ micro-hydro arụnyere na iyi nke na-emepụta ike dị mkpa maka ịpị (ọka na mkpụrụ) na ọkụ.

N'ebe ndị kpọrọ nkụ na Sri Lanka, owuwe ihe ubi nke akwụkwọ curry iji ree ndị ahịa bụ ego dị mkpa. Owuwe ihe ubi nke velvet tamarind (Dialium ovoideum) bụ isi ihe na-eweta ego maka ndị bi n'ime obodo. Osisi a nke a na-ahụkarị na mba ahụ na-enye mkpụrụ osisi nke nwere nnukwu ewu ewu n'oge ọnwa ụfọdụ n'afọ. Nlaghachi sitere na ire condoms ngwaahịa abụọ a bụ ihe dị mkpa na ego ezinụlọ nke ndị bi n'ime obodo.

Nnyocha

Nnyocha na NTFPs lekwasịrị anya n'echiche atọ: NTFPs dị ka ngwaahịa na-elekwasị anya na ego na ahịa ime obodo, dị ka ngosipụta nke ihe ọmụma ọdịnala ma ọ bụ dị ka nhọrọ ndụ maka mkpa ezinụlọ ime obodo, na n'ikpeazụ, dị ka akụkụ dị mkpa nke njikwa ọhịa na usoro nchekwa. Echiche ndị a na-akwalite ngwaahịa ọhịa dị ka ngwaahịa bara uru na ngwá ọrụ dị mkpa nke nwere ike ịkwalite nchekwa nke ọhịa. N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, nchịkọta na ojiji nke NTFPs nwere ike ịbụ usoro maka ibelata ịda ogbenye na mmepe mpaghara.^[13]^[14]

Hụkwa

Ihe ndị e ji emepụta ihe ndị dị ndụ
Ethnobotany
Ihe mgbochi na LULUCF
Njem gburugburu ebe obibi n'oké ọhịa Amazon
Ọrụ aka n'ime obodo
Mmetụta nke ihe mkpofu

Ebe e si nweta ya

This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO (license statement/permission). Text taken from The State of the World’s Forests 2020. Forests, biodiversity and people – In brief, FAO & UNEP, FAO & UNEP. .mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}

Ihe odide

↑ Glossary of Forestry Terms in British Columbia. Ministry of Forests and Range (Canada) (March 2008). Retrieved on 2009-04-06.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 FAO – Forestry, Non-wood forest products. Archived from the original on 2023-07-30.
↑ Minor Forest Produce (MFP). Arthapedia.
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 (2020) The State of the World's Forests 2020. Forests, biodiversity and people – In brief. Rome: FAO & UNEP. DOI:10.4060/ca8985en. ISBN 978-92-5-132707-4.
↑ Bonet (2009). "Cultivation Methods of the Black Truffle, the Most Profitable Mediterranean Non-Wood Forest Product; A State of the Art Review.". Modelling, Valuing and Managing Mediterranean Forest Ecosystems for Non-Timber Goods and Services 57: 57–71.
↑ Martinez de Aragon (2012). "Economically profitable post fire restoration with black truffle (Tuber melanosporum) producing plantations". New Forests 43 (5–6): 615–630. DOI:10.1007/s11056-012-9316-x.
↑ Forest Research - Social, cultural and economic values of contemporary non-timber forest products: Wild Harvests. Forestry.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 2018-01-26. Retrieved on 2013-11-21.
↑ non timber forest products in Scotland. ForestHarvest. Archived from the original on 2013-08-21. Retrieved on 2013-11-21.
↑ ^9.0 ^9.1 Forests and non-timber forest products. Cifor.org. Retrieved on 2013-11-21.
↑ ^10.0 ^10.1 (2021) State of World's Forests 2014. Rome: FAO. DOI:10.4060/cb3694en. ISBN 978-92-5-108269-0.
↑ FAO – Non-wood forest products: Data and statistics. FAO. Archived from the original on 2023-08-16.
↑ Peters (29 June 1989). "Valuation of an Amazonian rainforest". Nature 339 (6227): 655–656. DOI:10.1038/339655a0.
↑ Belcher (2003). "What isn't an NTFP?". International Forestry Review 5 (2): 161–168. DOI:10.1505/IFOR.5.2.161.17408.
↑ Kala, CP 2003. Medicinal Plants of Indian Trans-Himalaya. https://web.archive.org/web/20150926042854/http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/20066710101.html;jsessionid=453D5B8DEE32770EACE0E447E613263E

Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Ọrụ nke osisi nri ọhịa na mbelata ịda ogbenye na nchekwa dị iche iche na mba ndị na-ekpo ọkụ. Ọganihu na Ọmụmụ Mmepe 6 (4): 275-286
Emery, Marla na Rebecca J. McLain; (ndị nchịkọta). Ngwaahịa ndị na-abụghị osisi: ahịhịa ọgwụ, fungus, mkpụrụ osisi na mkpụrụ osisi a na-eri eri, na Ngwaahịa ndị ọzọ sitere n'ọhịa. Food Products Press: Binghamton, New York.
[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Tapping the Green Market: asambodo na njikwa nke Non-Timber Forest Products. Ihe Ndị Na-eme n'Ụwa
Jones, Eric T. Rebecca J. McLain, na James Weigand. eds. 2002. Non-Wood Forest Products na United States. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.
[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Onye mmekọ azụmaahịa NTFP nke Canada: Echiche, usoro na ihe onwunwe maka obere azụmaahịa na ngwaahịa na ọrụ ndị na-abụghị osisi. Akwụkwọ Candlenut: Sault Ste Marie, Ontario

Njikọ mpụga

[1] Glossary of Forestry Terms in British Columbia. Ministry of Forests and Range (Canada) (March 2008). Retrieved on 2009-04-06.

[:1-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 FAO – Forestry, Non-wood forest products. Archived from the original on 2023-07-30.

[:3-3] Minor Forest Produce (MFP). Arthapedia.

[:0-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 (2020) The State of the World's Forests 2020. Forests, biodiversity and people – In brief. Rome: FAO & UNEP. DOI:10.4060/ca8985en. ISBN 978-92-5-132707-4.

[5] Bonet (2009). "Cultivation Methods of the Black Truffle, the Most Profitable Mediterranean Non-Wood Forest Product; A State of the Art Review.". Modelling, Valuing and Managing Mediterranean Forest Ecosystems for Non-Timber Goods and Services 57: 57–71.

[6] Martinez de Aragon (2012). "Economically profitable post fire restoration with black truffle (Tuber melanosporum) producing plantations". New Forests 43 (5–6): 615–630. DOI:10.1007/s11056-012-9316-x.

[7] Forest Research - Social, cultural and economic values of contemporary non-timber forest products: Wild Harvests. Forestry.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 2018-01-26. Retrieved on 2013-11-21.

[8] timber forest products in Scotland. ForestHarvest. Archived from the original on 2013-08-21. Retrieved on 2013-11-21.

[cifor1-9] 9.0 ^9.1 Forests and non-timber forest products. Cifor.org. Retrieved on 2013-11-21.

[:2-10] 10.0 ^10.1 (2021) State of World's Forests 2014. Rome: FAO. DOI:10.4060/cb3694en. ISBN 978-92-5-108269-0.

[11] FAO – Non-wood forest products: Data and statistics. FAO. Archived from the original on 2023-08-16.

[12] Peters (29 June 1989). "Valuation of an Amazonian rainforest". Nature 339 (6227): 655–656. DOI:10.1038/339655a0.

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