Asụsụ Mande
| obere ụdị nke | Niger–Congo  |
|---|
The Mande languages (Mandén, Manding; Templeeti:Needs IPA) bụ otu asụsụ ndị Mandé na-asụ n'ọtụtụ mba dị na West Africa. Ndị a gụnyere; Maninka, Mandinka, Soninke, Bambara, Kpelle, Jula, Bozo, Mende, Susu, na Vai. Enwere ihe dị ka asụsụ 60 ruo 75 nke nde mmadụ 30 ruo 40 na-asụ, ọkachasị na; Burkina Faso, Mali, Senegal, Gambia, Guinea,Guinea-Bissau, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Mauritania, Ghana nakwa na ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Naijiria na ugwu Benin.
Asụsụ Mande na-egosi ihe ole na ole yiri ezinụlọ asụsụ Atlantic-Congo, ya mere a tụpụtara ha ọnụ dị ka akụkụ nke ezinụlọ asụsụ Niger-Congo buru ibu kemgbe afọ 1950. Otú ọ dị, asụsụ Mande enweghị ọdịdị aha nke bụ isi ihe na-akọwa asụsụ Atlantic-Congo. [1][2]'ihi ya, ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ na-emeso Mande na Atlantic-Congo dị ka ezinụlọ asụsụ nwere onwe ha.
Akụkọ ihe mere eme
dezieE nwere echiche dị iche iche banyere afọ nke asụsụ Mande.
[3]Valentin Vydrin kwubiri na "ala nna Mande na ọkara nke abụọ nke puku afọ nke anọ BC dị na Southern Sahara, n'ebe dị n'ebe ugwu nke 16 ° ma ọ bụ ọbụna 18 ° nke latitude ugwu na n'etiti 3 ° na 12 ° nke longitude ọdịda anyanwụ". Nke ahụ bụ Mauritania ugbu a na ndịda Western Sahara.
Ọ bụrụ na njikọ asụsụ Mande doro anya nke ahụ ga-enyere aka ịkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme ya. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Joseph Greenberg tụrụ aro na otu Niger-Congo, nke n'echiche ya gụnyere ezinụlọ asụsụ Mande, malitere ịpụ n'ihe dị ka Afọ 7,000 BP. Ndị [4]-asụ ya ga-eme omenala Neolithic, dịka okwu Proto-Niger-Congo maka "ụmụ ehi", "nwa ewu" na "ịzụlite" gosipụtara.
Agụmakwụkwọ mbụ
dezieSigismund Wilhelm Koelle matara ìgwè ahụ na 1854, na Polyglotta Africana ya. O kwuru asụsụ iri na atọ n'okpuru isiokwu North-Western High-Sudan Family, ma ọ bụ Mandéga Family of Languages. [5]'afọ 1901, Maurice Delafosse mere ọdịiche dị n'etiti ìgwè abụọ. Ọ na-ekwu maka otu mandé-tan nke ugwu na otu mandé'fu nke ndịda. A na-eme ọdịiche ahụ naanị n'ihi na asụsụ ndị dị n'ebe ugwu na-eji okwu tan maka iri, na asụsụ ndịda na-eji fu. N'afọ 1924, Louis Tauxier kwuru na ọdịiche ahụ abụghị nke a kwadoro nke ọma ma enwere ọ dịkarịa ala otu nke atọ ọ kpọrọ Mandé-bu. Ọ bụghị ruo 1950 ka André Prost kwadoro echiche ahụ ma nye nkọwa ndị ọzọ.
[6]'afọ 1958, Welmers bipụtara otu isiokwu akpọrọ "The Mande Languages," ebe o kewara asụsụ ndị ahụ n'ime obere ìgwè atọ: North-West, South na East. Mkpebi ya dabeere na nyocha lexicostatistic. Joseph Greenberg gbasoro ọdịiche ahụ na The Languages of Africa (1963). Long (1971) na Gérard Galtier (1980) gbasoro ọdịiche ahụ n'ime ìgwè atọ mana ha nwere ọdịiche dị ịrịba ama.
Nchịkọta
dezieMmekọrịta ya na Niger-Congo
dezieMande anaghị ekwekọ ọdịdị nke ọtụtụ ezinụlọ Niger-Congo, dị ka Usoro aha. Enweghịkwa ọtụtụ ndị a ma ama na okwu dị n'etiti Mande na Niger-Congo. [7][2]'ihi ya, Dimmendaal (2008) na-ekwu na ihe akaebe maka itinye ya dị obere, nakwa na ugbu a, a na-ewere Mande dị ka ezinụlọ nwere onwe ya. Otu echiche ahụ [1] nke Güldemann (2018). [1]
Enweghị nkwubi okwu doro anya na Mande bụ ma ọ bụ na ọ bụghị onye otu Niger-Congo, Vydrin (2016) na-ekwu na okwu ndị bụ isi nke proto-Mande dabara nke ọma na Niger-Cong, nakwa na a gaghị ewere ụkpụrụ ndị dị ka enweghị usoro aha dị ka ihe akaebe; ọ na-ekwu ete "Ọ bụrụ na ọnọdụ Mande n'ime Niger-Cango kwenyesiri ike... Mande ga-anọchite anya alaka kachasị ochie nke phylum". [8] Blench na-ele ya anya dị ka alaka mbụ nke kewara tupu ọdịdị aha-ụdị mepụta. Dwyer (1998) jiri ya tụnyere alaka ndị ọzọ nke Niger-Congo ma chọpụta na ha mejupụtara ezinụlọ dị n'otu, ebe Mande bụ nke kachasị dị iche na alaka ndị ọ tụlere.
Nchịkọta n'ime
dezieỤdị dị iche iche na omimi nke ezinụlọ Mande yiri nke Indo-European. Alaka iri na otu dị ala nke Mande fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na a nabatara ya n'ụwa niile: Southern Mande (Dan wdg), Eastern Mande (Bisa, Boko wdg), Samogo, Bobo, Soninke-Bozo, Southwestern Mande (Mende, Kpelle, Loma wdg), Soso-Jalonke, Jogo, Vai-Kono, Mokole na Manding (Bambara, Djula wdg). [9] nabatakwara ya n'ọtụtụ ebe na ndị a mejupụtara alaka abụọ, abụọ mbụ dị ka Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Mande na ndị ọzọ dị ka Ndị Ọdịda Anyanwụ Manda.
Ọtụtụ nhazi Mande [10] n'ime na-adabere na lexicostatistics, dịka ọmụmaatụ, nke dabeere na Ndepụta Swadesh. Nchịkọta ọzọ sitere na Kastenholz (1996) dabere na ihe ọhụrụ nke okwu na asụsụ ntụnyere. Kastenholz [11]-adọ aka ná ntị na nke a adabereghị na njirimara ebumnuche ma ya mere ọ bụghị nhazi usoro ọmụmụ n'echiche dị warara. Nkewa na-esonụ bụ nchịkọta nke abụọ ahụ. Vydrin (2009) dịtụ iche na nke a: ọ na-etinye Soso-Jalonke na Southwestern (nlaghachi na André Prost 1953); Soninke-Bozo, Samogho na Bobo dị ka alaka ndị nweere onwe ha nke Western Mande, na Mokole na Vai-Kono. Ọtụtụ nhazi na-etinye Jo n'ime Samogo.
Akụkụ nke okwu
dezieAsụsụ Mande enweghị usoro aha ma ọ bụ mgbatị okwu nke Asụsụ Atlantic-Congo na nke Asụsụ Bantu bụ ndị a ma ama, mana Bobo nwere ụdị ngwaa na-akpata na nke na-adịghị agafe agafe. Asụsụ ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ Mande na Soninke nwere mgbanwe ụdaume mbụ. A na-ejikarị clitic eme akara ọtụtụ; n'asụsụ ụfọdụ, na ụda, dịka ọmụmaatụ na Sembla. Ndị nnọchiaha na-enwekarị ọdịiche dị iche iche na-enweghị ike iwepụ na nke na-agụnye naanị. Usoro Okwu na ahịrịokwu na-agafe agafe bụ isiokwu-onye enyemaka-ihe-okwu-okwu-adverb. A na-ejikarị postpositions eme ihe. [12]'ime ahịrịokwu aha, ihe onwunwe na-abịa n'ihu aha, na adjectives na akara dị iche iche mgbe ngwaa gasịrị; a na-ahụ ihe ngosi na usoro abụọ ahụ.
Okwu ntụnyere
dezieN'okpuru ebe a bụ ihe atụ nke okwu ndị bụ isi nke ụdị proto-forms e wughachiri:
| Asụsụ | anya | ntị | imi | ezé | ire | ọnụ | ọbara | ọkpụkpụ | osisi | mmiri | Iri nri | aha |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ụzọ Mbụ[8] | *ɲíŋ | *Nke a na-akpọ | *yíti | |||||||||
| Proto-West Mande[11] | *Tuli | *SyuN | *ɲíN | **nɛ̌N | *nye ~ ya | *jío ~ yío | *gúri ~ nku | *jío ~ yío | *ịkụ | |||
| Proto-Manding (Mandekan) [13] | *nya | *tulo | *mgbe | *Nkọwa | *nɛn (e) | *da | *ọmarịcha | *kolo | *yiri | *ji | *Domo (n) | *tị elu |
| [14]-East Mande (Niger-Volta) [1] | *jɛN (<GeiN) | *Toro | *N-jẽ | *soN (-ka) | *N-lɛ | *ịma | * (N-) wa (-ru) | * (N-) gero | *li/*da | *jiN | *be (-le) | *Ọ dị otú ahụ |
| [15]-South Mande [1] | *Yuùã́ | *Ọnọdụ | * na onye na-ekwu okwu ya | N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị | N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị | *ɗé | Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri | Ịnọkwa | *yílí | *yí | *ɓɪ̀lɪ̀ | *Ọdịdị |
[dʲ]'okpuru ebe a bụ ụfọdụ cognates sitere na D. J. Dwyer (1988) ([[k] ma ọ bụ [d͡ʒ]): [16]
| GLOSS | Ọchịchị na-akpali akpali |
Manding | Kono-Vai | Susu | Mandé (SW) | Soninké | Ihe yiri ya | Bobo | San | Busa | Aka | Dan | Guro | Mwa |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 'ọnụ' | *da | da | da | ee | la | laqqe | jo | mee | Di | di, di | ||||
| 'Anya' | *da-yi | da-ji | da- | Se-ye | la-yi | laxan-ji | jọn-fago | Diva | se | le-i | le-yi | Di-li | raị | liri |
| 'mmiri' | *yi | M na-eme | ya | ya | Ugbu a | ji | jo | ji, zio | mun | i | ya | ya | ya | ya |
| 'obi' | *n-koŋ | na-enweghị | susu | Isi | ŋeni | konbe | kye | Ụgbọ mmiri | ɲo | ɲo | ɲoŋ | ɲoŋ | ɲoŋ | ɲoŋ |
| 'mmiri ara ehi' | *n-kon-yi | Nkwupụta | susu-ji | xin-ụ | gen-iya | -xatti | kye-n-dyo | n-yan-niŋi | n-m- | n-yoŋ-yi | n-yoŋ-yi | |||
| 'nwa ewu' | *bo (ọzọ) | ba | ba | ɓoli | ihe efu | bi | gwa | bwe | acha anụnụ anụnụ | Mmanụ | Mmanụ | bory | Mmanụ | |
| 'buck' | *bore-guren | ba-koro | diggeh | gu-gura | ble-sa | Ihe na-eme ka mmadụ nwee obi ụtọ | Ihe na-eme ka mmadụ nwee obi ụtọ | gyagya | bɔ-guren | |||||
| 'ụmụ atụrụ' | *saga | Akụkọ ifo | bara-wa | Ọnyà | ɓara | jaxe | sega | Akara | sere | ya | baa | bla | bera | bla |
| 'ram' | *saga-guren | Saga-koro | Jaxampade | kekyere | si-gula | da-gu | bla-gon | bra-gon | bla-gure | |||||
| 'isi' | * | Koun-kolo | yin-kola |
Rịba ama na n'ime ihe ndị a:
- 'saleeva' = 'ọnụ'+' mmiri'
- 'mmiri ara' = 'obi'+'mmiri'
- 'buck (he-goat) ' = 'goat'+'nwoke'
- 'ram' = 'nwa atụrụ'+'nwoke'
Ọnụ ọgụgụ
dezieNtụnyere nke ọnụọgụ n'asụsụ ọ bụla: [17]
| Nchịkọta | Asụsụ | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bissa | Bissa (Bisa) | diị | pijà | kakʊ́ | sɪ̀ | Saịdoro | [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] | Sapra (5 + 2) | ee (2 x 4)? | nɛfʊ̀ (10 -1)? | bʊ̀ |
| Busa | Boko | mee | pla | ʔàɔɔ̃ | sííɔ̃ | sayensị | naanị ya (5 + 1) | sopla (5 + 2) | Swaàɔ̃ (5 + 3) | Nkwupụta [litː tear away 1 (from) 10 ] | kwi |
| Busa | Bokobaru (Zogbẽ) | mee | pláa | ʔàɡɔ̃ | síɡɔ̃ | Saịoro | swɛ́do (5 + 1) | swɛ́́pláa (5 + 2) | sɔrààɡɔ̃ (5 + 3) | Nnukwu ihe (10-1) | kurì |
| Busa | Illo Busa | mee | pia | ʔàkɔ̃ | ʃíkɔ̃ | sayensị | sodium (5 + 1) | soopia (5 + 2) | swàkɔ̃ (5 + 3) | kĩṇdokwi [litː dọwaa 1 (site na) 10] | kwi |
| Busa | Busa | mee | pla | ʔàkɔ̃ | sííkɔ̃ | Saịoro | isiokwu (5 + 1) | surpla (5 + 2) | sɔ́rààkɔ̃ (5 + 3) | Nnukwu ihe (10-1) | kurì |
| Kyanga | Kyanga (Kyenga) (1) | Duo abụọ | fyáā | Ọdịda Anyanwụ | ʃíí | sɔ́́́́rū́ | sɔ̄ɔ̄dū (5 + 1) | swāhyáā (5 + 2) | sōōwà (5 + 3) | Soiʃí (5 + 4) | kōōrì |
| Kyanga | Kyanga (Kyenga) (2) | dūː | fjâː | ʔàː | ʃíː | sɔ̂ːwû | sɔ̂ːdū (5 + 1) | sɔ̂ːfjá (5 + 2) | sōːuwà (5 + 3) | sōwēʃíː (5 + 4) | kōːlì |
| Kyanga | Kyenga (3) | mee | hia / fia | Okwu a na-akpọ | ʃí | N'oge a | Ọchịchị (5 + 1) | Ọchịchị (5 + 2) | soowà (5 + 3) | sooʃí (5 + 4) | korì |
| Kyanga | Shanga | mee | __ibo____ibo__ Ọdịdị | Okwu a na-akpọ | ʃí | Saịdọs | sɔbodo (5 + 1) | sɔhia (5 + 2) | sɔboʔà (5 + 3) | sɔdoʃí (5 + 4) | Ihe a na-akpọ ya |
| Samo | Matya Samo | ɡɔ́́́́ | Praịm | tjɔwɔ | ee | Ahịa | sɛrɛ́ (5 + 1) | tọnọ (5 + 2) | tjisí (2 x 4) | [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] | flè / fʊ̀ |
| Samo | Maya Samo | Ọ bụ gị | Fura | Kaaku | Ọ ga-abụ | N'ihe gbasara ya | sɔ̀rɔ̀ (5 + 1) | sɔ́frá (5 + 2) | Ciɡys (2 x 4)? | Ọ̀ Bụl (5 + 4)? | N'ihi ya, ọ bụ |
| Guro-Tura | Guro | dʊ | Fié | Yaá | N'oge gara aga | Solú | sʊɛdʊ / sʊɛl (5 + 1) | sʊlàyíé (5 + 2) | sʊlaá (5 + 3) | N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-eme ihe nkiri (5 + 4) | hụrụ |
| Guro-Tura | Yaouré | tʊ̀ | "ịfụ ụfụ" | yaaɡa | sĩjɛ̃ = sĩɟɛ̃ ma ọ bụ sĩd͡ʒɛ̃ | siri ike | ʃɛ́dʊ (5 + 1) | sɔravli (5 + 2) | sɔ́ra (5 + 3) | sɔrasiɛ̃ (5 + 4) | Fụ |
| Guro-Tura | Mann (Mano) | doó | Pịlị | yààka | yììsɛ | Saịoli | Saládo (5 + 1) | [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] | sálàka (5 + 3) | Sinyàìsɛ (5 + 4) | troc̀ |
| Nwa-Ben | Beng | mee | plaŋ | Isi iyi | siéŋ | Saịn | sɔdo (5 + 1) | sɔpla (5 + 2) | sɔ́wa (5 + 3) | Isi (5 + 4) | ebu |
| Nwa-Ben | Gagu | dò | fɪn | ya na ya | Zié | Súu | Sedọ (5 + 1) | [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] | [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] | Tizi (5 + 4) | ebe |
| Nwa-Ben | Mwan (Muan) | mee | plɛ | yaɡa | yiziɛ | naanị ya | N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọ "Dose" (5 + 1) | Na-agba agba (5 + 2) | N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọ "Dose" (5 + 3) | Na-agba ọsọ (5 + 4) | hụrụ |
| Nwa-Ben | Wan | mee | pilɔŋ | ʔã́ | Sijá | sɔ́lú | Ụmụ ahụhụ | Seaʔã́ (5 + 2) | Sejãŋ́ (5 + 3) | sɔlásijá (5 + 4) | sɔ́jɔlú |
| Egwuregwu-Jeri | Jalkunan | dúlì | Ọkpụkpụ azụ | siɡ͡bù | N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'oge a na-eme ihe nkiri | sōːló | mìːlù | [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] | [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] | [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] | Juy |
| Egwuregwu-Jeri | Ligbi | Dien / Dié | fàlà / fàlá | sèɡ͡bá / siɡ͡bá | náani | solo / solo | mɔ́ɔ́dó / mooró (5 + 1) | maúlà / mafála (5 + 2) | másèɡ͡bá / masiɡ͡bá (5 + 3) | màdááné / maráni (5 + 4) | aga n'ihu |
| Manding | Marka (Dafing) | kyen / kyeren | ahịrị / ahịrị | saba / saba | Snow / Snow | Ọ bụ n'oge a na-akpọ ya "Luzuru" | Ọnyà | w karaa / wonla | sii / siɡi | konon / kondon | tan / tan |
| Manding | Bambara | Kelen [kélẽ́] | Ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka a na-eme ya | Saaba [sàbá] | náani [náːní] | dúuru [dúːrú] | Igo na-ekwu maka ya | wólon [wulawólwólá] | sèɡin [sèɡĩ́] | N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-eme ihe nkiri | tan [kwada] |
| Manding | Jula (1) | Ọ bụrụ na ị chọrọ ịsị na ị chọrọ | N'ebe ahụ, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị. | Sabí [sà.bà] | naànìn [nàː present̀] | dùùrù [dù.ɾù] | Igoɔv̀ [wɔ̀ːɾɔ́] | Ọkpụkpụ ahụ | sieɡi [ee.e.ɡí] | kɔ́nɔ́ndon [kɔ.̀nɔ̃.nd́] | tan [kwada] |
| Manding | Jula (2) | Ọchịchị [kélẽ́] | N'usoro [ị] / fla [ị] | saba [sab] | Nkwupụta [naːní] | looru [lóːrú] | Jọnyụ | Ọ bụ n'oge a ka a ga-esi na ya nweta ya | seɡin [sèɡĩ́] / leeɡi [sèːɡí] | Ihe omuma ihe omuma | tan [kwada] |
| Manding | Sankaran Maninka | Ebe a na-anọ | ahịrị | Sawaa | Ọ bụ mgbe ahụ ka a na-ahụ | nke a / looli | Ọ bụ ya mere e ji eme ihe | Ọ bụ ya mere e ji mee ihe | sen | konondo | tan |
| Manding | Mahou | Kéléŋ | n'afọ ndị ọzọ | sàwà | náani | Lóo | Igo | wóóŋvyà | S.ɲíŋ | kɔ́nŋdɔ́ŋ | táŋ |
| Manding | Mandinka | kiliŋ | Ọdịda Anyanwụ | Saba | náani | luulu | wóoro | wórówula | Sayi | kononto | táŋ |
| Manding | Xaasonga | kilin | Ọdịda Anyanwụ | Saba | Ọ bụ mgbe ahụ ka a na-ahụ | luulu | wooro | woorowula | Saɡi | xononto | tan |
| Mokole | Kakabe | Kelen | ọkpụkpụ | Saaba | náani | Rọlu | Igo na-emetụta | Igovwila (6 + 1) | Saịnọs | N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-eme ihe nkiri | tan |
| Mokole | Kuranko | __ibo__ Ọmụmụ ihe | ahịrị | Sawaa / Saba | nani | loli | Igo | Ọ bụ mgbe a na-akpọ ya aha? | seɡin | Ọ na-agbawa agbawa | tan |
| Mokole | Lele | kel na-acha | Ọ bụ naanị ya ka a na-akpọ | Sawaa | nani | luuli | N'oge na-adịghị anya | Igwe iko (6 + 1) | otu ugboro | Nke iri na abụọ | taŋ |
| Vai-Kono | Kono | ncélen / ncéle, dɔ́ndo | fèa | sàwa | náani | Duʔu | Igoyi | Iwenfea / Owenfea | séi / séin | Ọrụ ndị ahụ | tan |
| Vai-Kono | Vai | Rọndɔ́́ | Fá̀ (ʔ) á | sàk͡pá | Na-aga n'ihu | Ọ bụ naanị (ʔ) ú | sɔŋ lɔ́ndɔ́ (5 + 1) | sɔ̂ŋ fɛ̀ (ʔ) á (5 + 2) | sɔ̂ŋ sàk͡pá (5 + 3) | N'oge gara aga (5 + 4) | ọrụ |
| Susu-Yalunka | Susu | N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-eme | Ọrịa na-eme ka mmadụ nwee obi ụtọ | Saxon [sàxã́] | náani | Suley | Senní (5 + 1) | Sólófer (5 + 2) | Solomássan (5 + 3) | Solománáání (5 + 4) | fuú |
| Susu-Yalunka | Yalunka (1) | Kụra | Ọkpụkpụ azụ | sàkáŋ | Ihe omume a | sùlù | senì (5 + 1) | Flófɛ̀rɛ́ (5 + 2) | tetara (5 + 3) | Nnukwu oge (5 + 4) | Fụ |
| Susu-Yalunka | Yalunka (Jalonke) (2) | keden | fidin | Saxan | Ọ bụ mgbe ahụ ka a na-ahụ | suuli | __ibo__ Ihe a na-akpọ "Changni" (5 + 1) | solofɛdɛ (5 + 2) | solomasɛɡɛ (5 + 3) | solomanaani (5 + 4) | Fuu |
| Kpelle | Guinea Kpelle | tagan | hvèèlɛ̌ / hvèèlɛ́ | haàbǎ / haàbá | nááŋ́ | Rọlí | M̀í da (5 + 1) | M̀ì hvéélɛ̀ (5 + 2) | M̀ì haábà (5 + 3) | M̀ì nááŋ́ (5 + 4) | pòǔ |
| Kpelle | Liberia Kpelle | taaŋ / tɔnɔ / dɔnɔ | Ọrụ | Sabawaa | náaŋ | Nọtọlu / rhọtọlu | Ọnọdụ nke (5 + 1) | Ọ bụ ihe mere n'oge ahụ ka a ga-eme (5 + 2) | Ọ bụ n'ebe ahụ ka a na-anọ (5 + 3) | Ịnọ n'ọnọdụ dị otú o kwesịrị (5 + 4) | Pu |
| Mende-Loma | Looma (Toma) (1) | ɡílàɡ | félé (ɡɔ̀) | Sáwà (ɡɔ̀) | náánĩ̀ (ɡɔ̀) | Ọganihu (ɡɔ̀) | dòzìtà (5 + 1) | Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ ihe a na-akpọ "German" (5 + 2) | Ọ bụ ya na ya (5 + 3) | tàwù̀ (ɡɔ̀) (10-1)? | Ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọ |
| Mende-Loma | Loma (2) | ɡila | feleɡɔ | Saụnwụ | Naɡɔ | dooluo | Ọnyà (5 + 1) | Ọnyà (5 + 2) | Ọnyà (5 + 3) | taawu (10-1)? | Pu |
| Mende-Loma | Bandi (1) | ìtá (ŋ), n'ihi ya | Felet (ŋ) | sàwá (ŋ), sàá (ŋ) | Na-aga n'ihu | ndɔ́́lú (ŋ) | nɡɔ̀hítá (ŋ) (5 + 1) | ŋɡɔ̀félà (ŋ) (5 + 2) | ŋɡɔ̀hák͡pá (ŋ), ŋɡwahák͡pá (5+ 4) | tààwú (ŋ), tààvo (ŋ) (10-1)? | pû (ŋ), púù (ŋ) |
| Mende-Loma | Bandi (2) | iitá | mmetụta | saawá | naáni | Mkpụrụ obi | nɡɔhíta (5 + 1) | nɡɔféla (5 + 2) | nɡwahák͡pa (5 + 3) | Taávu (10-1)? | ogwu |
| Mende-Loma | Ọdịdị (1) | íla (ŋ) | félé (ŋ), fada (ŋ) | Sáwá (ŋ), cáwá (ŋ) | náay (ŋ) | ńdɔu (ŋ) | ŋɡɔhita (5 + 1) | ŋɡɔfɛla (5 + 2) | ŋɡɔsaak͡pa | karaabu, raabu | puu (ŋ), kapuu (ŋ) |
| Mende-Loma | Loko (2) | ilaa | Ọkpụkpụ | itʃawa | naiŋ | ndɔu | nɡɔita (5 + 1) | nɡɔfla (5 + 2) | nɡɔsaɡ͡ba (5 + 3) | Karabu (10-1)? | kapu |
| Mende-Loma | Mende | yilá / itá | Ọfụma | sawá | náani | Rọl | Igoite (5 + 1) | Igofila (5 + 2) | wáyák͡pá (5 + 3) | taálú (10-1)? | puú |
| Samogo | Duungooma | sɔʔi | fíʔi | ʒiʔi | naai | ọhụrụ | Ọ bụ ihe efu | N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi na ọ bụ n"ụlọ mkpọrọ | Isi iyi | kleːlo | nke a |
| Samogo | Dzùùngoo | sōː ́ / sōːrē | fíː / fíːkí | ʒìːɡī ́ | Na-adịghị | Ọ dịghị ihe ọzọ | tsũ̀mɛ̃̄ ́ | N'ihi ya, onye na-ekwu okwu ya | ŋáːlõ̀ | Akara ndị a | tsjéù |
| Samogo | Jowulu (Jo) | N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-eme ya | Fuli | bʒei | pʃɪrɛɪ | Ka ọ dị | [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] | dʒɔ̃mpʊn (3 + 4) | fulpʊn (2 x 4) | N'oge a na-anọ n'obodo ahụ (5 + 4) | N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị |
| Samogo | Seeku | swɛ̃̄ | fĩ́́́ | ʃwɛ̀ | Naà | N'ebe ndị ọzọ | tsììì | Ihe ndị a na-akpọ fanì | Kaà | Somomɛ́ | To |
| Soninke-Bobo | Konabéré | tálɪ̄ | N'ihi ya | sǎ | N'ihi ya | kʊ̄ | kʊ̀kwɪ́ (5 + 1) | Kʊ̀rʊ̀pâre (5 + 2) | kʊ̀rʊ̀sɔ̄ʊ̀ (5 + 3) | kʊ̀rʊ̀nɔ̂ŋ (5 + 4) | __ibo__ Ụzọ e si agụnye |
| Soninke-Bobo | Southern Bobo Madare | Isi okwu | ala | Saà | N'ihi ya, | kóò | Ndị isi ala (5 + 1) | Agha (5 + 2) | Khorósɔ̃̌ (5 + 3) | korónɔ̃̌ (5 + 4) | N'ihi ya |
| Soninke-Bobo | Hainyaxo Bozo (Kelenga) | Sadna:nà | ebe e nwere | ee: ebe | ná:nà | Glílɔ́hɔ́ | ị:mì | dʒíenì | N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-anọ n'ụlọ | Ịnọ n'ụra | Ka ọ dị |
| Soninke-Bobo | Tièmà-Cièwè Bozo | ya:á | N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka a na-eme ya | sì:yé | nà: ga-abụ | Glílɔ́́́́ | Ị:mì | dʒiènĩ́́ | Tʃèkí | Mọnkụ | tá |
| Soninke-Bobo | Tiéyaxo Bozo (Tigemaxo) (1) | Sanna | nke abụọ | ee: ya na ya | Glílɔ́́́ | Glílɔ́́́ | ị:mĩ̀ | [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] | sɛ̄kī | Òtù | Ka ọ dị |
| Soninke-Bobo | Tiéyaxo Bozo (2) | Ihe omuma / kuɔn | fendeen / penden | siiyon | naaran | Ọ bụ n'oge na-adịghị anya | tuumi | jeeni | sekiin | kiawi | tan |
| Soninke-Bobo | Jenaama Bozo (1) | yaːá | Ọchịchị: | N'ihi ya, ọ bụ ya mere e ji dee ya | Na-akpata | Ọ bụrụ na ị chọrọ ịmatakwu | tǔːmí | Yine | Ọ bụ n'oge na-adịghị anya ka ọ na-eme | ka ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ | tʃɛ́mí |
| Soninke-Bobo | Jenaama Bozo (2) | Ọ bụ eziokwu | Ọ na-akwụsi ike | sikɛũ / siɡɛũ | nataũ | kɔɡõ | tuumi | yeeni | seki | Nkume | tʃɛmi / tʃami |
| Soninke-Bobo | Soninke | bàanè | fíllò / filːi | sikko / sikːi | náɣátò / naɣati | karáɡò / karaɡi | Ugboro ole na ole | ɲeri | Seɡù / seɡi | Kaị / kabi | Maịma / Maịma |
Hụkwa
dezie- Ndepụta nke Proto-Mande reconstructions (Wiktionary)
- Ndepụta nke Proto-West Mande reconstructions (Wiktionary)
- Asụsụ Manding
- Iwu
- Asụsụ Mende
Edensibia
deziebụrụ na njikọ asụsụ Mande doro anya nke ahụ ga-enyere aka ịkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme ya. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Joseph Greenberg tụrụ aro na otu Niger-Congo, nke n'echiche ya gụnyere ezinụlọ asụsụ Mande, malitere ịpụ n'ihe dị ka Afọ 7,000 BP. Ndị -asụ ya ga-eme omenala Neolithic, dịka okwu Proto-Niger-Congo maka "ụmụ ehi", "nwa ewu" na "ịzụlite" gosipụtara.
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Güldemann (2018). "Historical linguistics and genealogical language classification in Africa", in Güldemann: The Languages and Linguistics of Africa, The World of Linguistics. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton, 58–444. DOI:10.1515/9783110421668-002. ISBN 978-3-11-042606-9. “Overall, unless more robust and systematic evidence is brought forward, the long-standing but vague idea that Mande is distant from the rest of Niger-Kordofanian as one of its earliest offshoots should give way to the neutral assessment that it is a family without a proven genealogical affiliation (p. 192).”
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Dimmendaal (2008). "Language Ecology and Linguistic Diversity on the African Continen t". Language and Linguistics Compass 2 (5): 840–858. DOI:10.1111/j.1749-818x.2008.00085.x. ISSN 1749-818X.
- ↑ Vydrin (2009). On the Problem of the Proto-Mande Homeland. Journal of Language Relationships 107–142.
- ↑ McCall (1971). "The Cultural Map and Time Profile of the Mande Speaking Peoples", in Hodge: Papers on the Manding. Bloomington: Indiana University. ISBN 9780877501589.
- ↑ Delafosse (1901). Essai de manuel pratique de la langue mandé ou mandingue .... Institut national de langues et civilisations orientales. OCLC 461494818.
- ↑ Welmers (1971). "Niger–Congo, Mande". Linguistics in Sub-Saharan Africa 7: 113–140.
- ↑ Dimmendaal (2011). Historical Linguistics and the Comparative Study of African Languages. John Benjamins. ISBN 978-90-272-8722-9.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Vydrin (2016). "Toward a Proto-Mande reconstruction and an etymological dictionary". Faits de Langues 47: 109–123. DOI:10.1163/19589514-047-01-900000008.
- ↑ Vydrin (2018). Mande Languages. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics. DOI:10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.397.
- ↑ Mande language family. mandelang.kunstkamera.ru. Archived from the original on 2019-03-31. Retrieved on 2019-03-25.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Kastenholz (1996). Sprachgeschichte im West-Mande: Methoden und Rekonstruktionen. Köln: Köppe, 281. ISBN 3896450719. OCLC 42295840.
- ↑ {{{title}}}. ISBN 0521661781.
- ↑ Bimson (1976). "Comparative reconstruction of Mandekan". Studies in African Linguistics 7 (3).
- ↑ Schreiber (2008). Eine historische Phonologie der Niger-Volta-Sprachen: Ein Beitrag zur Erforschung der Sprachgeschichte der östlichen Ost-Mandesprachen. R. Köppe. ISBN 978-3-89645-076-0.
- ↑ Vydrin (2007). "South Mande reconstruction: Initial consonants", Аспекты компаративистики 2, Orientalia et classica. Труды Института восточных культур и античн.
- ↑ Dwyer (1988). "Towards Proto-Mande phonology". Mandenkan 14/15: 139–152.
- ↑ Chan (2019). The Niger-Congo Language Phylum. Numeral Systems of the World's Languages.
Ịgụ ihe ọzọ
dezie- Delafosse (1904). Vocabulaires comparatifs de plus de soixante langues ou dialectes parlés à la Ivory Coast et dans les régions limitrophes, avec des notes linguistiques et ethnologiques. Paris: Leroux.
- Halaoui (1983). Atlas des langues mandé – sud de Ivory Coast. Abidjan: ACCT-ILA.
- Perekhvalskaya (2019). "Numeral systems in Mande languages". Mandenkan 61: 47–111.
- Steinthal (1867). Die Mande-Negersprachen, psychologisch und phonetisch betrachtet. Berlin: Schade.
- Sullivan [1983] (2004). A preliminary report of existing information on the Manding languages of West Africa: Summary and suggestions for future research, SIL Electronic Survey Report. Dallas: SIL International.
- Vydrin (2000). Mandé language family of West Africa: Location and genetic classification, SIL Electronic Survey Report. Dallas: SIL International.
- Williamson (2000). "Niger-Congo", in Heine: African Languages: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press.