Afar language
Asụsụ Afar (Afar: ; nkè á makwaara dị kà Áfar Af, Afaraf, Qafar af) bụ asụsụ Afroasiatic nkè sitere ná alaka Cushitic. Ọ bụ ndị Afar bị ná Djibouti, Eritrea na Ethiopia na-asụ ya.
| Language name | ||
|---|---|---|
| Spoken in: | — | |
| Region: | — | |
| Total speakers: | — | |
| Language family: | Default | |
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639-1: | none | |
| ISO 639-2: | — | |
| ISO 639-3: | — | |
| Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. | ||
Nchịkọta
dezieÁ na-ekewa Afar n'ime alaka Cushitic nkè ezinụlọ Afroasiatic. A na-ekewapụkwa ya ná mpaghara Lowland East Cushitic, tinyere Saho ná Somali.[1] Asụsụ Saho kacha nsó bụ Onye ikwu yá.[2]
Ebe a na-ekesa ya
dezieDị kà Ethnologue si kwuo, e nwèrè 1,379,200 ngụkọta ndị na-asụ asụsụ Afar. N'ime ndị á, e dekọrọ 1,280,000 na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị Etiopia nkè afọ 2007, ná 906,000 monolinguals debanyere áhà ná ọnụ ọgụgụ nkè afọ 1994.[2]
Ọnọdụ gọọmentị
dezieNa Djibouti, Afar bụ asụsụ mbà á mà ámá.[3] Ọ bụkwa otú n'ime asụsụ mgbasa ozi nkè Redio Television nkè netwọk ọha ná ézè nkè Djibouti.
Ná Eritrea, á na-amata Afar dị ka otu n'ime asụsụ mbà itoolu nkè nwere ọnọdụ nhata n'ụzọ iwu ọ bụ ezie ná Tigrinya na Arabic bụ ìhè kachasị Mkpà n'iji y'à eme ihe. Enwere mgbasa ozi kwa ụbọchị na redio mbà ná nsụgharị nkè iwu Eritrea. Otú ọ dị, ná agụmakwụkwọ, ndị na-asụ asụsụ Afar na-ahọrọ Arabic nke ọtụtụ n'ime há na-asọpụta dị ka asụsụ nkè abụọ dị kà asụsụ nkuzi.[4]
Ná mpaghara Afar nkè Etiopia, á makwaara Afar dị ka asụsụ ọrụ gọọmentị.[5] Kemgbe afọ 2020, Afar bụ otu n'ime asụsụ ise na-arụ ọrụ ná Etiopia.[6]
Ọmụmụ ụdaolu
dezieMkpụrụ okwu
dezieÁ na-edepụta ụdaume nkè asụsụ Afar ná orthography ọkọlọtọ n'okpuru ébé á (nkè nwere akara IPA ná brackets):
| Ọnụ | Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Ọkpụkpụ akpịrị | Ọkụ | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ebe a na-akwụsị | enweghị olu | t [t] | k [k] | |||||
| kwuru okwu | b [b] | d [d] | g [ɡ] | |||||
| Ihe na-eme ka ihe sie ike | enweghị olu | f [f] | s [s] | c [ħ] | h [h] | |||
| kwuru okwu | q [ʕ] | |||||||
| Ụgbọ imi | m [m] | n [n] | ||||||
| Ihe ndị na-eru nso | w [w] | l [l] | y [j] | |||||
| Tap | r [ɾ] | x [ɖ][7] | ||||||
Á na-ahapụ ụdaume na-enweghị ụdaolu nkè á na-ahazi mkpụrụedemede dị nso, dịka, [ʌkʰˈme].
Mkpụrụedemede ná nrụgide
dezie- mkpirikpi
- [ʌ]
- e [e]
- m [i]
- ma ọ bụ [o]
- u [u]
- ogologo oge
- aa [aː]
- ee [eː]
- ii [iː]
- oo [oː]
- uu [uː]
- mkpirikpi
Á na-achọ ụdaume ikpeazụ nkè ahịrịokwu na-akwado (ma mesie ya ike), dịka abeh = //aˈbeʰ// 'Ọ mere.' A naghị achọ ụdaume ikpeazụ nke ngwaa na-adịghị mma (ma ọ bụ kwusie ike), dịka maabinna = //ˈmaabinna// 'Ọ meghị.' A na-eme ka ụdaume ikpeazụ nke ngwaa ajụjụ dị ogologo (ma mesie ya ike), dịka abee? = //aˈbeː// 'Ọ mere?' Ma ọ bụghị ya, nrụgide ná okwu ikpeazụ.
Phonotactics
dezieỤdị mkpụrụedemede nwere ike ịbụ V, VV, VC, VVC, CV, CVV na CVVC.
Nchịkọta okwu
dezieDị kà ọ dị n'ọtụtụ asụsụ Cushitic ndị ọzọ, usoro okwu bụ ịsị ná Afar bụ isiokwu.[2]
Usoro ide ìhè
dezieN'Etiopia, á na-eji ihe odide Ge'ez (ihe odide Etiopia) ede Afar. Kemgbe ihe dị ka 1849, á na-eji mkpụrụedemede Latin eme ihe n'ebe ndị ọzọ iji sụgharịa asụsụ ahụ.[2] Tụkwasị ná nkè á, a na-edekwa Afar site ná iji mkpụrụedemede Arabic.[8]
Ná mbido afọ 1970, ndị ụbụrụ na-aghọ nkọ abụọ ná ndị na-ahụ mba n'anya, Dimis ná Redo, kwadoro mkpụrụ akwụkwọ Afar. Á maara dị ka Qafar Feera, orthography dabeere ná edemede Latin.[9]
Ndị ọrụ si ná Institut des Langues de Djibouti, Ministry of Education nkè Eritrea, ná Ethiopian Afar Language Studies and Enrichment Center arụwo ọrụ ná ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ Afar, ndị edemede ná ndị nnọchi ányá obodo iji họrọ orthography ọkọlọtọ màkà Afar n'etiti usoro edemede dị iche iche dị ugbu a eji ede asụsụ ahụ.[8]
Mkpụrụ akwụkwọ Latin
dezie
Ihe edeturu
dezie- ↑ Lewis (1998). Peoples of the Horn of Africa: Somali, Afar and Saho. Red Sea Press.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Afar language. Ethnologue. Retrieved on 23 August 2013. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Ethnaar" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Djibouti. The World Factbook. CIA. Retrieved on 31 August 2014.
- ↑ Simeone-Senelle. Les langues en Erythrée (fr). Chroniques Yeménites 8, 2000. Cy.revues.org.
- ↑ (2006) in Kizitus Mpoche: Language, literature, and identity. Cuvillier, 163–164. ISBN 3-86537-839-0.
- ↑ Getachew. Ethiopia is adding four more official languages to Amharic as political instability mounts (en). Quartz. Retrieved on 2022-04-12.
- ↑ Hamann (June 2010). "How do voiced retroflex stops evolve? Evidence from typology and an articulatory study.". Language and Speech 53 (2): 181–216. DOI:10.1177/0023830909357159. PMID 20583729.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Development of the Afar Language. Afar Friends. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Retrieved on 23 August 2013. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Afdal" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Afar (ʿAfár af). Omniglot. Retrieved on 23 August 2013.
Akwụkwọ
dezie- Loren F. Bliese, 1976. "Afar", Asụsụ Ndị Na-abụghị nke ndị Juu nke Etiopia. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Ann Arbor, Michigan: African Studies Center, Michigan State University. Peeji nke 133164.
- Loren F. Bliese, 1981. Asụsụ na-emepụta asụsụ nke Afar. Akwụkwọ Summer Institute of Linguistics na asụsụ mpịakọta 65. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics na Mahadum Texas na Arlington. ISBN 0-88312-083-6.
- [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Notes on the northern dialect of the Afar language", Journal of Ethiopian Studies 8:108.
- R. J. Hayward na Enid M. Parker. 1985. Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Afar-English-French na Grammatical Notes na Bekee. London: School of Oriental and African Studies, Mahadum nke London.
- [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Qafar (West Cushitic)", Handbook of Morphology. Ed. A. Spencer na A. Zwicky. Oxford: Blackwell. Peeji nke 624 na 647.
- [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Abụ ọdịnala nke ndị Afars. Asụsụ na Ọdịbendị Africa, 21 / SELAF Mpịakọta 363. Paris/Louvain: Peeters.
- [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Bekee. Washington DC: Dunwoody Press.
- [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Bibliography nke SahoʹAfar", Africana Marburgensia 8:53[[63.