Asusu Somali
Somali /səˈmɑːli, soʊ-/[4] (Latin script: Af-Soomaali; Wadaad: اَف صومالي ; Osmanya: 意 意 ːmɑ́ːlì]) bụ asụsụ Afroasiatic nke sitere na alaka Cushitic.[4] Ọ na-asụ ya dị ka asụsụ nne site na ndị Somalis di na Greater Somalia na ndị Somali diaspora. Somali bụ asụsụ gọọmentị na Somalia, Somaliland ya na Ethiopia, yana asụsụ mba na Djibouti nakwa n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Kenya.[5] A na-eji mkpụrụ akwụkwọ Latin dee asụsụ Somali n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro ọ bụ ezie na a na-eji akwụkwọ Arabic na ọtụtụ mkpụrụedemede Somali dị ka Osmanya na mkpụrụedemede Borama eme ihe n'ụzọ na-enweghị isi.[6][7]
| Somali | |
|---|---|
| Af Soomaali,[1] Soomaali[2] 𐒖𐒍 𐒈𐒝𐒑𐒛𐒐𐒘, 𐒈𐒝𐒑𐒛𐒐𐒘 اف صومالي, صومالي, | |
| Region | Horn of Africa |
| Ethnicity | Somalis |
Native speakers
|
21,807,730 (2019)[3] |
| Somali Latin alphabet (Latin script; official) Wadaad writing (Arabic script) Osmanya alphabet Borama alphabet Kaddare alphabet | |
| Official status | |
Official language in
|
 Somalia Somaliland Djibouti  Ethiopia
|
Recognised minority
language in |
|
| Regulated by | Regional Somali Language Academy |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-1 | so
|
| ISO 639-2 | som
|
| ISO 639-3 | som
|
| Glottolog | soma1255
|
| Linguasphere | 14-GAG-a
|
 Primary Somali Sprachraum
| |
Nchịkọta
dezieA na-ekewa Somali n'ime ngalaba Kushitic nke Ezinne ụlọ Afroasiatic, kpọmkwem, Lowland East Kushitic na mgbakwunye na Afar na Saho. Somali bụ asụsụ Kushitic kacha edekọ nke ọma, yana ọmụmụ mmụta mmụta asụsụ malitere na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 19.
Mgbasa ala nke Somalia
dezieA na-asụ asụsụ Somali n'ebe ndị Somalia bi na Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya, Yemen na ndị Somali gbasara agbasa . A na-asụkwa ya dị ka asụsụ nkuchi site n'aka ndị agbụrụ ole na ole na ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu na mpaghara ndị Somalia.
Somali bụ asụsụ Kushitic a na-asụkarị n'ógbè ahụ, ndị Oromo na Afar sochiri.
Ka ọ na-erule 2019, e nwere ihe dị ka nde 21.8 na-asụ Somali, gbasaa na Greater Somalia nke ihe dị ka Nde 7.8 bi na Somalia.[3] Asụsụ a na-asụ site na pacent iri itoolu n’ise nke ndị bi na mba ahụ, yana ọtụtụ ndị bi na Djibouti.
Mgbe mmalite nke Agha Obodo Somalia na mbido afọ 1990, ndị na-asụ Somali na-abawanye n'ibu, na obodo ndị ọhụrụ na-asụrụ Somali na-etolite n'akụkụ Middle East, North Amerika na Europe.[3]
Ọnọdụ gọọmentị
dezieA na-amata Somali dị ka asụsụ ọrụ gọọmentị na mpaghara Somalia nke Etiopia.[8] Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụghị asụsụ gọọmentị nke Djibouti, ọ bụ asụsụ mba dị mkpa n'ebe ahụ. A na-eji Somali eme ihe na mgbasa ozi telivishọn na redio, na Redio Djibouti nke gọọmentị na-arụ ọrụ na-ezipụ mmemme n'asụsụ ahụ site na 1943 gaa n'ihu.[9]
Ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi Kenya na-agbasa ozi n'asụsụ Somali na mmemme Iftin FM ya. A na-asụ asụsụ ahụ na mpaghara Somalia dị na North Eastern Kenya, ya bụ Wajir County, Garissa County na Mandera County.[10][11]
Asụsụ Somali na-achịkwa site na Regional Somali Language Academy, ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị etiti nke gọọmentị Djibouti, Somalia na Ethiopia guzobere na June 2013 na Djibouta City. A na-enye ya iwu ka ọ chekwaa asụsụ Somali.[12]
Ka ọ na-erule Ọktọba 2022, Somali na Oromo bụ naanị asụsụ Kushitik dị na Google Translate.[13]
Ụdị dị iche iche
dezieA na-ekewa ụdị asụsụ Somali n'ụzọ sara mbara n'ime ìgwè atọ: Northern, Benadir na Maay. Northern Somali (ma ọ bụ Nsom) bụ ihe ndabere maka Standard Somali.[14][15] karịrị pacent iri asato n’ise nke ndị Somalia niile na-asụ ya, [aha a chọrọ] na mpaghara okwu ya sitere na Djibouti, mpaghara Somalia nke Ethiopia, Northern Frontier District ruo n'ọtụtụ akụkụ nke Somalia[16] Nke a na-ekesa n'oge a bụ nsonaazụ nke ogologo usoro nke ndị mmadụ na-aga n'ebe ndịda n'ime narị afọ iri gara aga site na Gulf of Aden. Lamberti kewara Northern Somali n'ime olumba atọ: Northern Somali n"onwe ya (nke a na-asụ n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ; ọ na-akọwa olumba a dị ka Northern Somali nʼechiche ziri ezi), ìgwè Darod (nke a-asụ na n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ na n'ókèala ọwụwa Anyanwụ Etiopia; ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị ukwuu nke ndị na-asụrụ ya n'ozuzu), na ìgwè Lower Juba (nke ndị bi n'ebe dị n'ebe ọdịda Somalia na mpaghara osimiri na-asọpụta).[14]
A na-asụ Benadir (nke a makwaara dị ka Coastal Somali) n'etiti oké osimiri India, gụnyere Mogadishu. Ọ na-emepụta obere ìgwè. Asụsụ ahụ na Northern Somali na-aghọta nke ọma.
E nwere asụsụ ndị ọzọ a na-asụ na Somalia nke na-abụghị Afsoomali. Ha nwere ike ịbụ ngwakọta nke asụsụ Somali na asụsụ ndị ọzọ. Asụsụ dị otú ahụ bụ Maay nke ndị Digil na Mirifle (Rahanweyn ma ọ bụ Sab) na-asụ na mpaghara ndịda Somalia. Ebe a na-asụ ya na-agbasa site n'ókè ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ ya na Etiopia ruo mpaghara dị nso n'ụsọ oké osimiri n'etiti Mogadishu na Kismayo, gụnyere obodo Baidoa. Maay na Northern Somali enweghị nghọta, ọ dịkwa iche na nhazi ahịrịokwu na ụdaolu.[17] A naghị ejikarị ya eme ihe na agụmakwụkwọ ma ọ bụ mgbasa ozi. Otú ọ dị, ndị na-asụ Maay na-ejikarị Standard Somali dị ka asụsụ a na-asụrụkarị, nke a na-amụta site na nkwukọrịta ọha na eze, mbata n'ime obodo na ime obodo.[18][17]
Maay enweghị njikọ chiri anya na asụsụ Somali na nhazi ahịrịokwu na ụdaume na-asụ site na Jiddu, Dabarre, Garre na Tunni dị iche iche nke obere obodo Rahanweyn na-asukwa. N'ozuzu, asụsụ ndị a nwere ihe yiri Oromo nke a na-adịghị ahụ na Somali. Isi n'ime ndị a bụ enweghị ụda pharyngeal n'asụsụ Rahanweyn / Digil na Mirifle, ihe ndị dị iche na-egosi Somali mana ọ bụghị Somali. Ọ bụ ezie na n'oge gara aga a na-ekewapụkarị ya dị ka olumba nke Somali, nyocha ndị ọzọ nke onye ọkà mmụta asụsụ Mohamed Diriye Abdullahi gosipụtara na ụdị ndị a, gụnyere Maay, mejupụtara asụsụ Cushitic dị iche iche. Ọnọdụ nke ọdịiche dị n'etiti Spanish na Portuguese.[19] N'ime ụdị Digil, Jiddu bụ nke ndị Benadir na ndị Northern na-asụ asụsụ na-aghọtaghị.[20] N'agbanyeghị ọdịiche asụsụ ndị a, ndị na-asụ Somali n'ozuzu ha na-ele onwe ha anya dị ka ndị na-ekwu otu asụsụ.[21]
Otú ọ dị, nyocha nke Deqa Hassan mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya nke nwalere nghọta dị n'etiti ndị na-asụ Af-Maay na Af-Maxaa (Northern Somali) agbaghaala echiche ndị a.
Nnyocha ahụ chọpụtara na Af-Maay na Af-maxaa (Northern Speakers) nwere nghọta na nghọta na-abawanye na nghọta dị elu nke Standardi Somali, nke na-egosi nghọta nke ọkọlọtọ Somali (Northern Somali) na-eme ka ohere nke ịghọta Af-May dịkwuo ukwuu. Nke a na-akọwa ihe kachasị mkpa nke asụsụ nke na-ejikọta ọdịiche asụsụ abụọ ahụ ọnụ. Ọzọkwa, a na-ahazi Af-Maay dị ka ụdị asụsụ 5 maka akụkọ ọdịbendị ọ na-ekerịta na ndị na-ekwu okwu Af nke na-akọwa nghọta ya.[22]
Ọmụmụ ụdaolu
dezieMkpụrụedemede udaume
dezieSomali nwere ụdaume ise nke niile dị iche na ụdaume na-asụ ude na nke siri ike yana ogologo ụdaume. Enwere obere mgbanwe na ọdịdị ụdaume mgbe a na-eme ka ụdaume dị ogologo. Mkpụrụedemede ọ bụla nwere nkwekọrịta nkwekọrịta, na ụdaume ọ bụla n'ime otu nkwekọrịta (nke nwere ike ibu karịa okwu na Somali) ga-ejikọta na ụdaume ndị ọzọ. Otú ọ dị, orthography Somali adịghị eme ka ọdịiche dị n'etiti ụdị nkwekọrịta abụọ nke ụdaume ọ bụla.
| Usoro ihu | Usoro azụ | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| mkpirikpi | ogologo oge | mkpirikpi | ogologo oge | |
| N'ihu dị nso na-enweghị okirikiri /
Ihe dị nso nso nso n'ihu na-enweghị okirikiri |
i | iː | <span about="#mwt236" class="IPA" data-cx="[{"adapted":true,"partial":false,"targetExists":true}]" data-mw="{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"IPA","href":"./Àtụ:IPA"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"ɪ"}},"i":0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwAQI" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" typeof="mw:Transclusion">ɪ</span> | ɪː |
| N'ihu dị nso n'etiti na-enweghị okirikiri /
N'ihu na-emeghe n'etiti na-enweghị okirikiri |
na | eː | <span about="#mwt239" class="IPA" data-cx="[{"adapted":true,"partial":false,"targetExists":true}]" data-mw="{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"IPA","href":"./Àtụ:IPA"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"ɛ"}},"i":0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwARA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" typeof="mw:Transclusion">Ọ bụ</span> | ɛː |
| Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihu na-emeghe na-enweghị gburugburu /
Mepee azụ na-enweghị okirikiri |
<span about="#mwt241" class="IPA" data-cx="[{"adapted":true,"partial":false,"targetExists":true}]" data-mw="{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"IPA","href":"./Àtụ:IPA"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"æ"}},"i":0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwARo" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" typeof="mw:Transclusion">æ</span> | æː | <span about="#mwt243" class="IPA" data-cx="[{"adapted":true,"partial":false,"targetExists":true}]" data-mw="{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"IPA","href":"./Àtụ:IPA"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"ɑ"}},"i":0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwAR8" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" typeof="mw:Transclusion">Ọ bụ n'ihi na ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka</span> | ɑː |
| Oghere etiti etiti gbara gburugburu /
Ogologo oghere etiti azụ gbara gburugburu |
<span about="#mwt245" class="IPA" data-cx="[{"adapted":true,"partial":false,"targetExists":true}]" data-mw="{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"IPA","href":"./Àtụ:IPA"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"ɞ"}},"i":0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwASk" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" typeof="mw:Transclusion">Ọdịdị</span> | ɞː | <span about="#mwt247" class="IPA" data-cx="[{"adapted":true,"partial":false,"targetExists":true}]" data-mw="{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"IPA","href":"./Àtụ:IPA"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"ɔ"}},"i":0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwAS4" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" typeof="mw:Transclusion">Ọ bụ n'afọ</span> | ɔː |
| N'etiti etiti dị nso /
N'azụ dị nso gbara gburugburu |
<span about="#mwt249" class="IPA" data-cx="[{"adapted":true,"partial":false,"targetExists":true}]" data-mw="{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"IPA","href":"./Àtụ:IPA"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"ʉ"}},"i":0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwATg" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" typeof="mw:Transclusion">N'anya</span> | ʉː | u | uː |
Mkpụrụ okwu udaolu
dezieSomali nwere ụdaolu ụdaolu iri abụọ na abụọ.
| Akụkụ abụọ | Alveolar | Post-alveolar<br id="mwAak"><br><br><br> | Velar | Uvular | Pharyn-geal<br id="mwAbA"><br><br><br> | Ọkụ | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ụgbọ imi | m | n | ||||||
| Plosive | voiceless | t̪ | k | q | ʔ | |||
| voiced | b | d̪ | d | g | ||||
| Africate | t͡ʃ | |||||||
| Ihe na-esiri ike | voiceless | f | s | ʃ | x ~ χ | ħ | h | |
| voiced | ʕ | |||||||
| Ihe na-atọ ụtọ | r | |||||||
| Ihe atụ | w | l | j | (w) | ||||
Mkpụrụ okwu //b d̪ ɡ// na-ebelata mgbe mgbe na [β ð ɣ] intervocalically. Retroflex plosive //ɖ// nwere ike ịnwe àgwà implosive maka ụfọdụ ndị na-ekwu okwu, na intervocalically enwere ike ịghọta ya dị ka flap.[23] Ụfọdụ ndị na-ekwu okwu na-emepụta //ħ// na epiglottal trilling. //q// na-abụkarị epiglottalized.
Asụsụ ahụ nwere ụdaume ise. Nke ọ bụla nwere ọdịiche dị n'ihu na azụ yana nsụgharị ogologo ma ọ bụ mkpirikpi. Nke a na-enye ụdaume 20 dị ọcha. Ọ na-egosipụtakwa ụda atọ: elu, ala na ọdịda. Mkpụrụedemede na-agbakọta n'ime otu nkwekọrịta, yabụ ụdaume niile dị n'ime ìgwè ahụ ga-abụrịrị n'ihu ma ọ bụ azụ. Otú ọ dị, orthography Somali adịghị eme ka ọdịiche dị n'etiti ọdịiche dị iche iche n'ihu na azụ nke ụdaume, ebe ọ bụ na e nwere obere ụzọ abụọ.[24]
Ọdịdị mkpụrụedemede nke Somali bụ (C)V(C). Mgbọrọgwụ morphemes na-enwekarị mono- ma ọ bụ di-syllabic structure.
Pitch bụ phonemic na Somali, mana a na-arụrịta ụka ma Somali bụ ụda olu ma ọ bụ asụsụ ụda olu.[25] Andrzejewski (1954) na-ekwu na Somali bụ asụsụ ụda olu, ebe Banti (1988) na-atụ aro na ọ bụ asụsụ ụda.[26][27]
Ụda
dezieEnwere ike ịhazi okwu dị mkpa na Somali n'okpuru usoro ụda olu, nke nwere otu ụda olu dị elu kwa okwu.
Usoro ụda na-eme ka ọdịiche dị n'etiti asụsụ na okwu. Ihe dị iche iche gụnyere ọnụọgụ otu na ọtụtụ (ọdịiche ụtọ asụsụ), na nwoke na nwanyị (ọdịiche asụsụ na mgbe ụfọdụ kwa ọdịiche okwu). Otu ihe atụ bụ inán ('nwa agbọghọ') na ínan ('nwa nwoke'). Nke a na-egosipụta usoro ụda nke na-edepụta okike, dị ka dameér ('nwa ịnyịnya ibu nwanyị') na daméer ('nwa ịkwa ibu nwoke').
Ajụjụ banyere usoro ụda na Somali arụrịta ụka kemgbe ọtụtụ iri afọ. Nkwekọrịta nke oge a bụ nke a:
N'asụsụ Somali, ụda olu bụ mora karịa ụdaume nke mkpụrụedemede. Mkpụrụedemede dị ogologo ma ọ bụ diphthong nwere morae abụọ ma nwee ike iburu ụda abụọ. A na-akọwa mora ọ bụla dị ka nke dị elu ma ọ bụ dị ala. Naanị otu ụda dị elu na-apụta n'okwu ọ bụla ma nke a ga-abụrịrị na njedebe ikpeazụ ma ọ bụ nke abụọ. Akụkụ anaghị enwe ụda dị elu. (Ndị a gụnyere prepositions, pronouns clitic maka isiokwu na ihe, pronours na-abụghị nke mmadụ na akara ngosi.) Ya mere, enwere ụzọ atọ nwere ike "usoro nkenke" na mgbọrọgwụ okwu.
Phonetically e nwere ụda atọ na ụdaume ogologo: elu, ala na ọdịda:
- Na ụdaume ogologo maọbụ diphthong, a na-ahụ usoro nke elu-ala dị ka ụda na-ada.
- Na ụdaume dị ogologo ma ọ bụ diphthong, a na-ahụ usoro nke dị ala dị elu dị ka nke dị elu. (Mgbe ụfọdụ, ọ bụ ụda na-arị elu.)
Enwere ike ịkọwa ojiji a nke ụda dị ka ụda olu. Ọ dị ka nke ahụ na Oromo.
Nchegbu na-ejikọta ya na ụda olu. Ụda dị elu nwere nrụgide siri ike; ụda na-ada ada nwere nrụgide dị ala na ụda dị ala enweghị nrụgide.
Mgbe ọ dị mkpa, mgbakọ maka akara ụda na Somali edere bụ ndị a:
- ụda olu dị elu - ụda olu dị ala
- ụda olu dị ala - ụda dị ala
- circumflex - ụda na-ada ada
A na-akara ụdaolu dị na ụdaume ogologo na akara ụdaume mbụ.
Phonotactics
dezieỌdịdị mkpụrụedemede nke Somali bụ (C)V(C).
Mgbọrọgwụ morphemes na-enwekarị mono- ma ọ bụ di-syllabic structure.
Ìgwè nke ụdaume abụọ anaghị apụta na mbụ okwu ma ọ bụ na njedebe okwu, ya bụ, ha na-apụta naanị na nsọtụ mkpụrụedemede. Mkpụrụ okwu ndị a nwere ike ịbụ geminate: /b/, /d/, /ɖ/, /ɡ/, /ア/, /m/, /n/, /r/ na /l/. Ihe ndị na-esonụ enweghị ike ịbụ geminate: /t/, /k/ na fricatives.
Mkpụrụedemede abụọ enweghị ike ịpụta ọnụ na njedebe nke mkpụrụedemede. Ya mere, a na-etinye ụdaume epenthetic, dịka [j] na [ʔ], .
Asụsụ
dezie| Onye | Nkwado siri ike | Clitic (obere) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Isiokwu | Ihe | ||||
| 1 | otu | Isi nke iri | aan | i | |
| ọtụtụ | inclusive | innaga | Anyanwụ Anyanwụ | ina | |
| exclusive | Annaga | aannu | na | ||
| 2 | otu | Ọ na-eme ka ọ dị | Ọ bụ otú ahụ ka ọ dị | ku | |
| ọtụtụ | Otu onye | Aydin | N'oge ahụ | ||
| 3 | otu | masculine | Isiokwu a na-akpọ "Justice" | uu | -- -- |
| feminine | Ọ na-ewute | ay ay ay | -- -- | ||
| ọtụtụ | Ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka ọ na-eme | ay ay ay | -- -- | ||
- ↑ "Somali alphabets, pronunciation and language". Omniglot. Retrieved 16 June 2017.
- ↑ "cldr/so.xml at master · unicode-org/cldr".
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Somali. SIL International (2021).
- ↑ Somali. Collins Dictionary. Retrieved on 21 September 2013.
- ↑ AfricaNews (2020-03-04). One to five: Ethiopia gets four new federal working languages. Africanews. Archived from the original on 2020-10-28. Retrieved on 2021-11-11.
- ↑ Lewis (1999). A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa. LIT Verlag Münster. ISBN 3825830845.
- ↑ Lewis, I.M. (1958), The Gadabuursi Somali Script, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol. 21, pp. 134–156.
- ↑ Kizitus Mpoche, Tennu Mbuh, eds. (2006). Language, literature, and identity. Cuvillier, 163–164. ISBN 3-86537-839-0.
- ↑ Ethnologue - Djibouti - Languages. Ethnologue. Retrieved on 25 April 2013.
- ↑ Carrier (2019). Mobile Urbanity Somali Presence in Urban East Africa. Berghahn Books. ISBN 9781789202977.
- ↑ Archived at Ghostarchive and the KBC yazindua kitua kipya cha redio kwa lugha ya Kisomali. YouTube. Archived from the original on 2020-03-16. Retrieved on 2022-10-11.: KBC yazindua kitua kipya cha redio kwa lugha ya Kisomali. YouTube.
- ↑ Regional Somali Language Academy Launched in Djibouti. COMESA Regional Investment Agency. Archived from the original on 21 January 2015. Retrieved on 28 February 2014.
- ↑ "Google Translate - now in 80 languages", Google Translate, 10 December 2013. Retrieved on 30 December 2013.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 Lamberti (1986). Map of Somali dialects in the Somalia Democratic Republic. H. Buske. ISBN 9783871186905.
- ↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedDalby2 - ↑ (1987) Mundus, Volumes 23-24. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft.
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 Maay - A language of Somalia. Ethnologue. Retrieved on 7 May 2013.
- ↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs nameds4 - ↑ Lewis (1998). Saints and Somalis: Popular Islam in a Clan-based Society. The Red Sea Press. ISBN 9781569021033.
- ↑ Report Somalia: Language situation and dialects. Country of Origin Information Centre (Landinfo) (2011).
- ↑ (1963) Somali nationalism: international politics and the drive for unity in the Horn of Africa. Department of Linguistics and the African Studies Center, University of California, Los Anglos. ISBN 9780674818255.
- ↑ Somali Dialects in the United States: How intelligible is Af-Maay to Speakers of Af-Maxaa? by Deqa Hassan (Minnesota State University - Mankato)
- ↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs nameds8 - ↑ Somali ATR harmony. www.ling.upenn.edu. Retrieved on November 10, 2019.
- ↑ Keith Brown (2010). Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World. Elsevier. ISBN 978-0080877754.
- ↑ Andrzejewski (1954). "Is Somali a Tone-language?", Proceedings of the Twenty-Third International Congress of Orientalists. Royal Asiatic Society, 367–368. OCLC 496050266.
- ↑ Banti (1988). "Two Cushitic Systems: Somali and Oromo nouns", Autosegmental Studies on Pitch Accent. Walter de Gruyter, 11–50. ISBN 3110874261. Retrieved on 26 May 2017.