Wikipedia

Ịzụ ụmụ nnụnụ

Ịkụ azụ̀, mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akpọ ugbo mmiri ma ọ bụ aquaculture mmiri,[1] bụ ngalaba nke aquaculture nke metụtara ịkụ ihe dị n'ime mmiri maka nri na ngwaahịa anụmanụ ndị ọzọ, n'ime mmiri mmiri. Ihe ndị dị n'ime ya na-agụnye (ịkwa ahịhịa dị n'ụsọ osimiri), ugbo azụ ndị e wuru n'elu mmiri mmiri (mmiri dị n'ụsọ osimiri), ma ọ bụ n'ime tankị arụ ọrụ, ọdọ mmiri ma ọ bụ ụzọ ọsọ nke jupụtara na mmiri oké osimiri (ịnụ anụ dị n'ikpere mmiri). Ihe atụ nke ikpeazụ bụ ịkọ ugbo nke plankton na ahihia oké osimiri, azụ azụ dị ka oporo ma ọ bụ oporo, na finfish mmiri, na ọdọ mmiri nnu. Ngwaahịa na-abụghị nri nke anụ ọhịa na-emepụta gụnyere: nri azụ, agar na-edozi ahụ, ihe ịchọ mma (dịka pearl omenala), na ihe ịchọ mma.

Ogige salmon dị Ndị Vestmanna na Faroe Islands, ihe atụ nke ịkpa anụ n'ụsọ oké osimiriỊkpa ụmụ nwanyị n'ụsọ oké osimiri

Ụdị

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N'ụsọ oké osimiri

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Ebe a na-akụ microalgae n'ụsọ oké osimiri na Hawaii [1]

Ọ bụ ezie na ọ dị ka ihe mgbagwoju anya, wii wii na-eme n'ikpere mmiri dị iche iche n'ime tankị, ọdọ mmiri ma ọ bụ ụzọ ọsọ nke a na-enye mmiri mmiri. Àgwà dị iche iche nke wii wii nke dị n'ụsọ osimiri bụ iji mmiri mmiri eme ihe karịa nke ọhụrụ, na nri na ihe oriri na-enye site na kọlụm mmiri, ọ bụghị agbakwunyere artificially, nnukwu ego na-akwụ ụgwọ na ichekwa ụdị nri nri. Ihe atụ nke ịhịa aka n'ahụ na-agụnye ịkọ ugbo nke algae (gụnyere plankton na ahịhịa mmiri), azụ azụ mmiri (dị ka oporo na oporo), na ọdọ mmiri nnu mmadụ mere.

N'ụsọ oké osimiri

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Ogige azụ nwere salmon na Loch Ailort, Scotland, mmiri dị n'akụkụ osimiriMmiri dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri

Anụnụ wii wii nke dị n'ikpere mmiri bụ ụdị mmiri dị iche iche dị ka algae, azụ na shellfish n'ime mmiri nke oke mmiri na-emetụta, nke gụnyere ma mmiri mmiri na gburugburu ebe obibi ha, dị ka mmiri mmiri, osimiri ndị na-egbuke egbuke, na ọdọ mmiri nnu na-eri nri ma na-asọpụta.

Usoro ihe ọkụkụ ama ama maka ịhịa aka n'ahụ dị n'ikpere gụnyere imepụta ma ọ bụ iji mmiri mmiri arụrụ arụ, [3] [4] pensụl, ụgbụ, na usoro ogologo ahịrị nke ngịga na-ese n'elu mmiri gbagoro na ala.[2]

N'ihi mmepe zuru ụwa ọnụ n'otu oge na evolushọn ka oge na-aga, okwu ahụ bụ "ranch" na-ejikọta ya na usoro ịhịa aka n'ahụ nke dị n'ụsọ mmiri egosila na ọ nwere nsogbu. A na-etinye ya n'enweghị ihe ndabere ọ bụla maka ihe ọ bụla sitere na ụdị mmiri a na-ebuli na pensụl ndị na-ese n'elu mmiri, akwu n'ime okpuru mmiri wuru, na-elekọta ya n'ime ụlọ (site na narị otu narị na ọbụna ọtụtụ puku) n'ime otu ndị nwere ogologo ogologo, na ọbụna na-arụ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ na-akwagharị ụdị ụgbọ mmiri iji laghachi mmiri ebe a mụrụ ha maka owuwe ihe ubi (nke a makwaara dị ka "ịkwakọba ngwaahịa").

Oké osimiri mepere emepe

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Raising marine organisms under controlled offshore in "open ocean" in exposed, high-energy marine environments beyond Templeeti:Clarification needed span, is a relatively newTempleeti:When approach to mariculture. Open ocean aquaculture (OOA) uses cages, nets, or long-line arrays that are moored or towed.Templeeti:How[<span title="Please clarify the preceding statement or statements with a good explanation from a reliable source. (July 2024)">how?</span>] Open ocean mariculture has the potential to be combined with offshore energy installation systems, such as wind-farms, to enable a more effective use of ocean space.[3]

Nnyocha na ụlọ ọrụ azụmaahịa na-arụ ọrụ ma ọ bụ na-emepe emepe na Panama, Australia, Chile, China, France, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Mexico, na Norway. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2004, ụlọ ọrụ abụọ na-arụ ọrụ n'oké osimiri na eriri US, na-azụlite threadfin na nso Hawaii na cobia na nso Puerto Rico. Ọrụ a na-elekwasị anya tuna bigeye tuna nwetara nkwado ikpeazụ n'oge na-adịbeghị anya. Ụlọ ọrụ azụmahịa US niile dị ugbu a n'ime mmiri n'okpuru ikike steeti ma ọ bụ mpaghara. Ugbo mmiri miri emi kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa na-ebuli cobia 12 kilomita site n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke Panama n'ebe ndị a na-ahụkarị. [4][5] 

E nweela mkparịta ụka dị ukwuu banyere otu esi eme mariculture nke ahịhịa mmiri n'oké osimiri dị ka ụzọ isi mee ka ọnụ ọgụgụ azụ ndị e gburu egbu dịghachi ọhụrụ site n'inye ma ebe obibi na ntọala nke pyramid trophic maka ndụ mmiri.[6] A tụwo aro na enwere ike imepụtaghachi usoro okike nke mmiri n'oké osimiri mepere emepe site na ịmepụta ọnọdụ maka uto ha site na ịrị elu aka na site na tubing dị n'okpuru mmiri nke na-enye ihe mgbakwunye. Ndị na-akwado ya na ndị ọkachamara na permaculture ghọtara na usoro ndị dị otú ahụ kwekọrọ na ụkpụrụ ndị bụ isi nke permaculture ma si otú ahụ bụrụ permaculture mmiri. [7][8][9][10] Echiche a na-atụle iji ihe aka mere na ihe na-ese n'elu mmiri, ikpo okwu ndị dị n'okpuru mmiri dị ka ihe na-eme ka ihe okike nke mmiri na-enye ebe obibi na ntọala nke pyramid trophic maka ndụ mmiri.[11] N'ịgbaso ụkpụrụ nke permaculture, a na-ewepụta ahịhịa mmiri na azụ sitere na usoro permaculture nke mmiri na ikike nke ijide carbon ikuku, ọ bụrụ na ahịhịhịa oké osimiri mikpuo n'okpuru omimi nke otu kilomita. Ka ọ na-erule 2020, e nweela ọtụtụ nnwale gara nke ọma na Hawaii, Philippines, Puerto Rico na Tasmania.[12][13][14] Echiche ahụ enwetawo nlebara anya ọha na eze, karịsịa na-egosi dị ka ihe ngwọta dị mkpa nke ihe ngosi Damon Gameau 2040 na akwụkwọ Drawdown: The Most Comprehensive Plan Ever Proposed to Reverse Global Warming nke Paul Hawken dezigharịrị.

Ụdị dị iche iche

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Algae

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Algaculture na-agụnye ọrụ ugbo nke ụdị algae, gụnyere microalgae (dị ka phytoplankton) na macroalgae (dị ka seaweed).[15]

Uses of commercial and industrial algae cultivation include production of nutraceuticals such as omega-3 fatty acids (as algal oil)[16][17][18] or natural food colorants and dyes, food, fertilizers, bioplastics, chemical feedstock (raw material), protein-rich animal/aquaculture feed, pharmaceuticals, and algal fuel,[19] and can also be used as a means of pollution control and natural carbon sequestration.[20]

Azụ̀ shellfish

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N'otu aka ahụ na ịkọ algae, enwere ike ịkọ shellfish n'ọtụtụ ụzọ ma n'ụsọ oké osimiri ma n'akụkụ osimiri: na eriri, na akpa ma ọ bụ ụlọ, ma ọ bụ kpọmkwem na (ma ọ bụ n'ime) ala. Shellfish mariculture anaghị achọ nri ma ọ bụ fatịlaịza, ma ọ bụ ọgwụ ahụhụ ma ọ bụ nje, na-eme ka shellfish maricultura bụrụ usoro na-akwado onwe ya.[21] A na-emepụta mkpụrụ maka ịzụlite shellfish na ụlọ ahịa, ma ọ bụ site n'aka ndị ọrụ ugbo n'onwe ha. N'etiti ụdị azụ shellfish nke mariculture zụlitere bụ shrimp, oysters (gụnyere ịkụ pearl aka), clams, mussels, abalone.[22] A pụkwara iji azụ shellfish mee ihe na usoro Ịzụlite ọtụtụ ụdị, ebe azụ shell nwere ike iji ihe mkpofu sitere na ihe ndị dị elu.

Ndị Maori nke New Zealand na-ejigide omenala nke ọrụ ugbo shellfish.[23]

Azụ Finfish

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Ụdị azụ finfish a zụlitere na mariculture gụnyere salmon, cod, scallops, ụfọdụ ụdị prawn, European lobsters, abalone na sea cucumbers.[24]

Ụdị azụ ahọpụtara ka a zụlite ya n'ime mmiri nnu enweghị ihe ọ bụla ọzọ a chọrọ, ebe ha na-ebi site na ihe oriri na-eme n'ime ogidi mmiri. Omume a na-ahụkarị na-achọ ka a kụọ ụmụaka ahụ na ala nke mmiri n'ime oghere, nke na-eji ọtụtụ ogidi mmiri n'etiti oghere mmiri ha ka ha na-eto ma na-etolite.[25]

Mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi

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Ịzụ anụ ọhịa amụbaala ngwa ngwa n'ime afọ iri abụọ gara aga n'ihi teknụzụ ọhụrụ, mmụba nke usoro ihe oriri a haziri ahazi, nghọta dị ukwuu nke ndu nke ụdị ndị a na-akọ ugbo, mmụba mmiri dị n'ime usoro ugbo mechiri emechi, nnukwu ọchịchọ maka ngwaahịa azụ, mgbasawanye saịtị na mmasị gọọmenti.[29] 30][31] N'ihi nke a, alụm di na nwunye enweela arụmụka ụfọdụ gbasara mmetụta mmekọrịta mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi ya.[32][33] Mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi a na-amatakarị site n'ugbo mmiri bụ:

  1. Ihe mkpofu sitere na omenala ụlọ;
  2. Ndị na-agba ọsọ na ndị na-awakpo ugbo;
  3. Mmetọ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na ọrịa na mbufe nje;
  4. Mgbanwe Ebe obibi.

Dị ka ọtụtụ ọrụ ugbo, ogo mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi na-adabere na nha nke ugbo ahụ, ụdị a zụlitere, ọnụ ọgụgụ anụmanụ, ụdị nri, hydrography nke saịtị ahụ, na usoro ịkpa anụ.[26] Ihe osise dị n'akụkụ ya jikọtara ihe ndị a na mmetụta.

Ihe mkpofu sitere na omenala ụlọ

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Mariculture nke finfish nwere ike ịchọ oke nri ma ọ bụ ihe oriri protein ndị ọzọ.[27] Na mbụ, ọtụtụ nri azụ lara n'iyi n'ihi usoro nri na-adịghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma na adịghị ike ịgbari nri nke nri ndị a kwadebere nke mere ka ọnụ ọgụgụ Ntụgharị nri dị ala.[28]

N'omenala ọnụ ụlọ, a na-eji ọtụtụ ụzọ dị iche iche eme ihe maka ịzụ azụ ndị a kụrụ n'ubi - site na nri aka dị mfe ruo na sistemụ kọmputa na-achịkwa ọkaibe nwere ihe nri akpaaka yana ihe mmetụta n'ime ọnọdụ na-achọpụta ọnụego oriri.[36] N'ime ugbo azụ ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri, ịta nri nke ukwuu na-eduga n'ịbawanye ọnọdụ nke detritus n'elu oke osimiri (nwere ike ịkụda ebe obibi invertebrates na-agbanwe gburugburu anụ ahụ), ebe n'ebe a na-azụ anụ na ugbo ndị dabeere na ala, oke nri na-aga n'iyi ma nwee ike imetụta njide ndị gbara ya gburugburu. na gburugburu ụsọ oké osimiri.[33] Mmetụta a na-abụkarị nnukwu mpaghara, ma dabere na nhazi ngwa ngwa nke ihe mkpofu na ọsọ dị ugbu a (nke dịgasị iche ma na oge) na omimi. [27][29]

Ndị na-agba ọsọ n'ugbo na ndị na-awakpo

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Mmetụta nke ndị na-agbapụ na ọrụ aquaculture na-adabere ma ọ bụ na e nwere ndị ikwu ọhịa ma ọ bụ ndị ikwu dị nso na gburugburu ebe obibi, na ma onye na-agba ọsọ nwere ike ịmụ nwa.[29] A na-eji ọtụtụ usoro mgbochi / mgbochi dị iche iche eme ihe ugbu a, site na mmepe nke triploids na-enweghị ike ịba na ugbo ala nke dịpụrụ adịpụ kpamkpam na gburugburu mmiri ọ bụla.[30][31][32][33] Mgbapụ nwere ike imetụta usoro okike dị n'ógbè ahụ site na ngwakọta na ọnwụ nke ụdị dị iche iche nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa n'ime ụlọ, na-eme ka mmekọrịta na-adịghị mma n'ime usoro okike (dị ka predation na asọmpi), nnyefe ọrịa na mgbanwe ebe obibi (site na trophic cascades na mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi gaa na usoro okike na-agbanwe agbanwe na usoro okirikiri dị iche iche na si otú ahụ turbidity).

Ntinye na mberede nke ụdị ndị na-awakpo bụkwa ihe na-echegbu onwe ha. Aquaculture bụ otu n'ime isi ihe na-ebute ndị na-awakpo na-esote ntọhapụ mberede nke anụ ndị a na-azụ n'ime ọhịa.[34] Otu ihe atụ bụ Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii) nke na mberede gbapụrụ n'ugbo azụ n'ime Gironde Estuary (Southwest France) mgbe oké ifufe na Disemba 1999 (azụ̀ 5,000 n'otu n'otu gbapụrụ n"ọnụ mmiri nke na-enwetụbeghị ụdị a).[35] Ọrụ ugbo Molluscan bụ ihe atụ ọzọ ebe enwere ike iwebata ụdị dị iche iche na gburugburu ebe obibi ọhụrụ site na 'ịgagharị' na molluscs a na-azụ. Ọzọkwa, molluscs a na-azụ n'onwe ha nwere ike ịghọ ndị na-eri ibe ha na / ma ọ bụ ndị na-asọmpi, yana ndị nwere ike ịgbasa pathogens na parasites.[34]

Mmetọ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, ọrịa, na mbufe nje

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Otu n'ime nchegbu ndị bụ isi na mariculture bụ ikike maka ọrịa na mbufe nje. A na-azụkarị anụ ndị a na-azụ n'ugbo iji mee ka ọrịa na nje na-eguzogide ya dịkwuo mma, yana imeziwanye ọnụego uto na ogo nke ngwaahịa.[27] N'ihi ya, ọdịiche dị iche iche nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa n'ime anụ ndị a zụlitere na-ebelata na ọgbọ ọ bụla - nke pụtara na ha nwere ike belata ọdịiche dị n'etiti mkpụrụ ndụ ihe Nketa n'etiti ndị bi n'ọhịa ma ọ bụrụ na ha gbalaga n'ime ndị ahụ bi n'oké ọhịa.[28] Mmetọ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa dị otú ahụ sitere na anụmanụ aquaculture nwere ike belata ikike ndị bi n'ọhịa nwere ime mgbanwe na gburugburu ebe obibi na-agbanwe agbanwe. Ụdị ndị a na-eto site na mariculture nwekwara ike ibute ọrịa na nje (dịka, ụmụ ahụhụ) nke enwere ike iwebata na ndị bi n'ọhịa mgbe ha gbapụrụ. Ihe atụ nke a bụ ụmụ ahụhụ mmiri na-egbu egbu na salmon Atlantic nke ọhịa na nke a na-azụ na Canada.[36] Ọzọkwa, ụdị ndị na-abụghị nke ala nke a na-azụlite nwere ike iguzogide, ma ọ bụ buru, ọrịa ụfọdụ (nke ha butere n'ebe obibi ha) nke nwere ike ịgbasa site na ndị bi n'ọhịa ma ọ bụrụ na ha gbalaga n'ime ndị bi n"ọhịa ahụ. Ọrịa 'ọhụrụ' dị otú ahụ ga-ebibi ndị mmadụ ọhịa ahụ n'ihi na ha agaghị enwe ihe mgbochi megide ha.[37]

Mgbanwe ebe obibi

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Ewezuga ebe obibi benthic kpọmkwem n'okpuru ugbo mmiri, ọtụtụ mariculture na-akpata obere mbibi na ebe obibi. Otú ọ dị, mbibi nke ọhịa mangrove site na ịkọ shrimps bụ ihe na-echegbu onwe ya.[27][29] N'ụwa niile, ọrụ ugbo shrimp bụ obere ihe na-enye aka na mbibi nke ọhịa mangrove; Otú ọ dị, n'ógbè ọ nwere ike imebi ihe.[27][29] Oké ọhịa mangrove na-enye matrices bara ọgaranya nke na-akwado ọtụtụ ụdị dị iche iche - ọkachasị azụ na crustaceans.[29][38] Ọzọkwa, ha na-arụ ọrụ dị ka usoro mgbochi nke ha na-ebelata mbuze mmiri n'ụsọ oké osimiri, ma melite ogo mmiri maka ụmụ anụmanụ site na nhazi ihe na 'filtering' sediments.[29][38][39]

Ndị ọzọ

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Na mgbakwunye, nitrogen na phosphorus compounds sitere na nri na ihe mkpofu nwere ike iduga na okooko osisi nke phytoplankton, nke mmebi ya na-esote nwere ike belata oke ikuku Oxygen. Ọ bụrụ na algae bụ ihe na-egbu egbu, a na-egbu azụ ma metọọ shellfish.[30][40][41] A na-akpọ okooko osisi algae ndị a mgbe ụfọdụ okooko osisi na-emerụ ahụ, nke a na-akpata site na nnukwu ihe oriri, dị ka nitrogen na phosphorus, n'ime mmiri n'ihi na ọ na-agbapụta site na ọrụ mmadụ na ala.[42]

N'oge a na-azụlite ụdị dị iche iche, ihe dị n'ala nke mmiri ahụ na-aghọ ezigbo ígwè na mbata nke ọla kọpa, zinc na ọkpụkpụ nke a na-ewebata n'ógbè ahụ. Mgbasa a nke ọla ndị a dị arọ nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi mkpokọta nke ihe mkpofu azụ, nri azụ a na-erighị eri, na ágbá nke na-apụta na ụgbọ mmiri na ụgbọ mmiri ndị a na-eji eme ihe na mariculture.[43]

Nkwado

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Enwere ike ịkwado mmepe nke Mariculture site na nyocha na mmepe dị mkpa na mpaghara ndị dị mkpa dị ka nri na-edozi ahụ, mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, njikwa usoro, njikwa ngwaahịa, na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. Otu ụzọ na-eji usoro mechiri emechi nke na-enweghị mmekọrịta kpọmkwem na gburugburu ebe obibi.[44]Otú ọ dị, itinye ego na ọnụahịa ọrụ dị elu ugbu a karịa nke ụlọ mepere emepe, na-egbochi usoro mechiri emechi na ọrụ ha ugbu a dị ka hatcheries.[30] Ọtụtụ nnyocha emeela atụmatụ na nri mmiri ga-agwụ na 2048 . [45] Azụ a na-azụ n'ugbo ga-abụkwa ihe dị oké mkpa iji nye ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na-arịwanye elu nri nke ga-eru ijeri 9.8 ka ọ na-erule afọ 2050. [46]

Uru

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Mariculture na-adịgide adịgide na-ekwe nkwa uru akụ na ụba na gburugburu ebe obibi. Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba nke oke na-egosi na ịkpa anụ nwere ike ịmepụta azụ na ọnụ ala karịa ịkụ azụ ụlọ ọrụ, na-eduga na nri mmadụ ka mma na mwepụ nke ịkụ azụ na-enweghị isi. Nchịkwa na-aga n'ihu na njikwa mma emeela ka njikọta dị na ọwa ahịa nri.[30][40][46]

Ndepụta nke ụdị ndị a na-azụ

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Azụ 
Azụ shellfish/Crustaceans
  1. ↑ Greene (2022). "Transforming the Future of Marine Aquaculture: A Circular Economy Approach". Oceanography: 26–34. DOI:10.5670/oceanog.2022.213. ISSN 1042-8275. 
  2. ↑ Murphy (23 April 2016). Abalone grown in world-first sea ranch in WA 'as good as wild catch'. Australian Broadcasting Corporation News.. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved on 23 April 2016.
  3. ↑ (6 April 2017) Aquaculture perspective of multi-use sites in the open ocean : the untapped potential for marine resources in the Anthropocene, Buck, Bela Hieronymus, Langan, Richard, 1950-. ISBN 978-3-319-51159-7. OCLC 982656470. 
  4. ↑ Borgatti (December 13, 2004). Open Ocean Aquaculture. Congressional Research Service. Archived from the original on August 23, 2009. Retrieved on April 10, 2010.
  5. ↑ McAvoy (October 24, 2009). Hawaii regulators approve first US tuna farm. The Associated Press. Retrieved on April 9, 2010.
  6. ↑ Flannery, Tim F. (Tim Fridtjof), 1956- (31 July 2017). Sunlight and seaweed : an argument for how to feed, power and clean up the world. ISBN 978-1-925498-68-4. OCLC 987462317. 
  7. ↑ (2017) Drawdown : the most comprehensive plan ever proposed to reverse global warming, Hawken, Paul. ISBN 978-0-14-313044-4. OCLC 957139166. 
  8. ↑ Von Herzen (June 2019). Reverse Climate Change with Marine Permaculture Strategies for Ocean Regeneration. Youtube. Archived from the original on 2022-11-08. Retrieved on 2024-08-09.
  9. ↑ Powers (10 July 2019). Marine Permaculture with Brian Von Herzen Episode 113 A Regenerative Future. Youtube. Archived from the original on 2023-06-29. Retrieved on 2024-08-09.
  10. ↑ Marine Permaculture with Dr Brian von Herzen & Morag Gamble. Youtube (December 2019). Archived from the original on 2023-10-22. Retrieved on 2024-08-09.
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  12. ↑ Climate Foundation: Marine Permaculture (en). Climate Foundation. Retrieved on 2020-07-05.
  13. ↑ Assessing the Potential for Restoration and Permaculture of Tasmania's Giant Kelp Forests - Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (en-AU). Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies - University of Tasmania, Australia. Archived from the original on 2020-07-06. Retrieved on 2020-07-05.
  14. ↑ Seaweed researchers plant kelp tolerant of warmer waters (en-AU). www.abc.net.au (2019-11-11). Retrieved on 2020-07-05.
  15. ↑ Huesemann (September 2017). "The laboratory environmental algae pond simulator (LEAPS) photobioreactor: Validation using outdoor pond cultures of Chlorella sorokiniana and Nannochloropsis salina". Algal Research 26: 39–46. DOI:10.1016/j.algal.2017.06.017. ISSN 2211-9264. 
  16. ↑ Lane (January 2014). "Bioavailability and Potential Uses of Vegetarian Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids: A Review of the Literature". Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 54 (5): 572–579. DOI:10.1080/10408398.2011.596292. PMID 24261532. 
  17. ↑ Winwood (2013). "Algal oil as a source of omega-3 fatty acids", Food Enrichment with Omega-3 Fatty Acids, Woodhead Publishing Series in Food Science, Technology and Nutrition, 389–404. DOI:10.1533/9780857098863.4.389. ISBN 978-0-85709-428-5. 
  18. ↑ Lenihan-Geels (18 April 2013). "Alternative Sources of Omega-3 Fats: Can We Find a Sustainable Substitute for Fish?". Nutrients 5 (4): 1301–1315. DOI:10.3390/nu5041301. PMID 23598439. 
  19. ↑ Venkatesh (1 March 2022). "Circular Bio-economy—Paradigm for the Future: Systematic Review of Scientific Journal Publications from 2015 to 2021" (in en). Circular Economy and Sustainability 2 (1): 231–279. DOI:10.1007/s43615-021-00084-3. ISSN 2730-5988. 
  20. ↑ Diaz (2023). "Developing algae as a sustainable food source". Frontiers in Nutrition 9. DOI:10.3389/fnut.2022.1029841. ISSN 2296-861X. PMID 36742010. 
  21. ↑ McWilliams (2009). Food Only. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-03374-9. 
  22. ↑ Information Memorandum, 2013 Ranching of Greenlip Abalone, Flinders Bay – Western Australia. Ocean Grown Abalone. Archived from the original on 10 October 2016. Retrieved on 23 April 2016.
  23. ↑ Ahumoana tawhito (ancient aquaculture): the translocation of toheroa (Paphies ventricosa) and other marine species by Māori by Vanessa Rona Taikato (2021).
  24. ↑ Mustafa (2003-06-01). "Species studies in sea ranching: an overview and economic perspectives" (in en). Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 13 (2): 165. DOI:10.1023/B:RFBF.0000019478.17950.ab. ISSN 1573-5184. 
  25. ↑ Fisheries (2012-02-17). Sea ranching systems (en-AU). www.business.qld.gov.au. Retrieved on 2020-12-11.
  26. ↑ Wu (1995). "The environmental impact of marine fish culture: Towards a sustainable future". Marine Pollution Bulletin 31 (4–12): 159–166. DOI:10.1016/0025-326X(95)00100-2. 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 27.4 Jennings, S., Kaiser, M.J., Reynolds, J.D. (2001). Marine Fisheries Ecology. Blackwell, Victoria.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Forrest B, Keeley N, Gillespie P, Hopkins G, Knight B, Govier D. (2007). Review of the ecological effects of marine finfish aquaculture: final report. Prepared for Ministry of Fisheries. Cawthron Report No. 1285.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 29.3 29.4 29.5 Black (2001). "Mariculture, Environmental, Economic and Social Impacts of", in Steele, John H.: Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences. Academic Press, 1578–1584. DOI:10.1006/rwos.2001.0487. ISBN 9780122274305. 
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 30.3 Katavic, Ivan (1999). "Mariculture in the New Millennium". Agriculturae Conspectus Scientificus 64 (3): 223–229. 
  31. ↑ Nell, J.A. (2002). "Farming triploid oysters". Aquaculture 210 (1–4): 69–88. DOI:10.1016/s0044-8486(01)00861-4. 
  32. ↑ Pfeiffer (2010). "Recirculation Technology: the future of aquaculture". Resource, Engineering & Technology for a Sustainable World 17 (3): 7–9. 
  33. ↑ Troup (2005). "Growth and mortality of sibling triploid and diploid Sydney rock oysters, Saccostrea glomerata (Gould), in the Camden Haven River". Aquaculture Research 36 (11): 1093–1103. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2109.2005.01326.x. 
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Naylor (2001). "ECOLOGY: Aquaculture--A Gateway for Exotic Species". Science 294 (5547): 1655–1656. DOI:10.1126/science.1064875. PMID 11721035. 
  35. ↑ Maury-Brachet (2008). "The 'storm of the century' (December 1999) and the accidental escape of Siberian sturgeons (Acipenser baerii) into the gironde estuary (southwest France). An original approach for metal contamination". Environmental Science and Pollution Research International 15 (1): 89–94. DOI:10.1065/espr2007.12.469. PMID 18306893. 
  36. ↑ Rosenberg (2008). "Aquaculture: The price of lice". Nature 451 (7174): 23–24. DOI:10.1038/451023a. PMID 18172486. 
  37. ↑ Wilderness Connect (en). wilderness.net. Retrieved on 2020-11-12.
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 Kaiser, M.J., Attrill, M.J., Jennings, S., Thomas, D.N., Barnes, D.K.A., Brierley, A.S., Polunin, N.V.C., Raffaelli, D.G., Williams, P.J.le B. (2005). Marine Ecology: Processes, Systems and Impacts. Oxford University Press, New York.
  39. ↑ Trujillo, A.P., Thurman, H.V. (2008) Essentials of Oceanography Ninth Edition. Pearson Prentice Hall. New Jersey.
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 Young (1999). "Green grow the fishes-oh? Environmental attributes in marketing aquaculture products". Aquaculture Economics & Management 3 (1): 7–17. DOI:10.1080/13657309909380229. 
  41. ↑ THE EFFECTS OF MARICULTURE ON BIODIVERSITY. UNEP, World Fisheries Trust (2002).
  42. ↑ US EPA (2013-06-03). Harmful Algal Blooms (en). US EPA. Retrieved on 2020-11-12.
  43. ↑ Liang (2016-04-01). "The effects of mariculture on heavy metal distribution in sediments and cultured fish around the Pearl River Delta region, south China" (in en). Chemosphere 148: 171–177. DOI:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.10.110. ISSN 0045-6535. PMID 26807936. 
  44. ↑ Schwermer (2010). "Effect of nitrate on sulfur transformations in sulfidogenic sludge of a marine aquaculture biofilter". FEMS Microbiology Ecology 72 (3): 476–84. DOI:10.1111/j.1574-6941.2010.00865.x. PMID 20402774. 
  45. ↑ Stokstad (2006-11-03). "Global Loss of Biodiversity Harming Ocean Bounty" (in en). Science 314 (5800): 745. DOI:10.1126/science.314.5800.745. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17082432. 
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 Costello (2020-12-03). "The future of food from the sea" (in en). Nature 588 (7836): 95–100. DOI:10.1038/s41586-020-2616-y. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 32814903. 

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