Ịnyagharị

Girdling, nke a na-akpọkwa ring-barking, bụ iwepụ kpamkpam mkpo (nke nwere cork cambium ma ọ bụ "phellogen", phloem, cambium na mgbe ụfọdụ na-abanye na xylem) site na gburugburu gburugburu niile nke alaka ma ọ bụ ogwe osisi. Girdling na-ebute ọnwụ nke ebe dị n'elu belt ka oge na-aga. Alaka a na-ekpuchi kpamkpam ga-ada ma mgbe a na-eke isi osisi, osisi ahụ dum ga-anwụ, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ pụghị itolite ọzọ site n'elu iji kpuchie ọnyá ahụ. Omume ụmụ mmadụ nke ijide ya gụnyere ịkpa ọhịa, ịkọ ugbo, na imebi ihe. Ndị na-elekọta ọhịa na-eji omume nke ijikọta ọhịa dị warara. Ụmụ anụmanụ dị ka ụmụ oke ga-ejikọta osisi site na iri nri n'elu osisi, mgbe mgbe n'oge oyi n'okpuru snow. Ụmụ anụmanụ na-eri ahịhịa na-eri osisi na ụmụ ahụhụ nwekwara ike ịkpata mkpo osisi, ha abụọ nwere ike ijide osisi site na ahịrị nke oghere ndị dị n'akụkụ.

Ndị na-elekọta mkpụrụ osisi na-eji eriri dị ka usoro ọdịbendị iji mị mkpụrụ buru ibu ma ọ bụ mị mkpụrụ.^[1] N'ịzụ mmanya (ịzụ mkpụrụ vaịn) a na-akpọkwa usoro a cincturing.

Ọhịa na ọrụ ugbo

Mkpụrụ osisi alder na-acha odo odo n'ihi eriri.

Dị ka osisi vascular niile, osisi na-eji anụ ahụ vascular abụọ maka ibugharị mmiri na ihe oriri: xylem (nke a makwaara dị ka osisi) na phloem (nke dị n'ime osisi). Girdling na-ebute iwepụ phloem, na ọnwụ na-ewere ọnọdụ site na enweghị ike nke akwụkwọ iji buru shuga (karịsịa sucrose) gaa na mgbọrọgwụ. N'ime usoro a, a na-ahapụ xylem ahụ n'emetụghị ya aka, osisi ahụ ka nwere ike ibugharị mmiri na mineral site na mgbọrọgwụ gaa na akwụkwọ. Osisi na-epulite n'okpuru ọnyá ahụ; ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị, mgbọrọgwụ na-anwụ. Ọnwụ na-eme mgbe mgbọrọgwụ enweghịzi ike ịmepụta ATP ma buru ihe oriri gaa n'elu site na xylem. Enwere ike igbochi mmepụta nke osisi ọhụrụ n'okpuru ọnyá ahụ site na iji ọgwụ herbicide na-ete ọnyá ahụ.^[2]

E mepụtara usoro ịgba ụja mgbanaka iji mebie ma ọ bụ gbochie ibugharị shuga na phloem, na-akpali mmepụta okooko osisi n'oge na-adịghị anya ma na-abawanye mkpụrụ osisi, na iji chịkwaa ogo osisi, na-ebelata mkpa maka ịkpụcha.

Girdling bụ usoro na-adịghị ngwa ngwa ma e jiri ya tụnyere ịkpụ osisi ma na-ejikarị ya eme naanị mgbe ọ dị mkpa, dịka iwepụ osisi ọ bụla n'otu ebe a na-echebe gburugburu ebe obibi n'emebighị uto gbara ya gburugburu.

A na-ejikwa eriri na mberede eme ihe ụfọdụ, a ghaghịkwa iji nlezianya mee ihe ụfọdụ. Saplings nke ejikọtara na osisi na-akwado ya nwere ike ịbụ ndị a na-ejighị n'aka ka ha na-eto, n'ihi mkpakọ nke njikọ ahụ kpatara. Ọ bụrụ na a na-eke eriri ugboro ugboro n'osisi (dịka ịke anụmanụ ma ọ bụ ịkwaga ụgbọ mmiri), ịfụkọta eriri ahụ nwekwara ike iduga n'iwepụ ụgbụgbọ osisi.

The practice of girdling has been known in Europe for some time.^[3] Another example is the girdling of selected Douglas-fir trees in some Northern California oak woodlands, such as Annadel State Park, in order to prevent that Douglas-fir from massive invasion of the mixed oak woodland.^[4]

Enwere ike iji mgbatị mee ihe iji mepụta osisi nwụrụ anwụ, ma ọ bụ ihe mgbochi. Nke a nwere ike inye ebe obibi bara uru maka anụ ọhịa dịgasị iche iche, gụnyere ụmụ ahụhụ na nnụnụ na-akpa akwụ́.

Ubi ugbo

Osisi vaịn na okpokoro ha

A na-ejikwa Girdling mee ihe dị ka usoro iji manye osisi na-amị mkpụrụ ka ọ mụọ mkpụrụ buru ibu. Onye ọrụ ugbo ga-etinye eriri (iwepụ ụgbụ) n'ala nnukwu alaka ma ọ bụ n'osisi. Ya mere, shuga niile akwụkwọ ya mepụtara enweghị ebe ọ na-anọ ma ọ bụghị mkpụrụ osisi, nke na-eto karịa ogo nkịtị. Maka mkpụrụ vaịn, a na-eji eriri ma ọ bụ cincturing eme ka mkpụrụ vaịn buru ibu ma na-atọ ụtọ n'elu osisi vaịn ma na-ere ya dị ka mkpụrụ vaịrọs a na-etinye eriri. Okooko osisi na mkpụrụ osisi bụ nsogbu n'osisi ụfọdụ; ịpị eriri nwere ike imeziwanye ihe ọkụkụ n'otu ụzọ ahụ. "Mbibi" nke a na-eme site na eriri na-egbochi mmegharị nke ihe na-edozi ahụ na mgbọrọgwụ, ya mere carbohydrates a na-emepụta na akwụkwọ anaghị aga na mgbọrọgba maka nchekwa. Ịgbagharị na-egbochi osisi na-eto nwa oge. Mgbọrọgwụ, omume oge ochie nke Eshia, na mmebi ndị ọzọ a na-achịkwa, dị ka ịkwọ ntu n'ime ogwe osisi ma ọ bụ ịkụ alaka na ogwe osisi, na-emepụta nsonaazụ ndị yiri eriri. A na-ejikarị mgbatị eme ihe na mkpụrụ vaịn, avocado, apụl, litchi, mango, citrus na osisi ndị ọzọ. A na-emekarị ka osisi ndị dị mma na-amị mkpụrụ nke ọma n'afọ gara aga. A ghaghị iji nlezianya mee ihe iji ghara imebi osisi sapwood nke nwere ike igbu osisi ma ọ bụ osisi vaịn. Osisi na-agwọkarị n'ime izu anọ ruo ise mgbe a gbasịrị ya. Ịse ihe osise ahụ nwere ike ichebe megide fungus na ụmụ ahụhụ.^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]

Site n'anụmanụ

Oghere ndị a gwuru site na red-naped sapsucker na Platanus wrightii - osisi sycamore nke Arizona

Ụmụ anụmanụ dị iche iche nwere ike ijide osisi site na nri ha ma ọ bụ ihe omume ndị ọzọ.

Na North America, nnụnụ na-enwekarị mmerụ ahụ osisi site na ijikọta mgbọrọgwụ na ogwe osisi ha.^[9] N'etiti nnụnụ ndị dị na North America, sapsuckers bụ ndị na-ejikarị osisi eme ihe. Ọ bụ ezie na ndị sapsuckers ga-egwu oghere n'ogwe osisi iji rie ụmụ ahụhụ, ha na-emekwa oghere dị n'otu iji rie mmiri nke na-anakọta na oghere ma ọ bụ nye ụmụ ha nri. Ha na-awakpo osisi pine, birch, maple, spruce na osisi mkpụrụ osisi ugboro ugboro ma mebie ihe kachasị n'oge oge ọmụmụ na ntọala ala n'etiti Febụwarị na June.^[10]

Beavers na-ejikọta ntọala nke ogwe osisi 3-6 sentimita n'obosara, ma na-ejikwa mgbọrọgwụ nke osisi ndị buru ibu. Nke a na-emekarị ka ike gwụ ma ọ bụ gbuo osisi.^[11]

Na United Kingdom na akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke Europe, a makwaara squirrel na-acha ntụ ntụ nke ọwụwa anyanwụ ka ọ na-eyi belt ma ọ bụ na-ewepụ osisi kpamkpam.

Bucks (anụ ọhịa mgbada nwoke) na-amaghị ama na-eyi osisi site na ịfụkọta mpi ha n'elu osisi ndị dị afọ dị iche iche.^[12]

Otu n'ime ọtụtụ ụzọ cone si emebi gburugburu ebe obibi na Australia bụ site na eriri.^[13]

Site na osisi vaịn

Osisi nwere ike ikpuchi site na ịrịgo, ịpị, na ịdọrọ n'ala (ndị na-agba ọsọ). E nwere ọtụtụ ụdị ndị na-awakpo osisi na-emerụ osisi n'ụzọ a ma na-akpata mmebi dị ukwuu na okpokoro ọhịa na ahụike nke gburugburu ebe obibi dabere na ya. Oriental Bittersweet, Oriental Wisteria, na English Ivy niile nwere ike imebi ma gbuo osisi site na eriri.

Hụkwa

Debarking (osisi)
Ọrịa ọhịa
Ịkpụchasị osisi
itinye ya n'ọrụ
Onye na-egbu osisi
Nchịkọta
Ụdị osisi mkpụrụ osisi
Ịgba Mgba Mgba
Pollarding
Ịchụpụ osisi mkpụrụ osisi
Ihe omuma nke Topiary
Ogige nwụrụ anwụ (nke a pụrụ ime site na alaka ndị a pịrị apị iji dọta ụmụ ahụhụ maka hibernation na pollination)
Uto nke mkpụrụ vaịn kwa afọ
Mgbasa nke osisi vaịn
Ndepụta nke anụmanụ ndị a na-akpọ belted

Ihe odide

↑ Powell. "Girdling Peach Trees in the Southeast", The Alabama Cooperative Extension System, Auburn University, May 1996. Retrieved on 2014-08-06.
↑ Heiligmann. Controlling Undesirable Trees, Shrubs and Vines in Your Woodland. Ohioline: Ohio State University Extension. Ohio State University, School of Natural Resources. Archived from the original on 10 February 2003. Retrieved on 27 August 2021.
↑ (2008-01-23) United States Division of Entomology (1901), Bulletin no 28, Published by U.S. Govt. Print. Off., Washington DC. Retrieved on 2009-06-23.
↑ C. Michael Hogan (2008): Douglas-fir: Pseudotsuga menziesii, globalTwitcher.com, ed. Nicklas Strõmberg. Globaltwitcher.auderis.se. Archived from the original on 2009-06-04. Retrieved on 2009-06-23.
↑ A Review of Vine Girdling, by Bill Peacock, Tulare County Farm Advisor, The University of California Cooperative Extension, Tulare County. Archived from the original on 2015-02-24. Retrieved on 2014-08-20.
↑ Remove all phloem tissue when girdling for table grape quality, Sep 1, 2001, Jennifer Hashim Kern County, Calif., Farm Advisor, Western Farm Press
↑ South African Avocado Growers’ Association Yearbook 1995. 18:54-55, Increasing Yield of Young Hass Avocado Trees using the Cincturing Technique, C.R. Hackney, M. Boshoff and M.J. Slabbert
↑ Cincturing reduces macca tree growth, From the September 2012 edition of Agriculture Today.. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved on 2014-08-20.
↑ Principles of Vertebrate Pest Management. Archived from the original on 2010-06-01. Retrieved on 2010-10-30.
↑ Home & Garden Information Center | Clemson Cooperative Extension | Clemson University, South Carolina.
↑ Identifying and Managing Mountain Beaver Damage to Forest Resources (en). Extension Publications. Retrieved on 2022-07-13.
↑ Deer going buck wild on trunks? How to save a tree after antler rub damage. Chicago Tribune. Retrieved on 2022-07-13.
↑ Australian Encyclopaedia, Vol, VII, Grolier Society, Sydney

Njikọ mpụga

Mmetụta Girdling [njikọ nwụrụ anwụ]

[1] Powell. "Girdling Peach Trees in the Southeast", The Alabama Cooperative Extension System, Auburn University, May 1996. Retrieved on 2014-08-06.

[2] Heiligmann. Controlling Undesirable Trees, Shrubs and Vines in Your Woodland. Ohioline: Ohio State University Extension. Ohio State University, School of Natural Resources. Archived from the original on 10 February 2003. Retrieved on 27 August 2021.

[3] (2008-01-23) United States Division of Entomology (1901), Bulletin no 28, Published by U.S. Govt. Print. Off., Washington DC. Retrieved on 2009-06-23.

[4] C. Michael Hogan (2008): Douglas-fir: Pseudotsuga menziesii, globalTwitcher.com, ed. Nicklas Strõmberg. Globaltwitcher.auderis.se. Archived from the original on 2009-06-04. Retrieved on 2009-06-23.

[5] A Review of Vine Girdling, by Bill Peacock, Tulare County Farm Advisor, The University of California Cooperative Extension, Tulare County. Archived from the original on 2015-02-24. Retrieved on 2014-08-20.

[6] Remove all phloem tissue when girdling for table grape quality, Sep 1, 2001, Jennifer Hashim Kern County, Calif., Farm Advisor, Western Farm Press

[7] South African Avocado Growers’ Association Yearbook 1995. 18:54-55, Increasing Yield of Young Hass Avocado Trees using the Cincturing Technique, C.R. Hackney, M. Boshoff and M.J. Slabbert

[8] Cincturing reduces macca tree growth, From the September 2012 edition of Agriculture Today.. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved on 2014-08-20.

[9] Principles of Vertebrate Pest Management. Archived from the original on 2010-06-01. Retrieved on 2010-10-30.

[10] Home & Garden Information Center | Clemson Cooperative Extension | Clemson University, South Carolina.

[11] Identifying and Managing Mountain Beaver Damage to Forest Resources (en). Extension Publications. Retrieved on 2022-07-13.

[12] Deer going buck wild on trunks? How to save a tree after antler rub damage. Chicago Tribune. Retrieved on 2022-07-13.

[ReferenceA-13] Australian Encyclopaedia, Vol, VII, Grolier Society, Sydney

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