Ịda ogbenye na Switzerland
| ihu nke | ịda ogbenye  |
|---|---|
| mba/obodo | Switzerland |
Ịda ogbenye na Swizaland na-ezo aka na ndị na-ebi n'ụbịam na Switzerland . Na 2018, 7.9% nke ndị bi na Switzerland ma ọ bụ ihe dị ka mmadụ 660,000 bụ ndị ịda ogbenye na-akpata metụtara. [1] Switzerland nwekwara ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ịrịba ama nke ndị ogbenye na-arụ ọrụ, e mere atụmatụ na 145,000 na 2015.
Kemgbe ụwa, Switzerland abụrụla mba dara ogbenye, ọkachasị mpaghara Alpine . Site na narị afọ nke 17, mmepụta mmepụta ihe wetara akụ na ụba n'obodo ukwu, karịsịa na Zürich, ma ime obodo nọgidere bụrụ ihe efu nke ọma na narị afọ nke 19, na-akpata agha ndị obodo na 1653, ma mesịa manye ezinụlọ ịkwaga ma Russia na America (gụnyere Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Guatemala, United States, Uruguay, na Venezuela ).
Na narị afọ nke 20, akụ na ụba nke Switzerland nke oge a bịara guzobe onwe ya n'etiti ndị kasị baa ọgaranya n'ụwa ma kwụsie ike, na n'ihe gbasara mmepe mmadụ (na 0.962) Switzerland bụ ọkwa mbụ n'ụwa nile. Dị ka nke 2019, Switzerland nwere akụ na ụba kachasị elu kwa okenye, na $ 564,653.
Nchịkọta izugbe na ego na akụnụba
dezieNa 2013 pụtara ezi na ụlọ na Switzerland bụ CHF 120,624 (c. USD 134,000 nominal, US$101,000 PPP), pụtara ezi na ụlọ na-akpata mgbe nchekwa ọha, ụtụ isi na amanyere bụ iwu mkpuchi mkpuchi ahụike bụ CHF 85,560 (c. USD 95,000 nominal,00$72000 US$000 PPP). . [2] OECD depụtara nnukwu ego ezinaụlọ Switzerland n'otu n'otu US$32,594 PPP maka 2011. [3]
Dị ka nke 2016, Switzerland nwere akụ na ụba kachasị elu kwa okenye, na $ 561,900. [4] Ndị kasị baa ọgaranya 1% nwere 35% nke akụ na ụba niile dị na Switzerland, na nkewa a na-abawanye na afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya dịka ọnụ ọgụgụ gọọmentị si kwuo. [5] [6]
E jikọtara mmepe a na ọnụego mgbanwe n'etiti US Dollar na Swiss franc, nke mere ka isi obodo na Swiss franc ka okpukpu abụọ karịa ọnụ ahịa dollar n'oge 2000 na karịsịa n'ihi nsogbu ego nke 2007-2008, na-enweghị. mmụba ọ bụla kpọmkwem na uru n'ihe gbasara ike ịzụta ụlọ. [7]
Switzerland nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ Gini dị elu nke 0.8, yiri US na Denmark, na-egosi nkesa enweghị nha. [8] Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ndị bara ọgaranya na-akọwa oke akụ na ụba dị elu; Akụ na ụba etiti (pasent 50) nke okenye Switzerland ji okpukpu ise dị ala karịa nkezi, na US$100,900 (US$70,000 PPP dị ka nke 2011). [9]
Ịda ogbenye
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Ka o sina dị, Switzerland nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ndị ogbenye na-arụ ọrụ, nke e mere atụmatụ na 145,000 na 2015. Ọnụọgụ a sitere na ngụkọta nke ihe dị ka mmadụ 570,000 (ma ọ bụ ihe dị ka 7% nke ngụkọta ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ) bi na ịda ogbenye. Ọnụọgụ a gosipụtara ntakịrị mmụba site na 2014 mgbe ọ bụ 6.6%. N'otu afọ ahụ, 8.9% nke ndị bi na-akpata ihe na-erughị 50% nke etiti nhata ego (ihe dị ka € 19,793, SFr 24,041 ), na 4.5% na-eme ihe na-erughị 40% ( €15,834, SFr 19,232 ). Ego a na-enweta n'etiti etiti bụ ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ọkara nke ndị bi na ya na-eme karịa, ebe ọkara na-eme ka ọ dị ntakịrị. N'ihi na ọ na-eji median ọ na-emetụta ndị bara ọgaranya nke ukwuu.
Ọtụtụ òtù nọgidere na-enwe ihe ize ndụ kasịnụ nke ịda ogbenye. Ha gụnyere ndị nọ n'ụlọ ebe ọ nweghị onye na-enweta ọrụ nke ọma (18.2% nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke ịda ogbenye), ndị okenye na-alụbeghị di na-ebi naanị ya (12.5%), ezinụlọ ndị nne na-azụ ụmụ nwere ụmụaka (12.5%) na ndị na-enweghị ụlọ akwụkwọ nhọrọ (10.9%). Ndị mba ọzọ bi na ya nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu karịa ụmụ amaala Switzerland, ebe ndị si na mpụga Europe nwere ihe ize ndụ ịda ogbenye ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ okpukpu abụọ nke ụmụ amaala.
Tụnyere obodo ndị agbata obi
dezieDị ka nke 2016, Switzerland nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala nke ndị mmadụ na-eme 50% nke etiti nhata ego (8.9%) karịa European Union (10.9%), United Kingdom (9.9%) na Germany (9.7%), mana ọnụego dị elu karịa Mba ndị dị ka Finland (4.9%), France (6.8%) na Austria (8.1%). Chaatị a na-esonụ na-enye ozi gbasara pasentị na ọnụ ọgụgụ zuru ezu nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị mmadụ nọ n'ihe ize ndụ maka ịda ogbenye (na-eme ihe na-erughị 50% nke ego ha na-enweta na etiti), ndị na-arụ ọrụ bụ ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ maka ịda ogbenye na ọkwa 50% maka obodo ọ bụla nhata. ike ịzụta .
| Nation | Percentage | People (in thousands) |
Employed % (18–24) | Employed % (18–64) | Threshold amount Single Person (Purchasing Power) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Serbia | 19.3 | 1,355 | 12.5 | 12.3 | 2,628 |
| Romania | 19.2 | 3,804 | 31.2 | 18.6 | 2,397 |
| Bulgaria | 16.5 | 1,181 | 13.5 | 11.6 | 3,372 |
| Lithuania | 15.9 | 459 | 9.1 | 8.7 | 4,639 |
| Spain | 15.5 | 7,114 | 18.3 | 13.1 | 7,587 |
| Greece | 15.3 | 1,629 | 19 | 14 | 4,414 |
| Latvia | 14.4 | 280 | 8.5 | 8.5 | 4,599 |
| Italy | 14 | 8,500 | 13.3 | 11.4 | 8,267 |
| Croatia | 13.5 | 558 | 8.5 | 5.5 | 4,414 |
| Estonia | 13.1 | 170 | 7.4 | 9.9 | 5,930 |
| Portugal | 13 | 1,341 | 12 | 10.8 | 5,357 |
| Poland | 11.1 | 4,163 | 10.9 | 10.9 | 5,425 |
| European Union (28 countries) | 10.9 | 54,699 | 12.1 | 9.6 | N/A |
| Euro area (19 countries) | 10.8 | 35,984 | 12.7 | 9.5 | N/A |
| Luxembourg | 10.3 | 59 | 13.1 | 12 | 14,051 |
| United Kingdom | 9.9 | 6,391 | 8.4 | 8.6 | 8,760 |
| Germany | 9.7 | 7,931 | 14 | 9.5 | 10,605 |
| Sweden | 9.4 | 929 | 16 | 6.8 | 10,353 |
| Switzerland | 8.9 | 728 | 8.7 | 7.3 | 13,544 |
| Belgium | 8.6 | 970 | 4.6 | 4.7 | 10,410 |
| Cyprus | 8.3 | 70 | 10.2 | 8.4 | 7,993 |
| Slovenia | 8.2 | 166 | 7 | 6.1 | 7,750 |
| Austria | 8.1 | 700 | 12.4 | 8.3 | 11,262 |
| Slovakia | 8.1 | 426 | 2.7 | 6.5 | 5,254 |
| Hungary | 7.8 | 752 | 8.6 | 9.7 | 4,194 |
| Malta | 7.7 | 33 | 3.6 | 5.7 | 8,462 |
| Norway | 6.9 | 357 | 23.3 | 5.9 | 14,308 |
| Denmark | 6.8 | 387 | 21.3 | 5.3 | 10,560 |
| France | 6.8 | 4,269 | 12.8 | 8 | 10,375 |
| Netherlands | 6.6 | 1,104 | 7.1 | 5.6 | 10,497 |
| Czech Republic | 5.3 | 543 | 3.1 | 3.8 | 6,257 |
| Finland | 4.9 | 263 | 4.8 | 3.1 | 9,883 |
| IrelandÀtụ:Ref | 8.8 | 411 | 5.8 | 4.8 | 8,852 |
| IcelandÀtụ:Ref | 5.5 | 17 | 10.6 | 7 | 10,039 |
| FYR MacedoniaÀtụ:Ref | 15.5 | 321 | 7.7 | 8.8 | 2,278 |
| TurkeyÀtụ:Ref | 15.5 | 11,868 | 14.3 | 13.7 | 2,831 |
Site na afọ
dezieNdị nọ n'afọ ezumike nká (ndị okenye karịa 65) nwere ọkwa ịda ogbenye dị elu karịa (13.9%), karịsịa ma ọ bụrụ na ha bi naanị ha (22.8%, lee chaatị n'okpuru). Agbanyeghị, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a dị elu bụ ihe na-eduhie eduhie n'ihi na ọnụọgụ ịda ogbenye anaghị agụnye akụ nke ha chekwaa ma ọ bụ zụta mgbe ha na-arụ ọrụ. N’ihi na ndị gaferela afọ 65 na-enwekarị ego, ọ bụ nanị mmadụ ole na ole zaghachiri ná nnyocha e mere na ha ji ụgwọ ma ọ bụ na ọ na-esiri ha ike inweta ihe ha ga-eri. Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nọ n'afọ ndụ ezumike nká bụ́ ndị nwere ike imefu ihe ha na-atụghị anya ya bụ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọkara nke nkezi mba. N'ezie, nanị 1.9% nke ndị lara ezumike nká enweghị ike ịkwụ ụgwọ ha n'oge, ma e jiri ya tụnyere 9.3% nke 18 ruo 64 afọ.
| Poverty indicators | Survey – % who agreed with the statement | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Categories | % entire population in danger of poverty (50% median) |
% workers in danger of poverty (50% median) |
% entire population below poverty line | % workers below poverty line | Must use their reserves to make ends meet | Are going deeper in debt | Hard or very hard to make ends meet | Can't afford an unexpected 2,500 SFr expense | Can't afford a one-week vacation per year | Can't afford two meals per day | Can't afford to heat their home |
| 0–17 | 8.7 | – | 5.1 | – | 2.3 | 3.6 | 15.1 | 28.7 | 10.3 | 1.5 | 0.9 |
| 18–64 | 6.6 | 4.3 | 5.8 | 3.9 | 1.2 | 2.8 | 11.4 | 22.3 | 8.3 | 1.4 | 0.6 |
| 18–24 | 9.1 | 6.2 | 7.5 | 4.3 | 3.3 | 3.5 | 11.6 | 25.6 | 9.3 | 2.1 | 0.5 |
| 25–49 | 6.5 | 4.5 | 5.2 | 3.7 | 1.4 | 2.9 | 11.7 | 23.5 | 7.8 | 1.3 | 0.7 |
| 50–64 | 5.6 | 3.3 | 6.2 | 4.0 | 1.9 | 2.5 | 10.6 | 18.9 | 8.9 | 1.4 | 0.5 |
| 65 and above | 10.4 | 5.3 | 13.9 | 5.0 | 2.3 | 1.0 | 6.7 | 11.7 | 7.7 | 1.0 | 0.3 |
| Total Population | 7.6 | 4.3 | 7.0 | 3.9 | 1.2 | 2.7 | 11.2 | 21.7 | 8.6 | 1.4 | 0.6 |
| Poverty indicators | Survey – % who agreed with the statement | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Categories | % entire population in danger of poverty (50% median) |
% workers in danger of poverty (50% median) |
% entire population below poverty line | % workers below poverty line | Must use their reserves to make ends meet | Are going deeper in debt | Hard or very hard to make ends meet | Can't afford an unexpected 2,500 SFr expense | Can't afford a one-week vacation per year | Can't afford two meals per day | Can't afford to heat their home |
| Female | 8.2 | 4.6 | 8.1 | 4.5 | 1.3 | 2.4 | 11.5 | 22.1 | 9.3 | 1.6 | 0.6 |
| Male | 7.0 | 4.1 | 6.0 | 3.4 | 1.3 | 2.9 | 11.0 | 21.2 | 7.8 | 1.2 | 0.7 |
| German/Romansh speaking | 6.5 | 3.7 | 6.3 | 3.5 | 1.3 | 2.4 | 8.5 | 17.4 | 7.6 | 1.4 | 0.5 |
| French speaking | 8.5 | 4.2 | 7.5 | 3.2 | 2.6 | 3.6 | 17.7 | 32.3 | 10.6 | 1.2 | 0.9 |
| Italian speaking | 20.2 | 16.9 | 16.4 | 15.8 | 7.2 | 2.4 | 19.1 | 30.3 | 12.7 | 2.6 | 0.5 |
| Swiss Citizen | 6.1 | 2.9 | 6.4 | 3.1 | 1.3 | 1.8 | 8.1 | 15.7 | 7.6 | 1.0 | 0.4 |
| Total Resident Foreigner | 12.3 | 8.3 | 9.0 | 6.3 | 2.4 | 5.5 | 21.0 | 40.0 | 11.7 | 2.4 | 1.3 |
| Origin: North & West Europe | 5.6 | 3.2 | 5.4 | 3.0 | 3.1 | 1.2 | 6.5 | 16.9 | 5.7 | 1.3 | 0.7 |
| Origin: Southern Europe | 14.9 | 10.8 | 8.9 | 6.8 | 4.5 | 3.7 | 24.7 | 46.2 | 13.8 | 1.8 | 2.0 |
| Origin:Outside Europe | 15.2 | 10.8 | 11.7 | 9.1 | 4.3 | 10.3 | 28.8 | 52.3 | 14.4 | 3.7 | 1.3 |
| Total Population | 7.6 | 4.3 | 7.0 | 3.9 | 1.2 | 2.7 | 11.2 | 21.7 | 8.6 | 1.4 | 0.6 |
Mpaghara ọnụ ọgụgụ
dezie- 1. ^ Pasent nke ndị 25 na karịa bụ ndị gụchara akwụkwọ edepụtara.
- 2. ^ Ndekọ ndeksi (50 bụ nkezi mba) nke na-anwa ịkọwapụta ọkwa. Usoro bụ (2.5 × % Agụchara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị)-(2.0 × % Agụmakwụkwọ mmanyere naanị)+(% Nlekọta na ndị ọrụ nwere nkà) - (% Ndị ọrụ na-enweghị nkà) + (4 × % Ego dị elu) - (2 × % obere ego)
- 3. ^ Ọnụọgụ nke ndị ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ ndị a na-ekewa dị ka Tech Tech ma ọ bụ Ọmụma-Ọkụkụ ma e jiri ya tụnyere nkezi mba (nke edobere na 1.0).
Akụkọ ihe mere eme
dezieỌgbaghara covid-19
dezieNa 2020, ọrịa COVID-19 na Switzerland na usoro emere na nzaghachi ya butere nlaazu ego, ebe ọtụtụ ndị bi na-efunahụ ọrụ, ego na akụ na ụba. Na Geneva, a haziri nnukwu nkesa nri kwa izu, nke mere ka ọtụtụ puku mmadụ kwụ n'ahịrị ruo ọtụtụ awa iji nata akpa nke isi nri. Ihe nkiri ahụ dọtara ọtụtụ mgbasa ozi na Geneva, [11] na Switzerland niile [12] [13] [14] na gburugburu ụwa, [15] [16] [17] [18] na ndị nta akụkọ na-ejide ebe ahụ dị ka ihe dị ịrịba ama. ihe omume nyere ọkwa Geneva dị ka otu n'ime obodo ndị kasị baa ọgaranya n'ụwa. Ihe omume ugboro ugboro mere ka ọtụtụ okwu ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị iche iche, [19] ọkachamara na ndị ọha na eze, [20] [21] nakwa na mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi. Ụfọdụ ndị na-ekwu okwu rụrụ ụka na ịda ogbenye a abụghị ihe ọhụrụ, ọ bụghị nanị na Geneva ma bụrụ nke a na-eme ka ọ pụta ìhè site na nsogbu ahụ. [11] [22] N'obodo ndị ọzọ kwa, ndị mmadụ kwụ n'ahịrị maka nri, [23] enweghị ahịrị kwụ n'ahịrị dị ka ndị nọ na Geneva bụ n'ihi ọdịiche dị na nhazi nkesa nri karịa mkpa, [12] [24] yana obere egwu ijide. maka ndị na-enweghị akwụkwọ, [21] [25] n'agbanyeghị na Geneva nwere ike bụrụ obodo kacha sie ike site n'ichebara nsogbu tupu nsogbu coronavirus. [26] Nnyocha nke ndị dọkịta na-enweghị Borders na ụlọ ọgwụ Mahadum Geneva mere nke ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ndị na-erite uru nri nri sonyere na 60% n'ime ha enweghị mkpuchi ahụike, yana profaịlụ mmekọrịta akụ na ụba dị iche iche, gụnyere ndị ọrụ na ndị na-enweghị ọrụ, yana ndị dị mkpụmkpụ. ndị ọrụ oge . Otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ndị mmadụ kwụ n'ahịrị bụ ụmụ nwanyị, ihe dị ka ọkara bụ ndị enweghị akwụkwọ, otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ bụ ndị mba ọzọ nwere ikike obibi, 5% bụ ndị na-achọ mgbaba na 4% bụ ụmụ amaala Switzerland. Nnyocha ahụ chọpụtakwara na ndị otu ndị nọ n'ọkwa ahụ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ okpukpu ise ka ekpughere mmetụta nke COVID-19 n'ihi nsogbu dị ka ọnọdụ ibi ndụ siri ike yana belata ohere ịnweta ọgwụgwọ ma ọ bụ ule. [27] [28]
Hụkwa
dezie- Economy nke Switzerland
- Ịda ogbenye site na obodo
Akwụkwọ
dezie- Christin Kehrli, Carlo Knöpfel, Handbuch Armut na der Schweiz
- Armut in der Schweiz, Evangelical People's Party (EVP) nke Canton nke Zürich (1999)
Edensibia
dezie- ↑ Office (2020-01-28). Poverty rate in 2018 remained stable at around 8% - Poverty and living conditions in 2018 | Press release (en). Federal Statistical Office. Retrieved on 2020-05-03.
- ↑ "Haushaltseinkommen und -ausgaben 2013" Federal Statistical Office (Switzerland); exchange rate 0.90 in December 2013 (xe.com), PPP factor 1.322 as of 2013 (down from 1.851 in 2000) according to oecd.org
- ↑ "National Accounts at a Glance 2014", OECD Publishing (2014), p. 66.
- ↑ (2016) Global Wealth Report 2016. Credit Suisse. Retrieved on 2017-10-03.
- ↑ Inequality in Switzerland (February 2016).
- ↑ Report warns of rising wealth inequality in Switzerland.
- ↑ Simon Bowers (19 October 2011), Franc's rise puts Swiss top of rich list "Swiss fortunes in 2011 have more than doubled since 2000 in dollar terms", The Guardian. CHF 500,000 in late 2007 corresponded to USD 403,000 (USD 252,000 PPP), in late 2011 to USD 540,000 (USD 380,000 PPP) and in 2015 to USD 510,000 (USD 400,000 PPP). Exchange rates: xe.com, PPP conversion: 1.601 (2007), 1.433 (2011), 1.275 (2015) oecd.org.
- ↑ comparable to the United States, which also has a Gini coefficient close to 0.8, and a median wealth five times lower than average wealth. Switzerland's neighboring countries have Gini coefficients ranging between 0.6 and 0.73. See list of countries by distribution of wealth.
- ↑ Tages Anzeiger, Das reichste Land der Welt (20 October 2011) reports 3,820 individuals with a wealth of USD 50 million or more, out of a total population of just above 8 million.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Armut in der Schweiz: Aktualisierte Indikatoren 2015. Federal Statistical Office (15 May 2017). Retrieved on 4 October 2017.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Le ventre vide (fr-FR). Le Courrier (2020-05-03). Retrieved on 2020-05-14.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Michael Surber. "Coronavirus: Die Pandemie führt in Genf zu Armut", Neue Zürcher Zeitung. Retrieved on 2020-05-14. (in de)
- ↑ Coronavirus in der Schweiz - Wenn der Shutdown direkt in die Armut führt (de). Swiss Radio and Television (SRF) (2020-05-05). Retrieved on 2020-05-14.
- ↑ "A Genève, des heures d'attente pour un sac de nourriture", Le Temps, 2020-05-03. Retrieved on 2020-05-14. (in fr)
- ↑ "More than 1,000 queue for food in rich Geneva amid virus shutdown", Reuters, 2020-05-09. Retrieved on 2020-05-14. (in en)
- ↑ "Hundreds queue for food parcels in wealthy Geneva", The Guardian, 2020-05-09. Retrieved on 2020-05-14. (in en-GB)
- ↑ "More Than 1,000 Queue for Food in Rich Geneva Amid Virus Shutdown", The New York Times, 2020-05-09. Retrieved on 2020-05-14. (in en-US)
- ↑ Crisis Lays Bare Poverty In Geneva, As Thousands Queue For Food. NDTV.com (2020-05-09). Retrieved on 2020-05-14.
- ↑ Rul (2020-05-06). Esther Alder, Conseillère administrative en Ville de Genève, chargée de la cohésion sociale et de la solidarité (fr-FR). Radiolac.ch. Retrieved on 2020-05-14.
- ↑ Barbey (2020-05-05). 'Switzerland is going to face an unimaginable level of poverty' (en). SWI swissinfo.ch. Retrieved on 2020-05-14.
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 "Les files de sans-papiers à Genève secouent la Suisse", Tribune de Genève, 2020-05-10. Retrieved on 2020-05-14. (in fr)
- ↑ Fumagalli. "Corona-Krise in Genf: Schlangestehen für Reis und Pasta", Neue Zürcher Zeitung, 2020-05-05. Retrieved on 2020-05-14. (in de)
- ↑ Dupont (2020-05-13). Dans une spirale infernale (fr-FR). Le Courrier. Retrieved on 2020-05-14.
- ↑ Islas (2020-05-05). Coronavirus leaves irregular migrants in Switzerland in precarious situation (en). SWI swissinfo.ch. Retrieved on 2020-05-14.
- ↑ "A Zurich, l'aide se fait discrète", Le Temps, 2020-05-14. Retrieved on 2020-05-15. (in fr)
- ↑ Gonet (2017-10-30). De plus en plus de Suisses ont besoin de l'aide alimentaire pour vivre (fr). rts.ch. Swiss Radio and Television (RTS). Retrieved on 2020-05-14.
- ↑ Disadvantaged groups almost five times more exposed to Covid-19 (en). SWI swissinfo.ch (2020-05-11). Retrieved on 2020-05-14.
- ↑ 60% des personnes qui ont fait la queue pour manger à Genève n'ont pas d'assurance maladie (fr). rts.ch. Swiss Radio and Television (RTS) (2020-05-07). Retrieved on 2020-05-14.