Wikipedia

Samuel Plato

Onye Amerịka na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ
Samuel Plato
mmádu
ụdịekerenwoke Dezie
mba o sịNjikota Obodo Amerika Dezie
aha enyereSamuel Dezie
ụbọchị ọmụmụ ya1882 Dezie
Ebe ọmụmụWaugh Dezie
Ụbọchị ọnwụ ya1957 Dezie
Ebe oliliLouisville Dezie
ọrụ ọ na-arụonye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ, building contractor Dezie
ebe agụmakwụkwọSimmons College of Kentucky Dezie
agbụrụNdi Afrika nke Amerika Dezie

 

Samuel M. Plato (1882-1957) bụ onye America na-atụpụta ụkpụrụ ụlọ na onye na-arụ ọrụ ụlọ bụ onye a ma ama maka ọrụ ya na ọrụ ụlọ gọọmenti etiti na ụlọ ọrụ US, yana ịmepụta na iwu ụlọ ndị ọzọ na United States dị ka ụlọ nke onwe, ụlọ akụ, ụka, na ụlọ akwụkwọ. N'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, nwa amaala Alabama bụ otu n'ime ndị na-arụ ọrụ n'Africa-American ole na ole na mba ahụ ka a ga-enye nkwekọrịta ụlọ ọrụ oge agha, nke gụnyere Wake na Midway Halls (ụlọ obibi maka ndị ọrụ nchekwa ihe karịrị 800 African-American na Washington, DC ). O nwetakwara nkwekọrịta iji wuo ma ọ dịkarịa ala ụlọ ọrụ nzipu ozi US iri atọ na asatọ n'ofe mba ahụ.

Plato malitere ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ na onye na-arụ ọrụ ụlọ na 1902 na Marion, Indiana, n'oge nkewa na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ mere ka ọ bụrụ ihe ịma aka maka ndị ọkachamara Afrika-American dị ka ndị na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ. Na 1921 ọ kwagara Louisville, Kentucky, bụ ebe o jiri ndụ ya fọdụrụnụ. Edepụtara ụfọdụ n'ime nnukwu ụlọ Plato na Ndebanye aha Mba nke Ebe akụkọ ihe mere eme . Ndị a na-agụnye Louisville's Broadway Temple AME Zion Church na Virginia Avenue Colored School, ihe atụ abụọ nke onyinye ya na obodo Africa-American obodo. Ọrụ ndị ọzọ gụnyere Ụlọ J. Woodrow Wilson na Marion, Indiana, na Chọọchị Baptist nke Abụọ na Bloomington, Indiana .

Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ

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Samuel M. Plato mụrụ na 1882 Waugh na Montgomery County, Alabama, nye James na Katie (Hendricks) Plato. [1] [2] [3] Nna Samuel, bụ́ Jems, bụ onye ọrụ ugbo kụziiri ya ọrụ nkà na ihe ndị ọzọ a na-ewu ihe . [3]

Plato gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mount Meigs Colored Institute dị nso n'ụlọ ya na Alabama wee nọrọ otu afọ ọzọ na-agụ akwụkwọ na Winston-Salem, North Carolina, tupu o debanye aha na 1898 na State University Normal School (ugbu a Simmons College of Kentucky ) na Louisville, Kentucky . Ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ n'ebe a na-ewu ihe owuwu n'oge ezumike ọkọchị mgbe ọ ka nọ na kọleji wee gụchaa na 1902. Ọ mechakwara mmemme izi ozi n'ime ihe owuwu sitere na ụlọ akwụkwọ mmekorita mba ụwa nke Scranton, Pennsylvania . [1] [3]

Ọrụ

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Plato malitere ịrụ ọrụ dịka onye na-arụ ọrụ ụlọ na mmalite 1900s, mgbe ịkpa ókè megide ndị America America na-atụgharịkarị ha n'ọrụ dịka ndị ọrụ na-enweghị nkà. N'agbanyeghị ihe ịma aka ndị a, ọ chọtara ọrụ dị ka onye ọkwá nkà, ma ọ jụrụ ịkwado ọrụ a na-arụsi ọrụ ike. Kama nke ahụ, ọ họọrọ ịchụso ọrụ dị ka onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ na onye na-arụ ọrụ ụlọ, bụ nke nyere ohere ọrụ ka mma na ụgwọ ọrụ. [4] [5] Plato bụ onye ọsụ ụzọ Africa-American na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ na Midwest . N'ihe dị ka 1902, n'oge na-adịghị anya ka ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na kọleji, ọ kwagara Marion, Indiana, ebe ọ nọrọ afọ iri na itoolu dị ka onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ na onye na-arụ ọrụ ụlọ tupu ọ laghachi Louisville, Kentucky, gburugburu 1921. [6] [7] Na mgbakwunye na ọrụ dị na Indiana na Kentucky, Plato haziri ma wuo ụlọ ndị ọzọ n'ofe United States. [8]

Indiana oru ngo

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N'ime afọ ya na Indiana, n'oge Ku Klux Klan ruru ihe ndekọ oge niile na ọkara nde ndị otu na steeti ahụ, Plato nwetara nkwado site n'aka ndị nwe ụlọ ahịa bara ọgaranya John Schaumleffel na J. Woodrow Wilson. [6] Plato nwekwara mmekọrịta ruo ihe dị ka afọ iri na Jasper Burden, onye na-arụ ọrụ ụlọ ojii na Marion. Ihe omume mbụ Plato mere na Marion gụnyere Chọọchị Baptist nke Abụọ, nke emechara na 1905; Chọọchị Baptist mbụ nke Classical Revival, nke e nyere ọrụ na 1913; na Ụlọ Platonian, nke e wuru na 1910. [9] [10]

 
Ụlọ J. Woodrow Wilson, Julaị 2012

Otu n'ime ọrụ obibi Plato a kacha mara amara bụ imepụta na iwu ụlọ J. Woodrow Wilson nke nwere ọnụ ụlọ iri na ise na Marion na 1912. Ụlọ Neoclassical -style bụ "otu n'ime ihe owuwu kachasị mma n'ime obodo" [11] na-akọ na ọ na-efu $135,000 n'oge a na-ewu ya. Ụlọ Wilson (nke a makwaara dị ka Ụlọ Wilson-Vaughan na Ụlọ ndị ọbịa) ka agbakwunyere na National Register of Historic Places na 1988. [10] [12]

Plato nwetara nkwekọrịta iji chepụta na wuo ebe obibi ndị ọzọ na ụlọ azụmahịa na Marion na ebe ndị ọzọ na Indiana. Ihe atụ nke ọrụ ya gụnyere First United Baptist Church na Wabash na Baptist Church nke Abụọ (agbakwunyere na National Register of Historic Places na 1983) na Bloomington, Indiana . Ọrụ ọzọ bụ ụlọ obibi Swallow-Robin, nke e wuru na 1917 na ogige ụlọ akwụkwọ mahadum Taylor dị na Upland, Indiana . [12] [13] [14]

Mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na Marion, Plato bịara mara maka inye ndị ojii na ndị ọcha ohere ọrụ n'ọrụ ihe owuwu ya n'oge ọ bụ ihe na-adịghị ahụkebe maka ndị ọchụnta ego ojii na-ewe ndị ọrụ ọcha n'oge iri afọ mbụ nke narị afọ nke iri abụọ. Dị ka otu nnyocha mba 1928 nke e bipụtara na 1931-32 Negro Year Book si kwuo, ihe na-erughị 1.2 pasent nke ụlọ ọrụ ojii nwere ndị ọrụ ọcha. Omume Plato nke iwere ndị ọrụ Africa-American n'ọrụ maka ọrụ ya, karịsịa maka ọrụ chọrọ ọrụ ọkachamara, nyere ha ohere ịkwalite nkà ha. Mgbalị ya nwekwara ihe ịga nke ọma n'imepe ndị ọrụ Africa-American ụlọ ọrụ azụmahịa. [1] [15]

Ọrụ Kentucky

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Ụlọ akwụkwọ Virginia Avenue, Louisville, Kentucky

Plato hapụrụ Marion gburugburu 1920 ma ọ bụ 1921 ịlaghachi na Louisville, Kentucky, ebe ọ gara n'ihu n'ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ na onye na-ewu ụlọ. [16] Isi ọrụ ya na mpaghara Louisville gụnyere Broadway Temple AME Zion Church (agbakwunyere na National Register of Historic Places na 1980) [17] na James Lee Memorial Presbyterian Church. Plato mekwara ụlọ akwụkwọ agba agba Virginia Avenue (agbakwunyere na National Register of Historic Places na 2004). [18] na Simmons College of Kentucky 's Steward Hall, akụkụ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ kọleji Municipal nke ụlọ akwụkwọ (agbakwunyere na National Register of Historic Places na 1976), [19] yana ụlọ akụ abụọ na Louisville. Ebe obibi nke Plato nyere aka wulite bụ Plato Terrace maka nsọpụrụ ya. N'ihe dị ka afọ 1945, o nyere aka guzobe mpaghara Westover nke obere ụlọ nwere ọnụ ụlọ abụọ. [16] [20] [21]

Ọrụ gọọmentị etiti

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Ụlọ ọrụ Post US na Fredonia, New York

A maara Plato nke ọma maka ọrụ ya na ọrụ ụlọ nke gọọmentị etiti, a kọkwara na ọ bụ onye mbụ Africa-America ka e nyere nkwekọrịta iji wuo ụlọ ọrụ nzipu ozi US. Enyere ya nkwekọrịta, nke ka ukwuu na 1930s, iji wuo ma ọ dịkarịa ala 38 US post office na obodo ndị dị ka Coldwater, Ohio ; Goshen, New York ; Fredonia, New York ; Eaton, New York ; Morgantown, West Virginia ; na Decatur, Alabama . Ndị ọrụ gọọmentị goro Plato ọrụ na post ọfịs na Decatur n'amaghị na ọ bụ onye isi ojii. Iji zere ọnọdụ na-adịghị mma, ọ kwụsịrị oriri nnabata ahụ wee malite ọrụ ozugbo na ọrụ ahụ. Ọrụ gọọmentị etiti ndị ọzọ gụnyere ụlọ gọọmentị na New Philadelphia, Ohio, na nkwekọrịta iji wuo ụlọ agha gọọmentị etiti na Xenia na Zanesville, Ohio . [6] [1] [20] [22]

Ọrụ ụlọ gọọmenti etiti Plato maka ndị ọrụ nchekwa n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ wetara ya nlebara anya mba. N'agbata afọ 1941 na 1946, Plato bụ otu n'ime ndị na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ na ndị ọrụ ngo na America ole na ole na United States ga-enye nkwekọrịta oge agha. Ọ bụ ezie na President Franklin D. Roosevelt nyere Executive Order 8802 na June 1941 machibido ịkpa ókè omume na nchekwa ọrụ na awarding gọọmenti etiti agbachitere contracts n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, mba agbachitere ụlọ ọrụ nọgidere na-akpa ókè megide African American na-eleghara anya ojii azụmahịa na awarding gọọmenti etiti contracts. [1] [23] Ndị ọrụ nchekwa Plato na-arụ ọrụ ụlọ gụnyere Wake na Midway Hall, nke bụ ebe obibi iji nabata ihe karịrị ndị ọrụ nchekwa Africa-American 800 na Washington, DC Ọrụ ọzọ nke ụlọ gọọmentị etiti ya bụ Sparrows Point, ogige 304 na Baltimore, Maryland. [24] [25]

Ọrụ obodo

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Na mgbakwunye na ọrụ ụkpụrụ ụlọ ya, Plato na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ obodo nke gụnyere Òtù Ndị Na-eto Eto Ndị Kraịst, National Urban League, na National Negro Business League . Plato bụ onye otu Phi Beta Sigma fraternity's Epsilon Beta Sigma alumni isi. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dịka osote onye isi oche nke National Negro Builders Association na 1927. [21] [26] Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, a na-achọ Plato dị ka ọkà okwu na Tuskegee Institute, Ụlọ Ọrụ Hampton, na onye nkụzi pụrụ iche na Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Engineering na Architecture University Howard . [1]

Nkwanye ugwu na ihe nrite

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  • Ụlọ akwụkwọ nke injinịa na ihe owuwu nke Mahadum Howard, ebe Plato bụbu onye nkuzi pụrụ iche, kwanyere ya ugwu mgbe ọ nwụsịrị na 1960. [1]
  • Ụlọ ọrụ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Indiana nyefere akara akụkọ ihe mere eme steeti na nsọpụrụ Plato na Julaị 25, 2015, n'ihu J. Woodrow Wilson House (Ụlọ nnabata) na Marion, Indiana. [27]
  • Ewubere akara akụkọ ihe mere eme steeti Kentucky nye Plato n'ihu Broadway Temple AME Zion Church na Louisville, Kentucky, ma rara ya nye na February 1919. [20]

Na-arụ ọrụ

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Swallow-Robin Hall na Mahadum Taylor dị na Upland, Indiana, bụ Samuel Plato mere [6]

Indiana

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  • Ụka Baptist mbụ, Marion [13]
  • First United Baptist Church, Wabash [28]
  • Ụlọ J. Woodrow Wilson ( NRHP ), Marion [10]
  • Ụlọ Platonian, Marion [13]
  • Ụka Baptist nke Abụọ (NRHP), Bloomington [14]
  • Ụlọ obibi Swallow-Robin na Mahadum Taylor, Upland [28]

Kentucky

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  • Broadway Temple AME Zion Church (NRHP), Louisville [17]
  • Green Street Baptist Church, Louisville [20]
  • James Lee Presbyterian Church, Louisville [20]
  • Ụlọ akwụkwọ Virginia Avenue (NRHP), Louisville [18]
  • Ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ na Simmons College of Kentucky, Louisville [21]

New York steeti

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  • Ụlọ ọrụ nzipu ozi US, Fredonia [22]

Ohio

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  • Templelọ nsọ Pythia, Martin Luther King nke dị ugbu a na-eme ihe na nka nka nka (ma ọ bụ King Arts Complex), Columbus [21]

Ntụaka

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. Persley. [29] [30] Ọ gara Mahadum Lincoln, wee gụchaa na Carnegie Institute of Technology (ugbu a Mahadum Carnegie Mellon) na 1914. Ọ bụ onye prọfesọ nke ihe osise na eserese site na 1915 ruo 1916 na Tuskegee. Persley. [31] [32] Ọ gara Mahadum Lincoln, wee gụchaa na Carnegie Institute of Technology (ugbu a Mahadum Carnegie Mellon) na 1914. Ọ bụ onye prọfesọ nke ihe osise na eserese site na 1915 ruo 1916 na Tuskegee

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Pen Bogert. Samuel M. Plato: Building a Dream. The Filson Newsmagazine. The Filson Historical Society. Archived from the original on July 6, 2007. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Filson" defined multiple times with different content
  2. ↑ Plato's birth year is uncertain, but based on U.S. census records, his World War II draft card, and his gravestone, it is believed to be 1882. See: Samuel Plato. Indiana Historical Bureau. Retrieved on November 22, 2019.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Katherine M. Jourdan, "The Architecture of Samuel M. Plato," in (2007) in Wilma L. Gibbs: Indiana's African American Heritage: Essays from Black History News & Notes, 2nd, Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society. ISBN 978-0871950994.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Jourdan177" defined multiple times with different content
  4. ↑ Footnote 10 in Samuel Plato. Indiana Historical Bureau. Retrieved on November 13, 2019.
  5. ↑ Jourdan, p. 179.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Erik Kielisch. "Plato's Influence Remains on Campus: Works of Swallow Robin's Architect Comes to the Archives", The Echo, Taylor University, March 4, 2005, pp. 1–2. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Echo" defined multiple times with different content
  7. ↑ Indiana Historical Bureau, "Samuel Plato," footnote 3.
  8. ↑ Indiana Historical Bureau, "Samuel Plato," footnote 5.
  9. ↑ The U-shaped Platonian Apartments complex, which was designed, built, and named after the architect, had three buildings with ten, two-story units. See: Jourdan, pp. 179–82.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Indiana State Historic Architectural and Archaeological Research Database (SHAARD) (Searchable database). Department of Natural Resources, Division of Historic Preservation and Archaeology. Retrieved on December 4, 2019."Indiana State Historic Architectural and Archaeological Research Database (SHAARD)" (Searchable database). Department of Natural Resources, Division of Historic Preservation and Archaeology. Retrieved December 4, 2019. Note: This includes Katherine M. Jourdan (January 1988). National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form: J. Woodrow Wilson House. Retrieved on December 4, 2019.Katherine M. Jourdan (January 1988). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form: J. Woodrow Wilson House" (PDF). Retrieved December 4, 2019. and accompanying photographs. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "WilsonHouse" defined multiple times with different content
  11. ↑ Jourdan, p. 181.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Indiana Historical Bureau, "Samuel Plato," footnotes 4 and 5.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Jourdan, pp. 179–82.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Indiana State Historic Architectural and Archaeological Research Database (SHAARD) (Searchable database). Department of Natural Resources, Division of Historic Preservation and Archaeology. Retrieved on December 4, 2019."Indiana State Historic Architectural and Archaeological Research Database (SHAARD)" (Searchable database). Department of Natural Resources, Division of Historic Preservation and Archaeology. Retrieved December 4, 2019. Note: This includes Kathleen S. Branigan (December 1994). National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form: Second Baptist Church. Retrieved on December 4, 2019.Kathleen S. Branigan (December 1994). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form: Second Baptist Church" (PDF). Retrieved December 4, 2019. and accompanying photographs. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "SBC-Bloomington" defined multiple times with different content
  15. ↑ Indiana Historical Bureau, "Samuel Plato," footnotes 12 and 14.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Jourdan, pp. 182–84.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Broadway Temple A.M.E. Zion Church. NPGallery: Digital Asset Management System. National Park Service. Retrieved on December 3, 2019."Broadway Temple A.M.E. Zion Church". NPGallery: Digital Asset Management System. National Park Service. Retrieved December 3, 2019. Note: This includes Hugh B. Foshee (August 5, 1980). National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form: Broadway Temple A.M.E. Zion Church (PDF). Retrieved on December 3, 2019.Hugh B. Foshee (August 5, 1980). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form: Broadway Temple A.M.E. Zion Church" (PDF). Retrieved December 3, 2019. and accompanying photographs. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "BroadwayChurch" defined multiple times with different content
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Virginia Avenue Colored School. NPGallery: Digital Asset Management System. National Park Service. Retrieved on December 3, 2019."Virginia Avenue Colored School". NPGallery: Digital Asset Management System. National Park Service. Retrieved December 3, 2019. Note: This includes Mark D. Frazar. National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form: Virginia Avenue Colored School (PDF). Retrieved on December 3, 2019.Mark D. Frazar. "National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form: Virginia Avenue Colored School" (PDF). Retrieved December 3, 2019. and accompanying photographs. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "VirginiaAveSchool" defined multiple times with different content
  19. ↑ Municipal College Campus (Simmons University). NPGallery: Digital Asset Management System. National Park Service. Retrieved on December 3, 2019. Note: This includes Douglas Stern. National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form: Municipal College Campus (Simmons University) (PDF). Retrieved on December 3, 2019. and accompanying photographs. See also: Campus Life. Simmons College of Kentucky. Retrieved on December 4, 2019.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 Erin O'Neil (February 17, 2019). Kentucky Historical Marker dedicated to architect Samuel Plato. WAVE 3 News. Retrieved on December 2, 2019.Erin O'Neil (February 17, 2019). "Kentucky Historical Marker dedicated to architect Samuel Plato". WAVE 3 News. Retrieved December 2, 2019. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "ONeil" defined multiple times with different content
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 Bro. Samuel Plato. The Chapter: Epsilon Beta Sigma Alumni Chapter. Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity. Retrieved on November 13, 2019."Bro. Samuel Plato". The Chapter: Epsilon Beta Sigma Alumni Chapter. Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity. Retrieved November 13, 2019. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "PhiBetaSigma" defined multiple times with different content
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Indiana Historical Bureau, "Samuel Plato," footnotes 5 and 6.
  23. ↑ Indiana Historical Bureau, "Samuel Plato," footnotes 7 and 8.
  24. ↑ Indiana Historical Bureau, "Samuel Plato," footnote 7.
  25. ↑ Jourdan, p. 184.
  26. ↑ Indiana Historical Bureau, "Samuel Plato, " footnote 11.
  27. ↑ Samuel Plato Marker Dedication. Indiana Historical Bureau. Retrieved on December 2, 2019.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Indiana Historical Bureau, “Samuel Plato,” footnote 5.
  29. ↑ Wilson (March 2004). African American Architects: A Biographical Dictionary, 1865-1945 (in en). Routledge, 443–445. ISBN 978-1-135-95629-5. 
  30. ↑ A Macon street bears his name, but you don't know his story. Historic Macon Foundation (21 February 2020).
  31. ↑ Wilson (March 2004). African American Architects: A Biographical Dictionary, 1865-1945 (in en). Routledge, 443–445. ISBN 978-1-135-95629-5. 
  32. ↑ A Macon street bears his name, but you don't know his story. Historic Macon Foundation (21 February 2020).
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