Wikipedia

Patricia Bath

Ọkachamara ophthalmologist na onye na-emepụta ihe (1942-2019)
Patricia Bath
mmádu
ụdịekerenwanyị Dezie
mba o sịNjikota Obodo Amerika Dezie
Aha ọmụmụPatricia Bath Dezie
aha enyerePatricia Dezie
aha ezinụlọ yaBath Dezie
ụbọchị ọmụmụ ya4 Novemba 1942 Dezie
Ebe ọmụmụHarlem Dezie
Ụbọchị ọnwụ ya30 Mee 2019 Dezie
Ebe ọ nwụrụSan Francisco Dezie
ọrụ ọ na-arụophthalmologist, physician, inventor, researcher Dezie
ụdị ọrụ yaophthalmology Dezie
onye were ọrụUniversity of California, Los Angeles, Howard University Hospital Dezie
ebe agụmakwụkwọHoward University, Hunter College, Bayard Rustin Educational Complex Dezie
agbụrụNdi Afrika nke Amerika Dezie
Onye òtù nkeAlpha Kappa Alpha Dezie
Ihe nriteFellow of the Optical Society, National Inventors Hall of Fame Dezie
webụsaịtịhttp://laserphaco.net/content/index.html Dezie
kọwara na URLhttps://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/24/us/black-inventors.html, https://cfmedicine.nlm.nih.gov/physicians/biography_26.html Dezie

Patricia Era Bath (November 4, 1942 – Mee 30,afo 2019) bụ onye dibịa bekee nke America, onye mepụtara ihe, ọdịmma mmadụ na agụmakwụkwọ. Ọ chepụtara ngwaọrụ ka mma maka ịwa ahụ cataract laser . A na-akpọ ihe mepụtara ya Laserphaco Probe, nke ọ kwadoro na afo 1986. Ọ ghọkwara nwanyị mbụ onye otu Jules Stein Eye Institute, nwanyị mbụ ga-eduzi mmemme ọzụzụ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ophthalmology, na nwanyị mbụ họpụtara ịbụ onye ọrụ nsọpụrụ nke UCLA Medical Center . Bath bụ onye mbụ Africa-American jere ozi dị ka onye bi na ophthalmology na Mahadum New York . Ọ bụkwa nwanyị mbụ America-Afrika jere ozi na ndị ọrụ dịka dọkịta na-awa na UCLA Medical Center. Bath bụ dọkịta nwanyị America-America mbụ nwetara patent maka ebumnuche ahụike. Onye ji akwụkwọ ikike ise, [1] o guzobekwara ụlọ ọrụ American Institute for Prevention of Blindness na Washington, DC [2] anaghị akwụ ụgwọ.

Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ

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Amụrụ na afo 1942, na Harlem, New York, Patricia Bath bụ ada Rupert na Gladys Bath. Nna ya bụ onye si Trinidad kwabatara, onye na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ, onye na- ere ahịa na-ere ahịa na onye isi ojii mbụ na-arụ ọrụ maka ụgbọ oloko New York City dị ka onye ọkwọ ụgbọ ala. Nna ya kpaliri ịhụnanya o nwere maka ọdịbendị ma gbaa ya ume inyocha omenala dị iche iche. Nne ya sitere na ndị ohu Africa na ndị Cherokee Native America. N'ime oge ọ bụ nwata, ndị mụrụ Bath na-agwakarị ya ka ọ "na-edozi ihe na-erughị [ya] kacha mma" na nkwado ha na agụmakwụkwọ ya gbakwara ya ume. Nne ya, na-agba ume nrọ ya na ịhụnanya sayensị, zụtara ya setịpụ kemistri mbụ ya. Ka ọ na-erule ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, Bath abụrụla onye ọkà mmụta National Science Foundation . Nke a butere nyocha ọrịa kansa na-enweta atụmatụ ihu ihu na New York Times. [3] [4] Patricia na nwanne ya nwoke gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Charles Evans Hughes ebe ụmụ akwụkwọ abụọ ahụ mere nke ọma na sayensị na mgbakọ na mwepụ.

Site n'ike mmụọ nsọ Albert Schweitzer 'ọrụ na nkà mmụta ọgwụ, Bath etinyere ma nweta a National Science Foundation Scholarship mgbe ọ na-aga ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị; nke a mere ka ọ rụọ ọrụ nyocha na Mahadum Yeshiva na Ụlọ Ọgwụ Harlem na-amụ njikọ n'etiti ọrịa cancer, nri na-edozi ahụ, na nchekasị. N'ime mmemme okpomọkụ a, nke Rabbi Moses D. Tendler na-edu, Bath amụwo mmetụta nke ihe fọdụrụ na streptomycin na nje bacteria. Site na nke a, o nwere ike ikwubi na ọrịa kansa, n'onwe ya, bụ ọrịa catabolic na uto tumor bụ ihe mgbaàmà. [5] [6] Ọ chọpụtakwara usoro mgbakọ na mwepụ nke a ga-eji buru amụma uto mkpụrụ ndụ kansa. Onye isi nke mmemme nchọcha ghọtara ihe nchoputa ya pụtara wee bipụta ya n'akwụkwọ sayensị. Ekekọrịtakwara nchọpụta ya na International Fifth Congress of Nutrition na ọdịda nke afo 1960. [6]

Na afo 1960, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na asatọ, Bath meriri "Award Award" nke magazin Mademoiselle maka ntinye aka na ọrụ ahụ.

Bath nwetara nzere bachelọ nke Arts na kemistri na kọleji Hunter nke Manhattan na afo 1964. Ọ kwagara Washington, DC ịga Howard University College of Medicine . Afọ ọhụrụ ya na Howard dabara na Iwu ikike obodo nke 1964 . O mebere otu Student National Medical Association wee bụrụ onye isi ala nwanyị mbụ ya na afo 1965. Na nyere ya onyinye nturu ugo nturu ugo gọọmentị mba ofesi maka ime nyocha na Belgrade, Yugoslavia, n'oge okpomọkụ nke afo 1967, ebe nyocha ya lekwasịrị anya na ịwa ahụ ụmụaka . [7] Ihe pụtara ìhè nke emume nturu ugo bụ nzukọ Earl Warren, onye ọka ikpe nke Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke United States, na Ụlọ Ọrụ Embassy US na Belgrade.  na nsọpụrụ na Mahadum Howard University College of Medicine na afo 1968. Enyere ya ihe nrite Edwin Watson maka Ọkachamma na Ophthalmology site n'aka onye ndụmọdụ ya, Lois A. Young. 

Ogbugbu nke Martin Luther King Jr., na afo 1968, mere ka Bath raara onwe ya nye iji nweta otu n'ime nrọ nke Eze, ya bụ inye ndị mmadụ ike site na mgbasa ozi ndị ogbenye . Ọ haziri ma duru ụmụ akwụkwọ ahụike Mahadum Howard n'inye ọrụ nlekọta ahụike afọ ofufo na mkpọsa ndị ogbenye na mbilite n'ọnwụ n'oge okpomọkụ nke afo 1968. [8]

Bath laghachiri na obodo Harlem ya wee banye na Harlem Hospital Center, bụ nke ka jikọtara na kọleji Mahadum Columbia nke ndị dibịa na ndị dọkịta na-awa ahụ. N'oge nkuzi ya, ọ hụrụ ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ndị kpuru ìsì na ụlọ ọgwụ Harlem ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị ọrịa nọ na ụlọ ọgwụ anya nke Mahadum Columbia. Tupu ịmalite ọmụmụ akwụkwọ obibi ophthalmology ya na NYU na afo 1970, enyere Bath onyinye otu afọ site na Mahadum Columbia iji mụọ ma nye aka na ọrụ nlekọta anya na Harlem Hospital. Ọ malitere ịnakọta data gbasara kpuru ìsì na ọhụhụ na ụlọ ọgwụ Harlem, nke na-enweghị ndị dọkịta anya na ndị ọrụ. Ihe omuma ya na oke ochicho ya mere ka ndi prọfesọ ya si Columbia kwenye ka ha malite ịwa ndị ọrịa kpuru ìsì, na-akwụghị ụgwọ, na Harlem Hospital Center. [9] Bath nwere mpako ịnọ na ndị otu Columbia bụ ndị rụrụ ịwa ahụ anya mbụ na Harlem Hospital na Nọvemba afo 1969. 

Bath jere ozi ebe obibi ya na ophthalmology na Mahadum New York, site na afo 1970 ruo afo 1973, onye America izizi mere ya. Ọ lụrụ di ma mụọ nwa nwanyị Eraka na afo 1972.

Mgbe o mechara obibi ya na NYU, Bath malitere mmemme mmekọrịta Corneal na Mahadum Columbia, bụ nke lekwasịrị anya na transplantation corneal na ịwa ahụ keratoprosthesis (afo 1973 ruo afo 1974). Mgbe ọ bụ onye ibe ya, ma UCLA Jules Stein Eye Institute na Mahadum Charles R. Drew kpọbatara ya ka ọ chọta usoro ebe obibi ophthalmology na Martin Luther King, Jr. Hospital . Ọ malitere ọrụ ya na Los Angeles, na-aghọ nwanyị mbụ dọkịta anya na ngalaba na Jules Stein Eye Institute na UCLA. Mgbe a jụrụ ya onye onye ndụmọdụ ya, Bath zara site n'ikwu na mmekọrịta ya na dibia bekee Dr. Cecil Marquez kpaliri ya ịchụso ọrụ a kpọmkwem. A họpụtara ya osote onye isi nke King-Drew-UCLA Ophthalmology Residency Programme na 1974, ma bụrụ onye isi na afo 1983. [10]

N'ụlọ ọrụ abụọ a, Bath ruru n'ọkwa nke prọfesọ osote. Na UCLA, o hiwere Ophthalmic Assistant Training Programme (OATP) na afo 1978. Ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ na OATP bụ ndị ọrụ dị mkpa iji nye nyocha, agụmakwụkwọ ahụike, na nkwado maka atụmatụ mgbochi kpuru ìsì.

Mgbe na UCLA Jules Stein Eye Institute, Bath guzobere Keratoprosthesis Programme iji nye ọgwụgwọ ịwa ahụ dị elu maka ndị ọrịa kpuru ìsì. Mmemme a na-aga n'ihu taa ka ndị KPRO na ọtụtụ puku ndị ọrịa ejirila teknụzụ ọhụrụ eweghachite anya ha. Dabere na nyocha ya na mmezu ya na keratoprosthesis, a họọrọ Bath ka ọ na-eduzi ọmụmụ ihe mbụ nke keratoprosthesis nke mba na afo 1983. [11]

N'afọ 1983, a họpụtara Bath Onye isi oche nke Mmemme obibi Ophthalmology nke KING-DREW-UCLA, bụrụ nwanyị mbụ na US ga-eduzi mmemme obibi ophthalmology.

Mgbe ọ nọ na UCLA, Bath chọrọ ịchụso nyocha, ọ bụ ezie na ụlọ ọrụ ahụike mba na National Eye Institute jụrụ inye onyinye na akụrụngwa. Ọ bụ mgbe ahụ ka o kpebiri ịchọkwu ụlọ nyocha kacha mma n'ụwa, iji kwado atụmatụ ya maka imepụta ihe ọhụrụ na ụwa nke ophthalmology. [10] N'afọ 1986, Bath họpụtara ka ọ were ụbọchị izu ikele site na ọrụ nlekọta ahụike na nhazi yana itinye uche na nyocha. [12] Ọ gbara arụkwaghịm n'ọkwa ya dị ka onye isi oche nke ophthalmology wee soro nchụso nyocha ya dị ka prọfesọ nleta na ụlọ ọrụ kacha mma na France, England na Germany. Na France, ọ jere ozi dị ka onye prọfesọ nleta na Rothschild Eye Institute of Paris na Onye isi, Daniele Aron-Rosa . Na England, ọ jere ozi dị ka prọfesọ nleta na Prọfesọ Emmony na Loughborough Institute of Technology. Na Germany, ọ jere ozi dị ka onye prọfesọ nleta na Mahadum Free Berlin na ebe nlekọta ahụike laser.

Na afo 1993, Bath lara ezumike nká na UCLA, nke mechara họpụta ya nwanyị mbụ na ndị ọrụ nsọpụrụ ya.

Bath jere ozi dị ka prọfesọ nke ophthalmology na Howard University's School of Medicine na dị ka onye prọfesọ nke telemedicine na ophthalmology na St. Georges University [13] mmemme ọzụzụ ophthalmology. N'ịbụ onye na-akwadosi ike maka telemedicine, Dr. Bath akwadola mmepụta ihe ọhụrụ nke labs mebere, dịka akụkụ nke usoro ọmụmụ na mmemme ọzụzụ ụlọ obibi ophthalmology, iji nye ndị dọkịta na-awa ahụ ahụmahụ dị mma karị, mere site na 3D imaging . N'ime edemede nke Dr. Bath dere, na Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery, o gosila na site na ọzụzụ na nlekọta dị mma na mmemme ebe obibi, ụmụ akwụkwọ nwere ike nweta nsonaazụ dị mma na ịwa ahụ ha, na-eduga n'ọhụụ ka ukwuu. [14]

Bath agụọla nkuzi na mba ụwa wee dee akwụkwọ karịrị out Nari.

Ọmụmụ kpuru ìsì na ophthalmology obodo

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Dabere na nlebanya ya na ụlọ ọgwụ Harlem, Bath bipụtara akwụkwọ sayensị mbụ na-egosi oke kpuru ìsì n'etiti ndị isi ojii. [15] [16] Bath chọpụtakwara na ndị Africa America nwere ọrịa glaucoma ji okpukpu asatọ karịa nke na-akpata kpuru ìsì. [17]

Dabere na nyocha ya, Bath sụrụ ụzọ ọzụzụ zuru ụwa ọnụ nke "Ophthalmology Community" na afo 1976 [18] mgbe nyochachara ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrịa na-efe efe nke kpuru ìsì n'etiti ndị na-enweghị ọrụ n'ime obodo mepere emepe na US yana ndị na-enweghị ọrụ na "nke atọ- ụwa" obodo. [15] A kọwara ophthalmology obodo dị ka ọzụzụ ọhụrụ na ọgwụ na-akwalite ahụ ike anya na mgbochi kpuru site na mmemme na-eji usoro ahụike ọha, ọgwụ obodo na ophthalmology iji weta nlekọta anya dị mkpa nye ndị mmadụ na-enweghị ọrụ.

Ọrụ enyemaka mmadụ

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Enwere ike ịhụ mbọ enyemaka Bath bụ isi site na ọrụ ya na American Institute for Prevention of Blindness. Nkwekọrịta na afo 1976 ya na Alfred Cannon, onye America na-ahụ maka mgbaka na onye nhazi obodo, na Aaron Ifekwunigwe, onye na-ahụ maka ụmụaka na Naijiria mụrụ na onye na-akwado ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ, e mebere nzukọ a n'ụkpụrụ bụ na "anya bụ ikike mmadụ." Site na nzukọ a, Bath nwere ike gbasaa nlekọta anya n'ụwa nile site n'inye ụmụ amụrụ ọhụrụ ọgwụ anya n'efu, vitamin maka erighị ihe na-edozi ahụ, na ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa ndị nwere ike ịkpata kpuru ìsì, dị ka measles . Bath nwere ike iji oge ya dị ka onye nduzi na-eme njem n'ụwa na-eme ịwa ahụ, nkuzi na nkuzi na kọleji. [19] [2] Bath na-ekwu na "oge kacha mma nke onwe ya" bụ mgbe ọ nọ na North Africa na iji keratoprosthesis, nwere ike iweghachi anya otu nwanyị kpuru ìsì ihe karịrị afọ iri ato. [20]

Site na nzukọ a, Bath gara Tanzania na afo 2005, ebe cataracts aghọwo ihe na-ebute kpuru ìsì nwata n'oge a. [21] N'Africa, Ụlọ Ọrụ America Maka Mgbochi nke Ìsì nyere kọmputa na ihe ndị ọzọ dijitalụ maka ụmụ akwụkwọ na-ahụ anya, kpọmkwem na Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Mwereni maka ndị ìsì na Tanzania na St. Oda School maka ndị na-ahụ anya na Kenya.

A makwara Bath maka ọrụ enyemaka ọ na-arụ na ngalaba nke ophthalmology site n'aka Onye isi ala Barack Obama . Na afo 2009, ya na President Obama nọ na ogbo ma tinye ya na ọrụ ya maka ịnweta dijitalụ maka ụmụaka kpuru ìsì. [22]

N'April afo 2019, Bath gbara akaebe na ntị a na-akpọ "Trailblazers and Lost Einsteins: Women Inventors and the Future of American Innovation" na Senate Office Building na Washington DC Ebe a, Bath gosipụtara ọdịiche nwoke na nwanyị na mpaghara STEM na enweghị ndị na-emepụta ihe nwanyị. . [23]

Ihe mepụtara

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Na afo 1986, Bath mere nyocha na ụlọ nyocha nke Danièle Aron-Rosa, onye nchọpụta ọsụ ụzọ na lasers na ophthalmology na Rothschild Eye Institute of Paris, [24] na mgbe ahụ na Laser Medical Center na Berlin, ebe o nwere ike ịmalite ọmụmụ ihe mbụ. na ịwa ahụ cataract laser, gụnyere nnwale mbụ ya na fotoablation laser excimer site na iji anya akụ anya mmadụ. [24]

Bath chepụtara okwu ahụ bụ "Laser phaco" maka usoro ahụ, nkenke maka laser PH oto A blative C ataract surgery, [25] wee mepụta laserphaco probe, ngwaọrụ wepụahụike nke na-emeziwanye iji laser cataracts, na "maka ịwa ahụ. na iwepu anya anya cataract. Bath mbụ nwere echiche maka ụdị ngwaọrụ a na 1981, mana etinyeghị akwụkwọ maka patent ruo ọtụtụ afọ ka e mesịrị. [26] Emechara ngwaọrụ a na 1986 ka Bath mechara nyocha na lasers na Berlin wee nweta ikike na afo 1988, [27] na-eme ka ọ bụrụ nwanyị America mbụ sitere na Africa nweta patent maka ebumnuche ahụike. Ngwaọrụ - nke ngwa ngwa na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na-enweghị mgbu na-agbaze cataract na laser, na-agba mmiri ma na-ehicha anya ma na-enye ohere ntinye oghere ọhụrụ dị mfe - a na-eji mba ụwa agwọ ọrịa ahụ. Bath gara n'ihu na-emeziwanye ngwaọrụ ahụ ma weghachite ọhụụ nke ọma na ndị na-enweghị ike ịhụ kemgbe ọtụtụ iri afọ.

Bath nwere patent ise na United States. [1] Atọ n'ime patent ise nke Bath metụtara nyocha Laserphaco. Na afo 2000, e nyere ya patent maka usoro maka iji ultrasound pulsed wepụ cataracts, na afo 2003 patent maka ijikọta laser na ultrasound iji wepụ cataracts.

Ndepụta ikike ikike US

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Ọnwụ

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Bath nwụrụ na Mee 30, 2019, na Mahadum California, San Francisco Medical Center site na nsogbu metụtara ọrịa kansa, dị afọ 76. [28] [12]

Nkwanye ugwu na ihe nrite

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  • 1995: NAACP Legal Defence Fund Nwanyị Nwanyị Achievement Award [29]
  • 2000: Smithsonian Museum's Lemelson Center maka ọmụmụ nke mmepụta na ihe ọhụrụ gụnyere ya na mmemme ndụ ọhụrụ [30] [31]
  • 2001: American Medical Women's Association ntinye n'ime Ụlọ Nzukọ nke Fame [10]
  • 2006: Tubman 's Sheila Award [32]
  • 2011: Dr. Bath gbara ajụjụ ọnụ maka American Academy of Ophthalmology's Museum of Vision oral History collection nke "na-echekwa ncheta na ahụmahụ nke ndị ndụ ha bụ ihe mkpali." [33]
  • 2012: Tribeca Film Festival Disruptive Innovation Award [34]
  • 2013: Association of Black Women Physicians Award Achievement Award for Ophthalmology Contributions [35] [36]
  • 2014: Onyinye Onye isi ala Alpha Kappa maka ahụike na sayensị ahụike [37]
  • 2014: Howard University Charter Day Award for Distinguiated Achievement in Ophthalmology and Medicine [36]
  • 2017: Medscape otu n'ime 12 "Ndị dọkịta ụmụ nwanyị gbanwere usoro ọgwụgwọ America" [38]
  • 2017: Magazin Time "Mbụ: Ụmụ nwanyị Na-agbanwe Ụwa" maka ịbụ ndị mbụ chepụtara ma gosipụta ịwa ahụ cataract laserphaco [39]
  • 2017: Ụlọ Nzukọ nke Hunter College of Fame induction [40]
  • 2018: Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Nkà Mmụta Ọgwụ nke New York John Stearns Medal maka onyinye pụrụ iche na ọgwụgwọ ahụike, maka mmepụta nke ịwa ahụ cataract laserphaco [41]
  • 2018: Alliance for Aging Research: Silver Innovator Award maka onyinye na nyocha maka igbochi ìsì [42]
  • 2021, a mara ọkwa na ọ ga-abụ otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị ojii abụọ mbụ (ya na Marian Croak ) ga-abanye na National Inventors Hall of Fame . [43]

Dr. Bath abụrụla onye otu ndị American College of Surgeons site na 1976 ruo 1989, onye otu American Academy of Ophthalmology, yana onye otu American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery na Association for Research in Vision na. Ophthalmology . [29]

Bath ejirila mahadum abụọ sọpụrụ ya. Hunter College debere ya na "ụlọ a ma ama" ya na 1988 na Mahadum Howard kwupụtara na ya "Howard University Pioneer in Academic Medicine" na 1993. E bipụtala ọtụtụ akwụkwọ maka ndị na-eto eto banyere ndụ ya na ọrụ ya na sayensị, gụnyere "Patricia's Vision: The Dọkịta nke zọpụtara anya" nke Michelle Lord; [44] "Patricia Bath na Laser Surgery" nke Ellen Labrecqua, [45] na "Dọkịta nwere anya maka anya: Akụkọ banyere Dr. Patricia Bath" nke Julia Finley Mosca dere, [13] nke ma National National kwuru. Ndị Nkụzi Sayensị Sayensị na Ndekọ Akwụkwọ Ọha nke Chicago nke akwụkwọ ụmụaka kacha mma nke afọ. Ọ bụkwa isiokwu nke obere egwuregwu, "The Prize (banyere Dr. Patricia Bath)" nke Cynthia L. Cooper [46] dere.

  • Usoro iheomume nke ụmụ nwanyị na sayensị
  • Ndepụta nke ndị na-emepụta ihe na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị Africa-American
  • Ndepụta ndị nwanyị Alfa Kappa

Edensibia

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Patricia E. Bath, Google patent search. Retrieved February 24, 2019.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 American Institute for the Prevention of Blindness. www.blindnessprevention.org. Retrieved on May 9, 2020.
  3. ↑ Ground breaking African American female doctor says she had to 'shake off haters' on her way to success (en). ABC News. Retrieved on 2021-03-11.
  4. ↑ Genzlinger. "Dr. Patricia Bath, 76, Who Took On Blindness and Earned a Patent, Dies", The New York Times, 2019-06-04. Retrieved on 2021-03-24. (in en-US)
  5. ↑ Osmundsen. "28 Science-Minded Teen-Agers Report on Summer of Research: Such Heady Stuff as the Metabolism of Tritiated Thymidine in Mice Fails to faze Special Yeshiva Group.", The New York Times, August 31, 1959.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Teen-age Scientist Is Named One of 'The Ten Young Women of the Year'", Atlanta Daily World, December 31, 1960. Templeeti:ProQuest. (in en-US)
  7. ↑ Chamberlain (November 26, 2012). Patricia Bath | The Black Inventor Online Museum (en-US). Retrieved on May 10, 2020.
  8. ↑ Mazique (1968). "Health services and the Poor People's Campaign". Journal of the National Medical Association 60 (4): 332–333. PMID 5661208. 
  9. ↑ "Patricia Bath | Influential Women", Influential Women. Retrieved on April 19, 2017. (in en-US)
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Lessons I've Learned (en). The Ophthalmologist. Retrieved on May 9, 2020.
  11. ↑ Aquavella J.; Bath, P.; Buxton, G.; Cardona, H.; Dohlman, C.; Farris, L.; Girard, L.; McNeil, J.; Polack, F.; Waring, G. and; Also, D. Willard.; Helmsen, R.; Binder, P.; Groden, L. and; Fogle, J., "Keratoprosthesis Conference", Cornea, September 1983, Volume 2, Issue 3, pp. 229–236.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Green (2019-08-10). "Patricia Bath" (in English). The Lancet 394 (10197): 464. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31684-8. ISSN 0140-6736. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Mosca (2017). The Doctor with an Eye for Eyes: The Story of Dr. Patricia Bath (Amazing Scientist). The Innovation Press. ISBN 9781943147311. 
  14. ↑ Bath (June 1998). "Cataract Surgery Training of Residents in an Urban and Virtual Environment" (in en). Journal of Cataract & Refractive Surgery 24 (6): 727–729. DOI:10.1016/S0886-3350(98)80118-1. ISSN 0886-3350. PMID 9642577. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Bath (February 1979). "Rationale for a program in community ophthalmology". J Natl Med Assoc 71: 145–8. PMID 423288. 
  16. ↑ Bath, Patricia E. (October 1990). "Blacks at Greater Risk of Blindness," Archives of Ophthalmology, 108, pp. 1377–8.
  17. ↑ Kermode-Scott (July 19, 2019). "Patricia Bath: ophthalmologist, inventor, and humanitarian" (in en). BMJ: l4768. DOI:10.1136/bmj.l4768. ISSN 0959-8138. 
  18. ↑ "U.S. Ophthalmologist, Dr. Patricia E. Bath first defined the term community ophthalmoogy in her 1976 presentation to the American Public Health Association meeting in Miami, Florida." Source: Logan D. A. Williams, "Introduction", Eradicating Blindness: Global Health Innovation from South Asia, Springer, August 20, 2018, p. 9.
  19. ↑ Kennon (December 15, 2017). Hidden No More: African American Women in STEM Careers (in en). Greenhaven Publishing LLC. ISBN 978-1-5345-6243-1. 
  20. ↑ "Dr. patricia bath's genius helped eye doctors.", Philadelphia Tribune, February 12, 2017.
  21. ↑ Bowman (October 2005). "How should blindness in children be managed?" (in en). Eye 19 (10): 1037–1043. DOI:10.1038/sj.eye.6701988. ISSN 1476-5454. PMID 16304582. 
  22. ↑ President (2009). Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States (in en). Federal Register Division, National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration. 
  23. ↑ Trailblazers and Lost Einsteins: Women Inventors and the Future of American Innovation | United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary (en). www.judiciary.senate.gov. Retrieved on May 9, 2020.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 American Academy of Ophthalmology, Conversation Between Patricia Bath, MD and Eve Higginbotham, MD, Orlando, FL, October 23, 2011. Retrieved February 24, 2018.
  25. ↑ Bath, P. E., "Laserphaco: an introduction and review," Ophthalmic Laser Therapy, Vol 3, no. 2 (1988), pp. 75–82.
  26. ↑ Dr. Patricia Bath remembers inventing the laserphaco probe pt. 1. The History Makers (November 29, 2012). Retrieved on 2021-03-21.
  27. ↑ Patricia E. Bath, US Patent 4,744,360, Apparatus for ablating and removing cataract lenses, issued May 17, 1988 (filed December 18, 1986). Retrieved February 24, 2019
  28. ↑ "Cataract treatment inventor Dr. Patricia Smith dies at 76", The Washington Post, June 4, 2019.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Patricia E. Bath, January 1999 (en-US). St. George's University. Archived from the original on 2021-09-02. Retrieved on May 9, 2020.
  30. ↑ Center (2005-03-03). Innovative Lives: The Right To Sight: Patricia Bath (en). Lemelson Center for the Study of Invention and Innovation. Retrieved on 2021-03-24.
  31. ↑ Center (2014-07-23). Patricia Bath Innovative Lives Presentation, February 17, 2000 and March 1, 2000 (en). Lemelson Center for the Study of Invention and Innovation. Archived from the original on 2021-03-04. Retrieved on 2021-03-24.
  32. ↑ Ramati. "Accomplished doctor/inventor to be honored with Tubman's Shelia Award", McClatchy-Tribune Business News, September 30, 2006.
  33. ↑ Museum of Vision: Biographies (2017-03-09). Archived from the original on 2017-03-09. Retrieved on 2021-03-24.
  34. ↑ Dr. Patricia Bath – Laserphaco (en-US). Disruptor Awards. Retrieved on May 9, 2020.
  35. ↑ Association of Black Women Physicians. (2020). Virtual 39th Annual Charity and Scholarship Benefit. [Program].https://www.blackwomenphysicians.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/ABWP-2020-BOOK-updated-10-22.pdf
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 Honors – Dr. Patricia Bath. Dr. Patricia Bath – Just another WordPress site. Retrieved on 2021-03-21.
  37. ↑ The Distinguished Women of Alpha Kappa Alpha (en-US). The Shadow League (January 15, 2016). Retrieved on May 9, 2020.
  38. ↑ Medscape: Medscape Access.
  39. ↑ "THE INVENTOR: Patricia Bath | First person to invent and demonstrate laserphaco cataract surgery", Firsts, Time.
  40. ↑ "Hispanic Federation President Jose Calderón Inducted Into The Hunter College Hall of Fame by Hunter College President Jennifer J. Raab", Hunter College.
  41. ↑ "The 171st Anniversary Discourse & Awards and Annual Meeting of the Voting Fellows", The New York Academy of Medicine, November 1, 2018.
  42. ↑ "25th Annual Bipartisan Congressional Awards Dinner", Alliance for Aging Research, October 2, 2018.
  43. ↑ Scottie Andrew. Black women will be inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame for the first time. CNN. Retrieved on 2021-09-28.
  44. ↑ Lord (2020). Patricia’s Vision: The Doctor Who Saved Sight. Sterling Children’s Books, 48. ISBN 978-1454931379. Retrieved on 13 January 2022. 
  45. ↑ Labrecqua (2017). Patricia Bath and Laser Surgery, 21st Century Junior Library, Cherry Lake Publishing, 24. ISBN 9781634721806. Retrieved on 13 January 2022. 
  46. ↑ Cooper. The Prize (about Dr. Patricia Bath). NPX: National New Play Network. Retrieved on 13 January 2022.
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