Osimiri Usumacinta
| Usumacinta River | |
|---|---|
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Page Module:Location map/styles.css has no content.  Ebe ọnụ dị | |
| Aha obodo | Osimiri Usumacinta (Spanish) |
| Ebe | |
| Mba | Guatemala na Mexico |
| Ọnọdụ | Tabasco, Chiapas |
| Obodo nta | Tenosique, Balancán, Emiliano Zapata, Jonuta na Centla |
| Àgwà ya | |
| Ebe e si nweta ya | Mkpokọta nke Osimiri Chixoy na Osimiri Pasión |
| • ebe | Esperanza, Ngalaba Petén, Guatemala |
| • akara | 16°00′00′′N 90°32′35′′W / 16°N 90.542942°W / 16; -90.542942 |
| Ọnụ | Ọwara Oké Osimiri Mexico |
• akara
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18°38′58.20′′N 92°28′4.0′′W / 18.6495000°N 92.467778°W / 18. 6495000; -92.467 778 |
• ịdị elu
|
0 m (0 ft) |
| Ogologo | 1,000 kilomita (620 mi)[1] |
| Ihe ndị dị n'ime ala | |
| Ụtụ isi | |
| • aka ekpe |
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| • aka nri |
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Osimiri Usumacinta (Spanish pronunciation: ; aha ya bụ n'aha enwe howler) bụ osimiri dị na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Mexico na n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Guatemala. Ọ bụ njikọ nke Osimiri Pasión, nke na-ebili na Sierra de Santa Cruz (na Guatemala) na Osimiri Salinas, nke a makwaara dị ka Rio Chixoy, ma ọ bụ Rio Negro, nke sitere na Sierra Madre de Guatemala. Ọ na-akọwa akụkụ nke ókèala dị n'etiti Guatemala na steeti Mexico nke Chiapas, wee gaa n'ihu n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ ya, na-agafe steeti Mexico嘅 Tabasco ruo Gulf of Mexico.
Mgbe ọ rụchara ọrụ dị ka ókèala dị n'etiti Mexico na Guatemala, Osimiri Usumacinta na-abanye n'ókèala Mexico na steeti Tabasco na gafee ebe nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi Cañón del Usumacinta (Usumacinta Canyon), na-emepụta ọmarịcha ndagwurugwu n'okporo ụzọ ya. Ka ọ na-agafe ndagwurugwu a na-akpọ "Boca del Cerro", Tenosique, Usumacinta na-abanye na mbara ala nke Tabasco.
Ndị nkesa abụọ, Osimiri Palizada na Osimiri San Pedro y San Pablo, alaka site na isi nke Usumacinta ma tọgbọ chakoo n'ebe ugwu na n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ n'ime Laguna de Términos. Na Tabasco Osimiri Grijalva na-asọba na Osimiri Usumacinta. Njikọ a dị na Tres Brazos, Centla, na osimiri abụọ ahụ mepụtara nnukwu mpaghara mmiri a maara dị ka Pantanos de Centla. A na-ahọpụta pantanos (ala mmiri) dị ka ebe nchekwa nke biosphere; ọ nwere hekta 302,702 (747,990 acres), nke na-eme ka ọ bụrụ mpaghara mmiri kachasị echedoro na North na Central America na otu n'ime ala mmiri 15 kachasị elu (site na nha) n'ụwa.[2]
Ogologo osimiri ahụ, gụnyere osimiri Salinas, Chixoy, Negro na Guatemala bụ ihe dịka 1,000 kilomita (620 mi).[1][3] Ọ bụ naanị ókèala a na-ahụ anya nke na-ekewa Yucatán Peninsula na Mexico.
Akụkọ ihe mere eme
dezieOsimiri ahụ na ndị na-eso ya bụ ụzọ azụmahịa dị mkpa maka mmepeanya Maya oge ochie. Yaxchilan na Piedras Negras, abụọ n'ime obodo ndị kachasị ike nke Oge Maya Classic, dị n'akụkụ osimiri ya.
Tupu okporo ụzọ, dị ka Border Highway nke Gọọmentị Mexico wuru na mbido afọ 1990, abanye n'ime ọhịa, osimiri bụ naanị ụzọ njem na mpaghara a. A na-ebugharị nnukwu ogwe osisi siri ike na steeti Tabasco.
N'afọ 1980, ọtụtụ ndị Guatemala gbara ọsọ ndụ gbagara n'osimiri ahụ gaa n'udo na Mexico. Ìgwè ndị ọzọ nke ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ na ndị agha guerrilla nke Guatemala guzobere ihe a na-akpọ obodo CPR n'ime ọhịa dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke Guatemala, na-ezo n'aka gọọmentị ruo mgbe nkwekọrịta udo nke afọ iri itoolu.
Frans na Trudi Blom bu ụzọ webata echiche nke nchekwa na mmiri na 1950s site n'ịtụ aro ka ewepụta akụkụ nke Selva Lacandona maka Lacandon Maya. Echiche ha bụ ichekwa ọdịbendị dị ka ebe obibi, na ụkpụrụ a - na iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe na ebe obibi ụmụ amaala nwere njikọ na mmiri - kwesịrị inye aka iduzi atụmatụ nchekwa ọ bụla n'ọdịnihu. Ndị na-echekwa ihe na-arụ ọrụ na mpaghara ahụ, dị ka Nacho March, Ron Nigh, Fernando Ochoa, Roan Balas McNab na ndị ọzọ, niile kwetara ma kwado ụkpụrụ ahụ n'ọrụ ha.
A tụpụtara nnukwu ọrụ mmiri eletrik mbụ na Usumacinta na "Boca del Cerro", Tenosique, Tabasco, n'afọ ndị 1980, ọ ga-agbatịkwa ruo n'ókè niile nke Pasion na Lacantun, na-ekpuchi Piedras Negras na Yaxchilan, n'etiti ebe ndị Maya ndị ọzọ a maara na ndị a na-amaghị. N'oge ahụ, ndị nnupụisi na-ejide ụsọ mmiri Guatemala, ndị ọnụnọ ha na-egbochi igbu osisi n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị, ịchụ nta, na ịpụnara ihe. Ọ na-emekwa ka ndị injinia mebiri emebi nwee nkụda mmụọ. N'afọ 1985, edemede Jefferey Wilkerson na National Geographic wetara osimiri ahụ na ebube ya n'ịmara ọha na eze na nke mbụ ya. Tụkwasị na nke a, onye nta akụkọ Guatemala bụ Victor Perera dere banyere osimiri ahụ na The Nation na akwụkwọ ya, The Last Lords of Palenque and Unfinished Conquest, Jan de Vos dekọrọ mpaghara ahụ na usoro akụkọ ihe mere eme ya. N'ikpeazụ, ọrụ mmiri ahụ dara n'okpuru ibu nke ihe na-akpali ya: siltation, geology, ọrụ ala ọma jijiji, anya site na ahịa, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, wdg, mana mkpu sitere n'aka ndị na-echekwa ihe, ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ochie, ndị edemede, na ọha na eze nyeere aka. O guzobekwara ụkpụrụ.
Azụmaahịa na-aga nke ọma na njem nleta n'ọzara malitere mgbe Wilkerson isiokwu gasịrị. Osimiri ahụ na gburugburu ya ghọrọ ebe kachasị amasị ndị njem osimiri, ndị Mayanist na ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ochie, ndị na-ekiri nnụnụ na ndị njem nleta anụ ọhịa.
Carlos Salinas de Gortari tụrụ aro obere ma ka dị nnukwu ọrụ mmiri na 1990, wee wuchaa gburugburu ebe nchekwa Montes Azules. Akụkọ dị na The New York Times na edemede nke Homero Aridjis na-atụ aro nchekwa mba abụọ maka mpaghara ahụ, nyere aka merie echiche a.
Na ngwụcha afọ 1990, otu ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị, na gọọmentị na ndị na-abụghị gọọmentị zutere na San Cristóbal de las Casas, n'okpuru nkwado nke Wildlife Conservation Society na Mahadum Florida, iji chọpụta ókè na ụdị ebe obibi fọdụrụ na mpaghara ahụ, na ise map nke mmiri. Nzukọ ahụ kwuru ọtụtụ n'ime ajụjụ ikike na nchịkwa nke ka na-enye echiche ahụ nsogbu.
Nnupụisi Zapatista na 1994 na 1995, na nkwekọrịta udo nke Guatemala na 1996, gbanwere usoro ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mmiri ahụ. Dị ka nsonaazụ kpọmkwem, yana ọdịda dị egwu nke peso, ndị ohi malitere ịpụnara njem ụgbọ mmiri, na-eme ka njem ọzara kwụsị n'okporo ụzọ ahụ. Otu n'ime ọrụ ndị njem nleta kachasị mma, nke nwere mmetụta dị ala na ohere kachasị maka inyere aka ichekwa, nkà mmụta ihe ochie, na ichekwa ọdịbendị, kwụsịrị. Ọrụ iwu na-akwadoghị nke ụdị niile weghaara paseeji ahụ.
Ndị agha Mexico, nke jupụtara na mpaghara Zapatista, enwechaghị mmetụta na mpụ osimiri, ma nwee ike ịkwado ya. Na Guatemala, enweghị obodo CPR a chụpụrụ, nke nyeere aka idebe ọhịa ahụ n'udo ma dị nchebe, ugbu a hapụrụ ya maka mwakpo, igbu osisi n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị, mbubata nke ndị mbịarambịa, ngwá agha, ihe ochie, na ọgwụ ọjọọ. (Ọtụtụ ndị otu ndị ahụ na-arụ ọrụ ugbu a dị ka ndị na-agbachitere ha, mana ọnụ ọgụgụ ha dị ole na ole, a na-akwụkwa ha ụgwọ dị ala.) Mpaghara ahụ gara n'ihu n'ọnọdụ egwu na mmeri dị ala ruo afọ iri.
Hụkwa
dezie- Ndepụta nke osimiri ndị kasị ogologo na Mexico
Ihe edeturu
dezie- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Encyclopædia Britannica. Usumacinta River. Retrieved on 1 January 2008.Encyclopædia Britannica. "Usumacinta River". Retrieved 1 January 2008. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "EB" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ UNESCO (2011). Wetlands of Centla and Términos. Retrieved on 1 January 2012.
- ↑ CONAGUA (2003). Disponibilidad de aguas subterráneas en el acuífero Palenque, Estado de Chiapas (PDF). Archived from the original on 11 September 2008. Retrieved on 1 January 2008.
Ihe odide
dezie
Canter, Ronald L. (2007). "Rivers Among the Ruins: The Usumacinta" (PDF online reproduction). The PARI Journal. San Francisco, CA: Pre-Columbian Art Research Institute. VII (3). ISSN 1531-5398. OCLC 44780248. Retrieved 2007-11-21.
Golden, Charles; Andrew Scherer (2006). "Border Problems: Recent Archaeological Research along the Usumacinta River" (PDF online reproduction). The PARI Journal. San Francisco, CA: Pre-Columbian Art Research Institute. VII (2). ISSN 1531-5398. OCLC 44780248. Retrieved 2008-02-01.
Njikọ mpụga
dezie| Wikimedia Commons nwe ru media dị ikwu nye Osimiri Usumacinta. |