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Oscar Micheaux

Onye Amerika bu odee na onye nduzi (1884-1951)

 

Oscar Micheaux.

Oscar Devereaux Micheaux (: /mɪˈʃoʊ/ i; (Jenụwarị 2, 1884 - Maachị 25, 1951) bụ onye edemede America, onye nduzi ihe nkiri na onye na-emepụta ihe nkiri nke ihe karịrị ihe nkiri 44. Ọ bụ ezie na ụlọ ọrụ Lincoln Motion Picture Company bụ ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri mbụ nke ndị na-eme ihe nkiri ojii nwere ma na-achịkwa, [1] A na-ewere Micheaux dị ka onye na-eme fim mbụ na-eme nke ọma n'Afrịka, onye a ma ama na-emepụta Ihe nkiri agbụrụ, a kọwakwara ya dị ka "onye na-eme Ihe nkiri Afrịka na Amerịka nke kachasị nwee ọganihu na ọkara mbụ nke narị afọ nke 20. [2] O mepụtara ma ihe nkiri na-adịghị ekwu okwu na ihe nkiri na ụda.

Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ

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A mụrụ Micheaux n'ugbo na Metropolis, Illinois, na Jenụarị 2, 1884.[1] Ọ bụ nwa nke ise a mụrụ Calvin S. na Belle Michaux, bụ ndị nwere ngụkọta nke ụmụ 13. N'afọ ndị ikpeazụ ya, Micheaux gbakwunyere "e" na aha ikpeazụ ya. A mụrụ nna ya n'ịbụ ohu na Kentucky.[1] N'ihi aha nna ya, ezinụlọ nna ya dị ka ndị ọbịa si France gbagoro ohu. Ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ French Huguenot biri na Virginia na 1700; Ụmụ ha weere ndị ohu n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ mgbe ha kwagara Kentucky ka Agha Mgbanwe nke America gasịrị.

N'afọ ndị ikpeazụ ya, Micheaux dere banyere mmegbu ọha na eze ọ nwetara mgbe ọ bụ nwata. Nne na nna ya kwagara n'obodo ka ụmụntakịrị wee nweta agụmakwụkwọ ka mma. Micheaux gara ụlọ akwụkwọ nwere ezigbo mma ruo ọtụtụ afọ tupu ezinụlọ ahụ emechaa banye ná nsogbu ego, a manyekwa ha ịlaghachi n'ugbo. Micheaux enweghị afọ ojuju ghọrọ onye nnupụisi na mgba ya kpatara nsogbu n'ime ezinụlọ ya. Obi adịghị papa ya mma ma zipụ ya ka ọ gaa ahịa n’obodo ahụ. Micheaux nwere obi ụtọ n'ọrụ a n'ihi na ọ nwere ike ịgwa ọtụtụ ndị ọhụrụ okwu ma mụta nkà mmekọrịta ọha na eze na ọ ga-emesị tụgharịa uche na fim ya.

Mgbe Micheaux dị afọ iri na asaa, ọ kwagara Chicago ka ya na nwanne ya nwoke nke okenye biri, mgbe ahụ ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ere nri. Micheaux enweghị afọ ojuju n'ihe o lere anya dị ka ụzọ nwanne ya si ebi ndụ "ezi ndụ". Ọ gbazitere ebe nke ya wee chọta ọrụ n'ebe a na-azụ anụ, nke o siri ike.[3] Ọ si n'ebe a na-azụ anụ ụlọ gaa n'ebe ndị a na-emepụta ígwè, na-arụ ọtụtụ ọrụ dị iche iche.

Mgbe otu ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka ọrụ chụpụrụ Micheaux n'ime dollar abụọ, o kpebiri ịghọ onyeisi nke ya. Azụmahịa mbụ ya bụ ebe a na-akpụ akpụ akpụkpọ ụkwụ, bụ nke o guzobere n'otu ụlọ ahịa na-akpụ isi n'Africa nke America, pụọ na asọmpi Chicago. Ọ mụtara atụmatụ ndị bụ isi nke azụmahịa wee malite ịchekwa ego. Ọ ghọrọ onye na-ebufe Pullman n'okporo ụzọ ụgbọ okporo ígwè, [1] n'oge ahụ weere ọrụ dị ùgwù maka ndị Africa America n'ihi na ọ kwụsiri ike, akwụ ụgwọ nke ọma, na nchekwa, ma mee ka njem na mmekọrịta na ndị ọhụrụ. Ọrụ a bụ agụmakwụkwọ nkịtị maka Micheaux.O nwetara uru ego, ma nwetakwa kọntaktị na ihe ọmụma banyere ụwa site na njem yana nghọta ka ukwuu maka azụmahịa. Mgbe ọ hapụrụ ọkwá ahụ, ọ hụla ọtụtụ n'ime United States, nwetakwa puku dollar ole na ole echekwara na akaụntụ ụlọ akụ ya, ma nwee ọtụtụ njikọ ya na ndị ọcha bara ọgaranya bụ ndị nyeere aka n'ọdịnihu ya.

Micheaux kwagara Gregory County, South Dakota, [4] ebe ọ zụrụ ala ma rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye nwe ụlọ. [3] Ahụmahụ a kpaliri akwụkwọ akụkọ na ihe nkiri mbụ ya.[5] Ndị agbata obi ya nọ n'ókèala ahụ bụ ndị na-acha anụnụ anụnụ. "Ụfọdụ na-echeta na [Micheaux] anaghị anọkarị na tebụl na ndị agbata obi ya na-acha anụnụ anụnụ. " Afọ Micheaux dị ka onye na-elekọta ụlọ nyere ya ohere ịmụtakwu banyere mmekọrịta mmadụ na ọrụ ugbo. Mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ ugbo, Micheaux dere edemede ma nyefee ha na ndị nta akụkọ. The Chicago Defender bipụtara otu n'ime isiokwu mbụ ya. [3] Obodo ya dara ma manye ya ire ya na 1911. [6] N'afọ sochirinụ, ọ malitere ọrụ mbipụta ya mgbe Woodruff Press nke Lincoln, Nebraska bipụtara The Conquest . Ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ n'akwụkwọ nke abụọ, The Forged Note, ma site na 1914 ruo 1918 gaa n'etiti Lincoln, Gregory County, na Sioux City, Iowa na-ere ahịa ọrụ ya.[6] Mgbe ọ nọ na Sioux City, ọ biri na West 7th Street ebe ndị Afrịka America nọ n'obodo ahụ nwere ọnụnọ siri ike.[6]

Ọrụ edemede na ihe nkiri

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Micheaux na 1919

Micheaux kpebiri itinye uche na ide na, n'ikpeazụ, ịse ihe nkiri, ụlọ ọrụ ọhụrụ. O dere akwụkwọ akụkọ asaa.[3]

N'afọ 1913, e bipụtara akwụkwọ mbụ ya, The Conquest: The Story of a Negro Pioneer, 1,000.[3] O bipụtara akwụkwọ ahụ n'amaghị aha ya, n'ihi ihe ndị a na-amaghị. O dabeere na ahụmịhe ya dị ka onye nwe ụlọ na ọdịda nke alụmdi na nwunye mbụ ya ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ dị ukwuu akụkọ ndụ onwe onye. Ọ bụ ezie na a gbanwere aha njirimara, aha onye na-eme ihe nkiri bụ Oscar Devereaux. Isiokwu ya bụ maka ndị Africa America na-aghọta ikike ha na ihe ịga nke ọma n'ebe ha na-eche na ha enweghị ike. Akwụkwọ ahụ na-akọwa ọdịiche dị n'etiti ụdị ndụ obodo nke ndị Negro na ndụ o kpebiri ibi dị ka onye Negro naanị ya na Far West dị ka onye ọsụ ụzọ. Ọ na-atụle omenala nke ndị na-eme ihe na-achọ imezu na ndị na-ahụ onwe ha dị ka ndị ikpe na-ezighị ezi na enweghị olileanya na ndị na'achọghị ịnwa ịga nke ọma, kama ọ na-amasị ha ime ka ha nwee ihe ịga nke ọma mgbe ha na-ebi ndụ obodo na ịda ogbenye. O nwere nkụda mmụọ n'ime ka ụfọdụ ndị agbụrụ ya jupụta n'ókèala ma mee ihe n'onwe ha, site na ezigbo ọrụ na itinye ego n'ihe onwunwe. O degaara ndị Negro ibe ya nọ n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ akwụkwọ ozi ihe karịrị 100 na-agwa ha ka ha bịa n'Eshia, mana ọ bụ naanị nwanne ya nwoke nke tọrọ ya mechara nabata ndụmọdụ ya. Otu n'ime nkwenye ndị bụ isi nke Micheaux bụ na ịrụsi ọrụ ike na ọrụ ike ga-eme ka onye ọ bụla nwee nkwanye ùgwù na ọkwa dị elu n'agbanyeghị agbụrụ ya.

Na 1918, akwụkwọ akụkọ ya The Homesteader, nke raara nye nne ya, dọtara uche George Johnson, onye njikwa nke Lincoln Motion Picture Company na Los Angeles. Mgbe Johnson kwuchara ka o mee The Homesteader ka ọ bụrụ ihe nkiri ihe ngosi ọhụrụ, mkparita uka na mpempe akwụkwọ ghọrọ ihe na-adịghị mma.[1] Micheaux chọrọ itinye aka na mmegharị nke akwụkwọ ya dị ka ihe nkiri, mana Johnson guzogidere ma ọ dịghị mgbe ọ mepụtara ihe nkiri ahụ.

Kama nke ahụ, Micheaux guzobere Micheaux Film & Book Company nke Sioux City; ọrụ mbụ ya bụ mmepụta nke The Homesteader dị ka ihe nkiri. Micheaux nwere nnukwu ọrụ dị ka onye na-emepụta ihe nkiri na onye nduzi: O mepụtara ihe karịrị ihe nkiri 40, nke dọtara ndị na-ege ntị na US nakwa na mba ụwa.[3] Micheaux kpọtụrụ ndị nkuzi bara ọgaranya site na ọrụ mbụ ya dị ka onye na-ebugharị, ma ree ngwaahịa maka ụlọ ọrụ ya na $ 75 ruo $ 100 kwa òkè.[3] Micheaux goro ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na ndị na-ese ihe nkiri ma kpebie inwe mmalite na Chicago. Ihe nkiri ahụ na Micheaux nwetara otuto dị elu site n'aka ndị nkatọ ihe nkiri. Otu isiokwu kwuru na Micheaux nwere "ọganihu akụkọ ihe mere eme, ihe a na-akwanyere ùgwù".[3] Ụfọdụ ndị ụkọchukwu Chicago katọrọ ihe nkiri ahụ dị ka nkwutọ. The Homesteader ghọrọ ihe a maara dị ka ihe nkiri Micheaux; ọ nyeere ya aka ịghọ onye a maara nke ọma dị ka onye edemede na onye na-eme ihe nkiri.

Na mgbakwunye na ide na iduzi ihe nkiri nke ya, Micheaux mezikwara ọrụ nke ndị edemede dị iche iche maka foto ya gbachiri nkịtị. Ọtụtụ n'ime ihe nkiri ya ghe oghe, ghe oghe ma na-akpali iche echiche banyere ụfọdụ okwu agbụrụ nke oge ahụ. O kwuru n'otu oge, sị: "Ọ bụ naanị site n'igosi akụkụ ndị ahụ nke agbụrụ ahụ e gosiri na foto m, n'ìhè na ndabere nke ezi ọnọdụ ha, ka anyị nwere ike ịkwalite ndị anyị n'ọkwa dị elu."[1] Nsogbu ego n'oge nnukwu ịda mbà n'obi. mechara mee ka Micheaux ghara ịga n'ihu na-emepụta ihe nkiri, ma ọ laghachiri n'ide ihe.

Ihe nkiri

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E mere akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ nke Micheaux The Conquest ka ọ bụrụ ihe nkiri ma kpọgharịa ya The Homesteader . [7] E wepụtara ihe nkiri a, nke nwere ihe ịga nke ọma na azụmahịa, na 1919. Ọ na-agba gburugburu nwoke aha ya bụ Jean Baptiste, nke a na-akpọ Homesteader, onye hụrụ ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị ọcha n'anya mana ọ na-eguzogide ịlụ otu n'ihi iguzosi ike n'ihe ya na agbụrụ ya. Baptiste chụrụ ịhụnanya n'àjà ka ọ bụrụ ihe nnọchianya dị mkpa maka ndị Afrịka America ibe ya. Ọ na-achọ ịhụnanya n'etiti ndị ya ma lụọ nwanyị Africa-America. Mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ha na-akawanye njọ. N'ikpeazụ, a naghị ekwe ka Baptiste hụ nwunye ya. Ọ gburu nna ya maka ịhapụ ha ma gbuo onwe ya. A na-ebo Baptiste ebubo mpụ ahụ, mana emesịrị wepụ ya. Ịhụnanya ochie na-enyere ya aka n'ime nsogbu ya. Mgbe ọ matara na ọ bụ onye Mulatto ma si otú a kewaa Africa, ha lụrụ di na nwunye. Ihe nkiri a na-ekwu maka mmekọrịta agbụrụ.

Ihe nkiri nke abụọ Micheaux na-adịghị ekwu okwu bụ Within Our Gates, nke e mepụtara na 1920. [7] Ọ bụ ezie na mgbe ụfọdụ ọ na-atụle nzaghachi ya na ihe nkiri The Birth of a Nation, Micheaux kwuru na o mepụtara ya n'onwe ya dị ka nzaghachi maka ọgba aghara ọha na eze na-esote Agha Ụwa Mbụ. N'ime Ọnụ Ụzọ Anyị, ọ gbara onye isi, Sylvia Landry, onye nkuzi ụlọ akwụkwọ agbụrụ dị iche nke onye na-eme ihe nkiri Evelyn Preer. N'ime flashback, a na-egosi Sylvia ka ọ na-etolite dị ka nwa nwanyị nkuchi nke onye na-ekere òkè. Mgbe nna ya na onye nwe ụlọ ha na-acha ọcha na-alụ ọgụ maka ego, ọgụ na-aga n'ihu. Nwoke ọcha ọzọ gbagburu onye nwe ụlọ ahụ, mana a na-ebo nna nkuchi Sylvia ebubo ma gbuo ya na nne nkuchi ya.

Ọ fọrọ nke nta ka nwanne nwoke nke onye nwe ala ahụ dinara Sylvia n'ike mana ọ chọpụtara na ọ bụ nna ya. Micheaux na-egosi mgbe niile ndị Africa America dị ka ndị siri ike ma na-enweta agụmakwụkwọ ka elu. Tupu ihe nkiri flashback, anyị na-ahụ na Sylvia na-aga Boston, na-achọ ego maka ụlọ akwụkwọ ya, nke na-ejere ụmụaka ojii ozi. Ndị mmadụ na-akpa ókè na-ejere ha ozi. Na njem ya, ụgbọ ala nke otu nwanyị ọcha bara ọgaranya kụrụ ya. N'ịmụta banyere ihe kpatara Landry, nwanyị ahụ kpebiri inye ụlọ akwụkwọ ya $ 50,000.

N'ime ihe nkiri ahụ, Micheaux na-akọwa ndị gụrụ akwụkwọ na ndị ọkachamara na obodo ojii dị ka ndị nwere akpụkpọ anụ, na-anọchite anya ọkwa dị elu nke ụfọdụ ndị agbụrụ na-agụnye ọtụtụ ndị Africa America n'efu tupu Agha Obodo. A na-anọchi anya ndị ogbenye dị ka ndị gbara oji na ndị nwere agbụrụ ndị Africa na-enweghị isi. Ndị otu agbụrụ na-egosipụtakwa dị ka ụfọdụ ndị ọjọọ. Emebere ihe nkiri a n'ime oge Jim Crow.O gosipụtara ọdịiche dị n'ahụmahụ maka ndị Africa America bụ ndị nọrọ n'ime ime obodo na ndị ọzọ bụ ndị kwagara n'obodo ukwu wee bụrụ ndị mepere emepe. Micheaux nyochara nhụjuanya nke ndị Africa America n'oge ugbu a, na-akọwaghị otú ọnọdụ ahụ si malite na akụkọ ihe mere eme. Ụfọdụ na-atụ egwu na ihe nkiri a ga-akpata ọbụna ọgba aghara n'ime ọha mmadụ, ndị ọzọ kwenyere na ọ ga-emepe anya ọha na eze ịhụ mmeso ọjọọ nke ndị ọcha na-eme ndị ojii.[1] Mkpesa megide ihe nkiri ahụ gara n'ihu ruo ụbọchị e wepụtara ya.[1] N'ihi ọnọdụ ya na-ese okwu, a machibidoro ihe nkiri ahụ n'ụlọ ihe nkiri ụfọdụ.[7]

Micheaux gbanwere ọrụ abụọ nke Charles W. Chesnutt, nke ọ wepụtara n'okpuru utu aha mbụ ha: The Conjure Woman (1926) na The House Behind the Cedars (1927). Nke ikpeazụ, nke na-ekwu maka nsogbu agbụrụ na ịgafe, kpatara nnukwu esemokwu mgbe Film Board nke Virginia nyochara ya nke na a manyere ya imebi iji gosipụta ya. O mezigharịrị akụkọ a dị ka ihe nkiri na-ada ụda na 1932, na-ewepụta ya na aha Veiled Aristocrats . E kwenyere na ihe nkiri ahụ na-adịghị ekwu okwu furu efu.

Isiokwu

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Emere ihe nkiri Micheaux n'oge nnukwu mgbanwe n'ime obodo Africa-America.[1] Ihe nkiri ya gosipụtara ndụ ojii nke oge a. Ọ gbasara mmekọrịta agbụrụ n'etiti ndị ojii na ndị ọcha, na ihe ịma aka nke ndị isi ojii mgbe ha na-agbalị inweta ihe ịga nke ọma na ọha mmadụ. A na-eji ihe nkiri ya emegide ma kwurịta ikpe na-ezighị ezi nke agbụrụ nke ndị Africa America nwetara. E gosipụtara isiokwu ndị dị ka ịgha ụgha, ịkpa ókè n'ọrụ, idina mmadụ n'ike, ime ihe ike ìgwè mmadụ, na ịkpa ókè akụ̀ na ụba n'ihe nkiri ya.[2] Ihe nkiri ndị a na-egosipụtakwa echiche ya na ahụmahụ ndụ ya.[3]

Micheaux chọrọ ịmepụta ihe nkiri nke ga-emegide ihe ngosi na-adịghị mma nke ndị Africa America na ihe nkiri site n'aka ndị na-emepụta ihe ọcha, nke na-ere ahịa na-emebi ụkpụrụ. O mepụtara ihe odide dị mgbagwoju anya nke klas dị iche iche. Ihe nkiri ya jụrụ usoro uru nke ndị Africa America na ndị Europe America, nke kpaliri esemokwu na ndị nta akụkọ na ndị na-enyocha steeti.[8]

Ụdị

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Onye nkatọ Barbara Lupack kọwara Micheaux dị ka onye na-agbaso ime ihe nkiri na ihe nkiri ya na ịmepụta "ihe nkiri nke etiti".[1] Emebere ọrụ ya ka ọ masị ma ndị nọ n'etiti na ndị obere klaasị.

Micheaux kwuru,

Nsonaazụ m ... nwere ike ịbụ mkpụmkpụ mgbe ụfọdụ, n'ihi ma eleghị anya ọnọdụ ụfọdụ a kpaara ókè, nke m gbalịrị igosipụta, mana n'ọnọdụ ndị ahụ a kpaara oke, eziokwu bụ ihe kachasị. Ọ bụ naanị site n'igosi akụkụ ndị ahụ nke agbụrụ ahụ gosipụtara na foto m, n'ìhè na ndabere nke ọnọdụ ha n'ezie, ka anyị nwere ike ibuli ndị anyị elu. Mmụọ nke Booker T. Washington jupụtara m n'ike iji tinye omume ọma ụgha n'elu onwe m, iji mee onwe m ihe anyị na-abụghị.[7]

Ọnwụ

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Ili nke Oscar Micheaux na Great Bend na-achọ mma n'oge emume Oscar Micheux nke afọ 2005.

Micheaux nwụrụ na Machị 25, 1951, na Charlotte, North Carolina, n'ihi nkuchi obi . E liri ya na Great Bend Cemetery na Great Bend, Kansas, ebe obibi nke ntorobịa ya. Ihe e dere n'ili ya bụ: "Onye nọ n'ihu oge ya".[8]

Ndụ onwe onye

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Na South Dakota, Micheaux lụrụ Orlean McCracken. Ezinụlọ ya gosipụtara na ọ dị mgbagwoju anya na ibu arọ nye Micheaux. N'ịbụ ndị na-enweghị obi ụtọ maka ndokwa ibi ndụ ha, Orlean chere na Micheaux egeghị ya ntị nke ọma. Ọ mụrụ mgbe ọ na-aga ahịa, a kọwakwara na o bupụrụ ihe ndekọ ego ụlọ akụ ha wee gbalaga.[1] Nna Orlean rere ala Micheaux ma were ego ya n'ahịa ahụ. Mgbe ọ lọghachiri, Micheaux gbalịrị ime ka Orlean na ihe onwunwe ya laghachi azụ. Ọ lụrụ Alice B. Russell na 1926. Oscar na Alice nọgidere na-alụ ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ.   [citation needed]

Ihe nketa na nsọpụrụ

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  • Òtù Oscar Micheaux na Mahadum Duke na-aga n'ihu na-asọpụrụ ọrụ ya ma na-akụziri ihe nketa ya. [3]
  • N'afọ 1987, a matara Micheaux na kpakpando na Hollywood Walk of Fame.
  • 1989 ndị Directors Guild of America sọpụrụ Micheaux na Golden Jubilee Special Award.[9]
  • Ndị na-emepụta ihe nke America mepụtara ihe nrite kwa afọ n'aha ya.
  • N'afọ 1989, Black Filmmakers Hall of Fame nyere ya ihe nrite mgbe ọ nwụsịrị. [9]
  • Gregory, South Dakota na-eme emume ihe nkiri Oscar Micheaux kwa afọ.[9]
  • Na 2001 Oscar Micheaux Golden Anniversary Festival (March 24-25) Great Bend, Kansas
  • N'afọ 2002, onye ọkà mmụta Molefi Kete Asante gụnyere Oscar Micheaux na ndepụta ya nke 100 Greatest African Americans. [10]
  • Na June 22, 2010, US Postal Service wepụtara stampụ ncheta nke 44-cent, Oscar Micheaux. [11]
  • N'afọ 2011, Taubman Museum of Art dị na Roanoke, Virginia mepụtara otu maka ndị na-enye onyinye, Micheaux Society, iji sọpụrụ Micheaux. [12]
  • Midnight Ramble: Oscar Micheaux and the Story of Race Movies (1994) bụ ihe ngosi nke aha ya na-ezo aka na mmalite narị afọ nke 20 nke ụfọdụ ụlọ ihe nkiri nke na-egosi ihe nkiri maka ndị na-ege ntị Africa na America naanị na matinees na etiti abalị. Pamela Thomas mepụtara ihe nkiri ahụ, nke Pearl Bowser na Bestor Cram duziri, Clyde Taylor dere ya. E gosipụtara ya na mbụ na ihe ngosi PBS The American Experience na 1994, wee wepụta ya na 2004.
  • N'afọ 2019, Ọbá Akwụkwọ Congress họọrọ ihe nkiri Micheaux bụ Body and Soul maka nchekwa na National Film Registry maka ịbụ "n'ọdịbendị, akụkọ ihe mere eme, ma ọ bụ n'ịma mma".
  • E guzobere onyinye Oscar Micheaux maka ịdị mma.
  • The Academy Museum of Motion Pictures nwere ihe ngosi a raara nye ọrụ ya. [13][14]

Czar nke Black Hollywood

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N'afọ 2014, Block Starz Music Television wepụtara The Czar of Black Hollywood, ihe nkiri [15] nke na-akọ akụkọ ndụ na ọrụ Oscar Micheaux site na iji ihe nkiri, foto, ihe osise na egwu ochie. [16] Onye America na-eme ihe nkiri na redio bụ Tom Joyner mara ọkwa ihe nkiri ahụ na mmemme ya, The Tom Joyners Morning Show, dịka akụkụ nke "Little Known Black History Fact" na Micheaux.[17] N'ajụjụ ọnụ ya na The Washington Times, onye na-eme ihe nkiri Bayer Mack kwuru na ọ gụrụ akụkọ ndụ 2007 Oscar Micheaux: The Great and Only nke Patrick McGilligan dere ma bụrụ onye sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ mepụta The Czar of Black Hollywood n'ihi na ndụ Micheaux gosipụtara nke ya. [18][19] Mack gwara The Huffington Post na ọ wụrụ ya akpata oyi n'ahụ na, n'agbanyeghị mkpa akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Micheaux, "ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na ọ dịghị ihe ọ bụla dị n'ebe ahụ banyere ndụ ". [his][20] Onye na-emepụta ihe nkiri ahụ, Frances Presley Rice, gwara Sun Sentinel na Micheaux bụ onye mbụ na-emepụta "ihe nkiri indie".[21] N'afọ 2018, ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi Mic gbara Mack ajụjụ ọnụ maka "Black Monuments Project", nke kpọrọ Oscar Micheaux dịka otu n'ime ndị Africa America 50 kwesịrị ihe oyiyi. O kwuru na Micheaux gosipụtara "ihe kachasị mma nke anyị niile bụ dị ka ndị America" nakwa na onye na-eme ihe nkiri ahụ bụ "ihe na-akpali akpali".[22]Ihe ncheta akụkọ ihe mere eme na Roanoke, Virginia na-echeta oge ya ibi ma na-arụ ọrụ n'obodo ahụ dị ka onye na-emepụta ihe nkiri.[23]

Ọrụ

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Ihe nkiri

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Akwụkwọ

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Hụkwa

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  • Deanna Michaux

Ntụaka

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  1. ↑ The Lincoln Motion Picture Company a First for Black Cinema. African American Registry (May 24, 2005). Archived from the original on May 19, 2016. Retrieved on February 12, 2009.
  2. ↑ Moos (2005). Outside America: Race, Ethnicity, and the Role of the American West in National Belonging. University Press of New England. ISBN 9781584655060. Retrieved on March 13, 2011. 
  3. ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 Betti Carol VanEpps-Taylor, Oscar Micheaux – A Biography: Dakota Homesteader, Author, Pioneer Film Maker, Dakota West, 1999.
  4. ↑ Patent Details - BLM GLO Records.
  5. ↑ "Oscar Micheaux biography", Bio. biography.com. Archived from the original on November 24, 2015. Retrieved on November 9, 2015.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Micheaux, Oscar (en-US). Sioux City Public Museum. Retrieved on 2022-09-12.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Lupack (2002). Literary Adaptations in Black American Cinema. University Rochester Press. ISBN 9781580461030. Retrieved on November 9, 2015. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Oscar Micheaux' grave".. Archived from the original on August 27, 2013. Retrieved on August 14, 2013.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 John W. Ravage, "Micheaux, Oscar.", BlackPast, accessed December 14, 2010,
  10. ↑ Asante (2002). 100 Greatest African Americans: A Biographical Encyclopedia. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-1-57392-963-9. 
  11. ↑ World Stamp News www.worldstampnews.com
  12. ↑ Allen, Mike (February 21, 2011) "Taubman Museum reduces its annual rates", The Roanoke Times. Retrieved February 21, 2011.
  13. ↑ Zimmerman. "Capturing the Magic of Movies", The New York Times, October 20, 2021.
  14. ↑ Chang (September 21, 2021). Academy Museum surpasses the Oscars version of film history. Los Angeles Times.
  15. ↑ Paul Day II (24 December 2014). The Czar of Black Hollywood (2014). IMDb. Retrieved on November 9, 2015.
  16. ↑ Movies News Desk (February 12, 2014). New Documentary Underway on America's First Black Filmmaker Oscar Micheaux. broadwayworld.com. Retrieved on November 9, 2015.
  17. ↑ Little Known Black History Fact: Oscar Micheaux. Black America Web (2014-02-13). Retrieved on November 9, 2015.
  18. ↑ Wetzstein. "Black side of silver screen: Filmmaker Oscar Micheaux paved his own path to Hollywood", Washington Times, April 30, 2014. Retrieved on 25 February 2015.
  19. ↑ Wetzstein (April 30, 2014). Love of history spurred rap mogul Bayer L. Mack to make Micheaux documentary. The Washington Times. Retrieved on November 9, 2015.
  20. ↑ Kelly (August 4, 2014). New Documentary About Black Filmmaker Oscar Micheaux. The Huffington Post. Retrieved on November 9, 2015.
  21. ↑ Geggis (July 10, 2014). Boca Black Film Festival aims to feature Florida's homegrown talent. tribunedigital-sunsentinel. Archived from the original on September 28, 2015. Retrieved on November 9, 2015.
  22. ↑ The Black Monuments Project: Oscar Micheaux. Mic.com. Retrieved on 2018-07-08.
  23. ↑ "Oscar Micheaux Historical Marker".

Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

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Njikọ mpụga

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