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Ojiji nke nkwakọ ngwaahịa na-adịgide adịgide

Nkwakọ ngwaahịa na-adịgide adịgide bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke 'akụnụba okirikiri'. Nkwakọ ngwaahịa di MMA a na-eji akụrụngwa wee weghachi ha na mmalite ha, na-ebelata mkpofu nke akụrụngwa dị oke ọnụ ahịa - dị ka mmiri
nkwakọ ngwaahịa na-adigide
obere ụdị nkeproduct packaging Dezie

Ojiji nke nkwakọ ngwaahịa na-adịgide adịgide bụ mmepe na ojiji nke ngwugwu nke na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mma. Nke a na-agụnye mmụba ojiji nke ndụ ndụ (LCI) na nyocha ndụ (LCA) iji nyere aka iduzi ojiji nke nkwakọ ngwaahịa nke na-ebelata mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi na akara gburugburu ebe obibi.[2][3] Ọ na-agụnye ile anya na usoro nnyefe niile: site na ọrụ bụ isi, na ahịa, wee ruo na njedebe nke ndụ (LCA) na ọmụmụ ọzọ. Ihe mgbaru ọsọ ahụ bụ imeziwanye ogologo oge na ogo ndụ maka ụmụ mmadụ na ogologo ndụ nke usoro okike.[4] Ojiji nke nkwakọ ngwaahịa na-adịgide adịgide ga-egbo mkpa ọrụ na akụ na ụba nke ugbu a n'emeghị ka ikike nke ọgbọ ndị na-abịa n'ọdịnihu gboo mkpa nke ha.[5] Nkwado abụghị ọnọdụ njedebe kama ọ bụ usoro na-aga n'ihu nke imeziwanye.[6]

Mkpụrụ osisi a kpụrụ akpụ na-eji mpempe akwụkwọ akụkọ a rụgharịrị arụgharị iji mepụta ihe ngwugwu. N'ebe a, ndị na-eme nchọpụta na-eji ahịhịa[1] emepụta ngwugwu

Ojiji nke nkwakọ ngwaahịa na-adịgide adịgide anaghị elekwasị anya na imegharị ihe. Dị ka nkwakọ ngwaahịa abụghị naanị ebumnuche gburugburu ebe obibi, ọ bụ ezie na ọ ka bụ n'elu uche ọtụtụ ndị. N'ụzọ ziri ezi ma ọ bụ na-ezighi ezi, a na-enyocha nkwakọ ngwaahịa ahụ ugboro ugboro ma jiri ya mee ihe dị ka ihe atụ nke nkwado ụlọ ọrụ n'ozuzu ndị oru, ọ bụ ezie na ọ nwere ike inye aka naanị obere pasent na mmetụta zuru oke na gburugburu ebe obibi ma e jiri ya tụnyere ihe ndị ọzọ, dị ka njem, na mmiri na ojiji ike, na ihe ndị ozo.

Ihe ndị e ji mara

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Ntọala maka ịhazi na iji nkwakọba ihe tụnyere dabere na nkwado ha bụ mpaghara na-arụsi ọrụ ike nke mmepe. Ọtụtụ ìgwè na-ebipụta ntụziaka, metrik, ndetu, na scorecards nke otu dị iche iche biputara.

Gọọmentị, òtù ụkpụrụ, ndị na-azụ ahịa, ndị na'ere ahịa, na ndị na-etinye ojiji nke nkwakọ ngwaahịa na-atụle ọtụtụ ụdị ụkpụrụ.[7][8][9][10][11][12]

Òtù ọ bụla na-ekwu si na ihe mgbaru ọsọ na ebumnuche n'ụzọ dịtụ iche. N'ozuzu, ebumnuche sara mbara nke nkwakọ ngwaahịa na-adịgide adịgide bụ:

  1. Ọrụ Nchedo ngwaahịa, nchekwa, nrubeisi iwu, wdg.[13]
  2. Ọ bụrụ na ọ dị oke ọnụ, o yighị ka a ga-eji ya mee ihe
  3. Na-akwado ahụike mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi ogologo oge

Ihe ndị a kapịrị ọnụ maka imepụta nkwakọ ngwaahịa na-adịgide adịgide nwere ike ịgụnye ihe ndị a dị n'okpụrụ:

  • Ojiji nke obere ihe ndị a na-etinye na nkwakọba ihe, mbelata nke nkwakọwa ihe, obere ibu (ngwaahịa na nkwakọta), obere olu, wdg.[14]
  • Ịrụ ọrụ nke ike, ngụkọta nke ike na ojiji, ojiji nke ike na-agbanwe agbanwe, ojiji na-eji ike dị ọcha, wdg.
  • Ihe ndị a na-emegharị dị ka ọ dị ma na-arụ ọrụ. Maka ihe ndị na-emetụta nri, enwere nchebara echiche nchekwa pụrụ iche, ọkachasị maka iji plastik na akwụkwọ a rụgharịrị arụgharị. Mba ma ọ bụ mpaghara ọ bụla na-ebipụta iwu.
  • Recyclability Ọnụ ego mgbake, ojiji nke ihe ndị a na-emegharị ugboro ugboro ma dị mfe, mbelata nke ihe ndị na-egbochi recyclability nke isi ihe, wdg.
  • Nchịkọta a na-eji eme ihe ugboro ugboro nke ngwugwu, iji ya eme ihe maka ebumnuche ndị ọzọ, wdg.
  • Ojiji nke ihe ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe, ihe ndị na'ime ala na ihe ndị a na-eme ka ọ dị mma mgbe o kwesịrị ma ghara imebi mmetọ nke iyi recycling[15][16]
  • Zere iji ihe ndị na-egbu mmadụ ma ọ bụ gburugburu ebe obibi
  • Mmetụta na ikuku / ihu igwe nke ozone layer, greenhouse gas (carbon dioxide na methane), volatile organic compounds, wdg.
  • Ojiji mmiri, iji ya eme ihe ọzọ, ọgwụgwọ, ihe mkpofu, wdg.
  • Mmetụta ndị ọrụ: ahụike ọrụ, nchekwa, teknụzụ dị ọcha, wdg.

Ihe ndi na-aba Uru

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Akụkụ ụfọdụ nke nkwakọba gburugburu ebe obibi na-achọ site n'aka ndị na-achịkwa ebe ndị ọzọ bụ mkpebi ndị nkwakọwa nke ọ bụla mere. Ndị na-etinye ego, ndị ọrụ, ndị njikwa, na ndị ahịa nwere ike imetụta mkpebi ụlọ ọrụ ma nyere aka setịpụ ụkpụrụ. Mgbe ndị na-etinye ego na-achọ ịzụta ngwaahịa, ụlọ ọrụ ndị a maara maka iwu gburugburu ebe obibi ha nwere ike ịdọrọ mmasị.[17] Ndị nwere ike ịnwe ngwaahịa na ndị na-etinye ego na-ahụ nke a dị ka mkpebi siri ike: ihe ize ndụ gburugburu ebe obibi dị ala na-eduga na nnukwu ego na ọnụego dị ọnụ ala. Ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-eme ka ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi ha pụta ìhè nye ndị na-azụ ahịa nwere ike ịkwalite ahịa yana aha ngwaahịa.[18]

Ihe ndị ọzọ a ga eji eme ihe nabughi plastik

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E mepụtara ma ọ bụ jiri ihe mee ihe maka nkwakọba ihe na-enweghị plastik, ọkachasị maka ọnọdụ ojiji nke enweghị ike iwepụ nkwakọ ngwaahịa dịka iwu maka ihe achọrọ maka ụlọ ahịa nri nke mba maka mkpa ichekwa ngwaahịa nri ma ọ bụ ebumnuche ndị ọzọ.

 

E mepụtara ihe nkwakọba ihe na-emebi emebi nke sitere na protein nke osisi na-adabere na plastik dabere na nyocha banyere silk ududo nke a maara maka ike ya dị elu na ihe yiri ya na ọkwa nke molekụl ya.[19][20]

Ụkpụrụ ISO

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E bipụtara usoro ISO nke ụkpụrụ metụtara nkwakọba na gburugburu ebe obibi na nke afọ 2013:

  • ISO 18601:2013 Nchịkọta na gburugburu ebe obibi - Ihe achọrọ maka iji ụkpụrụ ISO na mpaghara nkwakọba na gburugburu ebe ahụ
  • ISO 18602:2013 Nchịkọta na gburugburu ebe obibi - Ịmeziwanye usoro nkwakọba
  • ISO 18603:2013 Nchịkọta na gburugburu ebe obibi - Reuse
  • ISO 18604:2013 Nchịkọta na gburugburu ebe obibi - Nchịkọta ihe
  • ISO 18605:2013 Nchịkọta na gburugburu ebe obibi - Nweghachi ike
  • ISO 18606:2013 Nchịkọta na gburugburu ebe obibi - Organic recycling

Hụkwa

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  • Biopolymer
  • Ebe a na-amụ nwa
  • Nhazi Maka Gburugburu Ebe Obibi
  • Mmetụta na njirimara nkwado
  • Nchịkọta a na-eri eri
  • Ecodesign
  • Akpa ịzụ ahịa a na-eji eme ihe ọzọ
  • Nhazi Na-adịgide Adịgide
  • Nnyocha nke Usoro Ndụ

Edensibịa

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  1. ↑ Wood (April 2002). "Leftover Straw Gets New Life". Agricultural Research. 
  2. ↑ Zabaniotou (August 2003). "Life cycle assessment applied to egg packaging made from polystyrene and recycled paper". Journal of Cleaner Production 11 (5): 549–559. DOI:10.1016/S0959-6526(02)00076-8. 
  3. ↑ Franklin (April 2004). Life Cycle Inventory of Packaging Options for Shipment of Retail Mail-Order Soft Goods. Archived from the original on December 17, 2008. Retrieved on December 15, 2008.
  4. ↑ Wever (June 2013). "Eco-efficient Value Creation: An Alternative Perspective on Packaging and Sustainability". Packaging Technology and Science 26 (4): 229–248. DOI:10.1002/pts.1978. 
  5. ↑ World Packaging Organization (17 April 2008). Position Paper on Sustainable Packaging. Archived from the original on 8 January 2010. Retrieved on 6 February 2009.
  6. ↑ What is Sustainable Packaging? Our Vision. EUROPEN, European Organization for Packaging and the Environment (May 2009). Retrieved on 23 September 2011.
  7. ↑ Packaging, Product Stewarship. US Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved on 2008-12-18.
  8. ↑ Wal-Mart Unveils Packaging Scorecard to Suppliers. Wal-Mart (November 2, 2008). Archived from the original on 2010-01-10. Retrieved on 2008-04-29.
  9. ↑ Sustainable Packaging Metrics and Indicators Framework (PDF). Sustainable Packaging Coalition (December 2009). Archived from the original on 2011-10-06. Retrieved on 14 December 2009.
  10. ↑ COMPASS, Metrics for Rating Packages. Sustainable Packaging Coalition (2011). Archived from the original on 9 November 2011. Retrieved on 6 September 2011.
  11. ↑ Towards Sustainable Packaging. Sustainable Packaging Alliance (October 2002). Archived from the original on 19 July 2008. Retrieved on 22 December 2008.
  12. ↑ PRINCIPLES, STRATEGIES & KPIs FOR PACKAGING SUSTAINABILITY. Sustainable Packaging Alliance (July 2010). Archived from the original on 17 March 2012. Retrieved on 5 September 2011.
  13. ↑ anon: "Packaging Matters", Institute of Packaging Professionals, 1993
  14. ↑ Jason DeRusha. "The Incredible Shrinking Package". 16 July 2007. WCCO.
  15. ↑ ASTM D6400, Standard Specification for Labeling of Plastics Designed to be Aerobically Composted in Municipal or Industrial Facilities
  16. ↑ Ammala (2011). "An overview of degradable and biodegradable polyolefins". Progress in Polymer Science 36 (8): 1015–1049. DOI:10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2010.12.002. Retrieved on September 21, 2018. 
  17. ↑ Benefits For Being Green. Archived from the original on 2008-11-07. Retrieved on 2008-12-12.
  18. ↑ More Benefits For Green Companies. Archived from the original on 2008-09-07. Retrieved on 2008-12-12.
  19. ↑ "'Vegan spider silk' provides sustainable alternative to single-use plastics", phys.org. Retrieved on 11 July 2021. (in en)
  20. ↑ Kamada (10 June 2021). "Controlled self-assembly of plant proteins into high-performance multifunctional nanostructured films" (in en). Nature Communications 12 (1): 3529. DOI:10.1038/s41467-021-23813-6. ISSN 2041-1723. PMID 34112802. 

Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

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