Njikọ nke ụmụ nwanyị ndị Juu (Germany)

Njikọ nke ndị inyom Juu na Germany (German: Jüdischer Frauenbund, JFB) bụ Bertha Pappenheim tọrọ ntọala na 1904. Pappenheim duuru JFB n'ime afọ iri abụọ mbụ nke ịdị adị ya, ma nọgide na-arụsi ọrụ ike na ya ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 1936.[1] JFB bịara na-ewu ewu site na narị afọ nke 20. N’oge ọ kacha elu na 1928, nzukọ ahụ nwere ndị òtù 50,000 sitere n’alaka ụlọ ọrụ 34 na ìgwè ndị enyemaka 430. N'oge ahụ, JFB bụ ọgbakọ ndị Juu nke atọ kachasị na Germany, yana 15-20% nke ụmụ nwanyị ndị Juu na Germany ghọrọ ndị otu.^[1]

Uto sitere na Women's Movement

JFB gbasoro ntọala 1899 nke German Evangelical Women's Association (German: Deutsch-Evangelischer Frauenbund), yana ntọala na 1903 nke German Catholic Women's Association (German: Katholischer Frauenbund).[3] Ọ bụ akụkụ nke oge ọrụ ụfọdụ na-akpọ "First-wave feminism", bụ nke ụmụ nwanyị na mba ụfọdụ, gụnyere Germany, duziri mmegharị iji kwalite ikike ụmụ nwanyị. Ntọala nke JFB mere mmegharị dị iche iche nke dị na njikọ nke ọha German na ọdịnala ndị Juu.[4] Site na 1907 JFB bụ onye so na Union of German Feminist Organisation (German: Bund Deutscher Frauenvereine, BDF), bụ nke ewepụtara dị ka nche anwụ maka otu ụmụ nwanyị dị iche iche.

Ihe mgbaru ọsọ na ọrụ

JFB bụ obodo nwere mmasị dị ukwuu n'imeziwanye ahụmịhe ụmụ nwanyị na obodo ndị Juu. Ọ kwupụtara banyere ọchịchọ ya ime ka ụmụ nwanyị na omenala ndị Juu nwee mmekọrịta chiri anya. Ọtụtụ ndị otu ahụ sitere n'ezinụlọ ndị Juu na-agbasaghị n'ọdịnala, ndị di ha gbara ụfọdụ ume ka ha zoo ọdịdị ndị Juu ha.^[2] Ụfọdụ n'ime ụmụ nwanyị ndị a meghachiri site n'ịmepụta omume ụmụ nwanyị nke tzedakah, ma ọ bụ inye onyinye ebere nke iwu ndị Juu nyere iwu.^[3] Onyinye enyemaka sitere n'aka òtù ụmụ nwanyị dị n'ógbè ahụ kwadoro mgbasa ozi ọha na eze yana ịnọgide na-enwe mmekọrịta na ndị na-arụkọ ọrụ na mba ụwa. Ọrụ a dugara na ntọala nke Central Office for the Welfare of Jews in Germany (ZWSt) na 1917. Nzukọ ahụ, ọkachasị n'afọ ndị mbụ ya, lekwasịrị anya n'ịlụ ọgụ maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị nwere ịtụ vootu n'ime obodo ndị Juu. Nzukọ ahụ mere ka ịlụso ndị Juu ọgụ bụrụ ihe kachasị mkpa, ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-etinye obere nkwenye na okwu ahụ dị ka ọtụtụ ìgwè ndị Juu. JFB nyere ụmụ nwanyị ndị Juu ihe enyemaka na agụmakwụkwọ ma gbalịa ịkwụsị ihe akọwapụtara dị ka "ohu ụmụ nwanyị", ịgba akwụna, na mmebi omume na Germany na mba ofesi.^[1] Pappenheim gara n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Europe n'oge dị iche iche, nke kpaliri ya ịmanye nzukọ ahụ ịlụso ịgba akwụna ọgụ na imeziwanye ndụ ụmụ nwanyị ndị Juu n'Ebo Ọwụwa anyanwụ Europe. JFB wepụrụ mbọ ya n'inyere ụmụ nwanyị ndị Juu nọ ná mba ọzọ aka mgbe Agha Ụwa Mbụ tiwapụrụ.^[4] Mgbe Agha Ụwa Mbụ gasịrị, JFB gbalịrị ịrịọ ụmụ nwanyị ndị Juu na-eto eto arịrịọ, ma na-ebute okwu ndị Juu ụzọ karịa okwu ndị inyom.^[1]

Ọrụ ọ rụrụ n'oge Agha Ụwa Mbụ

The JFB, like many other woman's organization in the BDF (Templeeti:Lang-de), mobilized to assist the war effort on the home front. The JFB collaborated with the Red Cross to provide first aid services on the home front as well as in military hospitals. The JFB also helped support wives and families of soldiers who died in the war.^[4]

Ndị otu

Rahel Straus
Margarete Tietz

Ebem si dee

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Steer (2015). "Nation, Religion, Gender: The Triple Challenge of Middle-Class German-Jewish Women in World War I". Central European History 48 (2): 177–178. DOI:10.1017/S0008938915000333. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content
↑ Carlebach, S. 63
↑ Kaplan 1997, S. 66
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Steer (2015). "Nation, Religion, Gender: The Triple Challenge of Middle-Class German-Jewish Women in World War I". Central European History 48 (2): 185. DOI:10.1017/S0008938915000333. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":1" defined multiple times with different content

[:0-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Steer (2015). "Nation, Religion, Gender: The Triple Challenge of Middle-Class German-Jewish Women in World War I". Central European History 48 (2): 177–178. DOI:10.1017/S0008938915000333. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content

[C-63-2] Carlebach, S. 63

[K-1997-66-3] Kaplan 1997, S. 66

[:1-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Steer (2015). "Nation, Religion, Gender: The Triple Challenge of Middle-Class German-Jewish Women in World War I". Central European History 48 (2): 185. DOI:10.1017/S0008938915000333. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":1" defined multiple times with different content

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