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Njikọ nke ụmụ nwanyị South Africa

 

Njiko nke umunwanyi South africa(FEDSAW) bụ otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị e guzobere na 1954. [1] Na nnọkọ mmalite nke FEDSAW, a nabatara akwukwo nkwenye nke Ụmụ nwanyị. [2] Ọ bụ Lillian Ngoyi bụ onye isi ya.

Mmalite

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Njiko umunwanyi South africa(FEDSAW) bụ òtù ụmụ nwanyị nwere ọtụtụ agbụrụ na otu nkwado nke haziri ma mee ngagharị iwe megide usoro ịkpa ókè agbụrụ nke dị na South Africa dum.

Ọ bụ ezie na South Africa nwere ọtụtụ ụdị nkewa ọha na eze tupu ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, nhazi ya site na iwu gọọmentị mere ka ndị guzobere ya hazie megide ọtụtụ nsogbu, dị ka ọnụahịa na-arị elu na usoro iwu. N'ihi ya, FEDSAW ghọrọ akụkụ nke nzuko mkporita, njikọ aka na-emegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ nke Otu Ndụ ọchịchị nke Afrịka. (ANC) duziri. Nzukọ ahụ bụkwa nke a ma ama maka ịhazi maachi umunwanyi 1956, otu n'ime ngagharị iwe kachasị ukwuu nke iwu ndị ga-eme n'afọ ndị 1950.[3]

FEDSAW bụ ihe a ma ama n'ihi ihe ọ rụzuru n'ịmepụta otu n'ime òtù ụmụ nwanyị mbụ dị n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mba ahụ.

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

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Ọzụzụ

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Rachel Simons, onye otu ọrụ na onye otu Ndị Kwàsíálist nke ndida afrika Frances Baard, nke Nzukọ Ọrụ Ndị Ọrụ Nri na Mkpado Afrịka, na Florence Matomela, onye isi oche nke ANC otu umunwanyi(ANCWL) na Mpaghara Ọwụwa Anyanwụ,haziri nzukọ ụmụ nwanyị na Port Elizabeth Nzukọ Ọrụ na Nchekwa Ọrụ kwa Afọ. [4] N'oge nzukọ a na-abụghị nke iwu kwadoro, e gosipụtara nchegbu doro anya maka okwu gbasara ụmụ nwanyị na ọdịmma nke ezinụlọ ha - iwu gafere, nke kewara ma na-achịkwa n'ụzọ siri ike ngagharị nke ndị isi ojii na ndị isi ojii. Nsogbu ndị ọzọ e gosipụtara bụ ịrị elu nke nri na ụgwọ njem.[4] Ọzọkwa, ịrị elu nke ọnụahịa achịcha n'etiti afọ 1953 mere ka ụmụ nwanyị nọ na obodo cape hazie ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na-akpaliwanye mmasị n'ịmepụta ndị na-ahụ maka ọdịmma ụmụ nwanyị.[5] N'ụzọ dị otú a, e mepụtara FEDSAW dị ka mgbalị mbụ maka nzukọ ụmụ nwanyị sara mbara na nke agbụrụ dị iche iche iji nyere aka gboo mkpa ụmụ nwanyị na nke ezinụlọ ha.[3]

Nzukọ FEDSAW nke 1954

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Nzukọ FEDSAW mbụ mere n'ụbọchị iri na asaa nke ọnwa Eprel n'afọ 1954. [3] Ihe dị ka ndị nnọchiteanya 150 gara nzukọ ahụ, gụnyere ndị nnọchite anya ANCWL, Nzukọ Ndị Ndemokrat nke Ụmụ Nwanyi niile nke Transvaal, nzukọ Ndị India na ndị otu ọrụ. [6][7] Na nnọkọ ahụ, e guzobere ebumnuche na nkà ihe ọmụma nke nzukọ ahụ ma dekọọ ya site na akwukwo nkwenye nke Ụmụ nwanyị. [8] A họpụtakwara Kọmitii Nchịkwa Mba.

Ngagharị iwe nke ulo ogbako na Pretoria, 1955

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Otu n'ime ngagharị iwe mbụ nke FEDSAW haziri mere n'October 27, 1955, n'èzí ulo ogbako Pretoria nke mejupụtara oche gọọmentị ndida afrika yana ọfịs nke Onye isi ala ndida afrika [9] Nke a bụ n'ihi iwu ịkpa ókè dị ka Iwu Mmụta Bantu, nke kwadoro ọtụtụ akụkụ nke iwu ịkpa oke agbụrụ, yana ndokwa ya bụ nkewa agbụrụ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ, yana ihe ọhụrụ achọrọ maka ụmụ nwanyị Afrika iji mee ka paswọọdụ, na mmezigharị na Iwu Ndebanye aha Ndị Mmadụ, nke chọrọ iweghachite 'Ndị nwere Agba'. [9] N'oge ngagharị iwe ahụ, otu ìgwè ụmụ nwanyị 2000 nke agbụrụ niile na ụfọdụ ụmụ nwoke gara ngagharị iwe.[3] Ọnụ ọgụgụ, na ọnụ ọgụgụ agbụrụ dị iche iche bịara ngagharị iwe ahụ nyeere FEDSAW aka ịrịgo n'ọkwa mba.[10]

 
Ubochi mmemme umunwanyi ngagharị iwe na Mahadum ndi mba nke Lesotho, ebe ụmụ nwanyị mere ngagharị iwe megide ụmụ nwanyị.

Ngagharị iwe megide pas, 1956-1958

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N'agbata afọ 1956 na afọ 1958, a haziri ọtụtụ ngagharị iwe igbochi ngafe na ndida afrika. Site na Jenụwarị-Julaị 1956, ihe dị ka ndị otu 50,000 gara ngagharị iwe 38.[11] Karịsịa, ọtụtụ ndị iwe were maka Iwu Mbido Nchekwa Ndị Omenala, 1952 na iwu mbido Omenala,1956, nke manyere ndị Afrịka iburu akwụkwọ ha n'oge niile ma mee ka ọtụtụ ndị wepụ ha n'ike n'enweghị mkpesa. N'oge a, FEDSAW haziri maachi umunwanyi n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 1956. A na-ewere nke a dị ka nnukwu nnọkọ nke ụmụ nwanyị na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndida afrika ruo ugbu a ka ụmụ nwanyị 20,000 mere ngagharị iwe na ụlọ nzuko Pretoria.[3] Maka ndị na-akwado usoro ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, ọnụnọ nke ndị ọcha na ngagharị iwe ndị a na-akpasu iwe karịsịa.[12]

N'ime afọ 1957 na 1958, mkpọsa ndị inyom na-emegide ịgafe agafe gara n'ihu na-eweta nkwado na nlebara anya dị ukwuu site na mgbasa ozi mba ụwa.[13] Otú ọ dị, nrụgide na-arịwanye elu sitere na steeti ịkpa ókè agbụrụ mechiri ngagharị iwe ahụ.[14] Ime ihe ike nke ndị uwe ojii ghọkwara ihe ike. N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 1956, ndị uwe ojii gbara otu puku mmadụ égbè na Lichtenburg. E gburu ndị Afrịka abụọ ma merụọ mmadụ abụọ ọzọ ahụ.[13] N'afọ 1960, mgbe otu ụbọchị nke ngagharị iwe megide iwu nke ịgafe, ìgwè mmadụ 7,000 gara n'ụlọ ọrụ ndị uwe ojii dị na obodo obibi ndida afrika nke Sharpeville. Ndị uwe ojii ndida afrika gbara ìgwè mmadụ ahụ égbè, gbuo mmadụ 69 ma merụọ mmadụ 180 ahụ; a gbagburu ọtụtụ n'ime ha n'azụ ka ha na-agba ọsọ, nke a maara dị ka mmetuta Sharpeville

 
Mmetuta sharpeville ahịrị nke ili: ndị uwe ojii gburu mmadụ iri isii na itolu na Machị 21, 1960, n'oge ngagharị iwe megide ịgafe na ulo ndi uwe ojii nke Sharpeville .

Nkwada / Njedebe nke Nzukọ ahụ

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Mgbe ogbugbu ahụ gasịrị, steeti ịkpa ókè agbụrụ kwupụtara ọnọdụ mberede mba ma machibido ọtụtụ narị òtù ndị na-eme ihe ike iwu.[15] Otu n'ime ndị a machibidoro iwu bụ ANC na ogbako njiko. Ọ bụ ezie na a hapụrụ FEDSAW ka ọ gaa n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ, a manyere ha ịga n'ihu nzukọ ha na nzuzo iji zere nlekota ndị uwe ojii, egwu na iyi ndị otu ya egwu.[16] Ọzọkwa, njide nke ọtụtụ ndị isi nke FEDSAW mere ka o sie ike ịga n'ihu na ọrụ. Njikọ nke nrụgide gọọmentị na nsogbu ego nke nzukọ ahụ mere ka ọ ghara ikwe omume ka FEDSAW gaa n'ihu.[17] Ka ọ na-erule n'etiti afọ 1960, FEDSAW akwụsịla ịdị.[18]

Echiche

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Ọrụ Hilda Watts Bernstein na Rachel Simons nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu n'echiche FEDSAW, bụ ndị kwuru na ọgụ ụmụ nwanyị maka nnwere onwe dị mkpa dị ka akụkụ nke ọgụ sara mbara maka nnwere ike na ọgụ maka steeti ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya.[19] Enwekwara ihe yiri ya na akwukwo nkwenye na ebumnuche ha na ebumnucha nke ogbako ndi Kọmunist[20]

FEDSAW tụgharịrị onwe ya site na mmalite gaa na iwu nke ogbako njiko ma sonye na mmegharị nnwere onwe mba.[21] E debere ya maka nnwere onwe nke ndị isi ojii ka ukwuu na ndida afrika site na ọchịchị ndị ọcha, site na usoro mgbanwe udo. Ụmụ nwanyị ọcha nke ndida afrika n'ozuzu ha na-ezere isonye na FEDSAW, ma e wezụga ndị nọ na ogbako Ndị Ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị.[22]

Akwụkwọ Iwu Ụmụ nwanyị

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E dere iwu umunwanyi nke FEDSAW na nnọkọ mmeghe na 1954. Ọ na-ekwu aha nzukọ ọhụrụ ahụ.akwukwo iwu ahụ kwusiri ike na "mmekọrịta chiri anya" dị n'etiti ọnọdụ dị ala nke ụmụ nwanyị na ọha mmadụ na ọnọdụ dị ala e nyere ndị mmadụ site na "iwu ịkpa ókè na ajọ mbunobi agba".[8] O mere ka o doo anya na ọgụ iji tọhapụ ụmụ nwanyị site na iwu na mgbakọ ịkpa ókè kwesịrị ịbụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke ọgụ nnwere onwe ọ bụla.[23]

Ihe Ndị E Mere

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Na mgbakwunye na akwukwo iwu ha, FEDSAW nabatara ebumnuche asatọ a kapịrị ọnụ na nzukọ mmeghe nke afọ 1954:

  1. "Ikike ịtụ vootu na ịbụ onye a họpụtara na ụlọ ọrụ steeti niile, na-enweghị mgbochi ma ọ bụ ịkpa ókè (ya bụ, ikike ịtụ vootu zuru ụwa ọnụ)
  2. "Ikike inweta ohere zuru oke maka ọrụ na ụgwọ ọrụ hà nhata na ohere nke nkwalite n'akụkụ niile nke ọrụ
  3. "Inu ikike hà nhata na ụmụ nwoke n'ihe gbasara ihe onwunwe, alụmdi na nwunye na ụmụ, na maka iwepụ iwu na omenala niile na-egbochi ụmụ nwanyị ikike hà nhatị dị otú ahụ
  4. "N'ihi mmepe nke nwatakịrị ọ bụla site na agụmakwụkwọ iwu n'efu maka mmadụ niile; maka nchebe nke nne na nwa site n'ụlọ ọmụmụ, ụlọ ọgwụ ọdịmma, ụlọ akwụkwọ ọta akara na ụlọ akwụkwọ ọchụnta ego, n'ime ime obodo na obodo; site n'ebe obibi kwesịrị ekwesị maka mmadụ niile, na site n'inye mmiri, ìhè, njem, ịdị ọcha na ntụrụndụ nke mmepeanya nke oge a
  5. "N'ihi iwepụ iwu niile na-egbochi nnwere onwe ịgagharị, nke na-egide ma ọ bụ na-eguzogide ikike nke nnwere onwe mkpakọrịta, na ọrụ na òtù ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya, na ikike isonye n'ọrụ nke òtù ndị a
  6. "Iji wuo ma wusie ngalaba ụmụ nwanyị ike na umu mmekọahụ Na-ahụ Maka Nchekwa, nhazi ụmụ nwanyị na òtù ọrụ, na site na òtù dị iche iche nke ndị mmadụ
  7. "Iji soro òtù ndị ọzọ niile nwere ebumnuche yiri nke ahụ na ndida afrika na n'ụwa niile rụkọọ ọrụ
  8. "Ịgbalịsi ike maka udo na-adịgide adịgide n'ụwa niile" [24]

ŔNdị otu

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FEDSAW mejupụtara ndị otu sitere na ANC ogbo nwanyi, Ọgbakọ Ndị Ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị naỌgbakọ Ndị India nke South Africa na Ụgbọ Ọganịzeshọn Ndị Nwanyị nwere agba.Ọ bụ ezie na a naghị ekwe ka onye otu ọ bụla bụrụ onye otu, ịbụ onye otu otu n'ime òtù ndị a pụtara ịbụ onye otu na FEDSAW.[25]

FEDSAW nwere ihe karịrị ndị nnọchiteanya 130 sitere na ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche, nke mba, na nke mba ọzọ: [6][26]

Aha nzukọ Ebe
African Food and Canning Workers Union, Paarl Cape Town, South Africa
African Food and Canning Workers Union, Worcester Cape Town, South Africa
African National Congress Women's League Cradock, South Africa;

Durban, South Africa;

Johannesburg, South Africa;

Kimberlay, South Africa;

Port Elizabeth, South Africa

African National Congress Women's League, Retreat Women's Vigilance Association Cape Town, South Africa
African National Congress Women's League, Langa Women's Vigilance Association Cape Town, South Africa
African National Congress Women's League, Nyanga Women's Vigilance Association Cape Town, South Africa
Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Africa Durban, South Africa
Nzukọ nke ndị Democrats Cape Town, South Africa;

Johannesburg, South Africa

Kọmitii Ndị Ọrụ Ụlọ Ọrụ Cape Cape Town, South Africa
Njikọ Ndị Nwanyị nke Cape Cape Town, South Africa
Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Nri na Canning Cape Town, South Africa;

Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ London, United Kingdom

Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Uwe, Nke 2 Johannesburg, South Africa
Guardian Christmas Club Cape Town, South Africa
Òtù Ndị Agha South Africa Cape Town, South Africa
Nzukọ Ndị India nke South Africa Durban, South Africa;

Johannesburg, South Africa

Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nile nke Transvaal Johannesburg, South Africa

Ndị ama ama

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Foto nke Lilian Ngoyi na-eto eto.

Ray Alexander

Florence Matomela

Frances Baard

Helen Joseph

N'afọ 1956, e jidere ndị isi nke Congress Alliance ma kpụpụ ha n'ikpe mkpegharị ikpe nke Treason. N'etiti ha bụ Helen Joseph na Lilian Ngoyi National, odeakwụkwọ na onye isi oche nke FEDSAW n'oge ahụ. A tọhapụrụ ha abụọ ma wepụ ebubo ha na 1961.[15]

Hilda Watts Bernstein

Lilian Diedericks

Mkpagbu nke Ndị Ndú

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N'afọ 1956, e jidere ndị isi nke ogbako njiko ma kpụpụ ha n'ikpe mkpegharị ikpe nke ita ụta.N'etiti ha bụ Helen Joseph na Lilian Ngoyi N'uwa odeakwụkwọ na onye isi oche nke FEDSAW n'oge ahụ. A tọhapụrụ ha abụọ ma wepụ ebubo ha na 1961.[15]

Ihe Nketa

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N'etiti Machị na Ọgọstụ 1956, FEDSAW mere atụmatụ ịnabata ngagharị iwe na ulo mgbako na Pretoria, ndida afrika.[27] N'ịbụ nke e mere n'August 9, 1956, ngagharị iwe ahụ mere ka "n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị 6,000 ruo 20,000" si n'akụkụ niile nke mba ahụ, gụnyere ebe ndị dị ka "Cape Town, Bloemfontein, na Port Elizabeth". Oge cape kọrọ na ọ bụ "nnukwu nnọkọ ụmụ nwanyị na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke [ndida afrika, ngagharị iwe a dugara na ncheta kwa afọ nke 'Ụbọchị Ụmụ nwanyị' na mdida afrika,dị ka August 9. [28][12]

Egwú "Wathint' Abafazki, Wathint' Imbokotho", ma ọ bụ "metụtara ụmụnwanyị, ị tụpụtara nkume." bụ nke e kere ma mee ka ọ bụrụ ihe a ma ama site na ngagharị iwe nke afọ 1956.[29] N'afọ 2016, e mepụtara ihe ncheta iji cheta ndị isi Maachi nke ụmụ nwanyị.

N'afọ 1989, Ụmụnwaanyị Na-ahụ Maka Ndụ Na-emegharị Ụwa,Ụmụnwaanyị Na-ahụ Maka Ndụ Na-emegharị Transvaal,Ụmụnwaanyị Na-ahụ Maka Ndụ Na-emegharị Natal naỤmụnwaanyị Na-ahụ Maka Ndụ Na-emegharị Port Elizabeth mere ka FEDSAW dịghachi ndụ.[30] Ọ bụ ezie na ha bụ obere nzukọ n'oge a, ha nọgidere na-ahazi nzukọ na ngagharị iwe gbasara nsogbu ụmụ nwanyị, gụnyere ime ihe ike mmekọahụ na enweghị ebe obibi.[31] Na mgbakwunye, ha "nyere aka n'ịzụ ụmụ nwanyị na idu ndú".[31]

Hụkwa

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  • 1956 Ikpe Agha[32]
  • African National Congress Women's League[33]
  • Njikọ ogbako
  • Nzukọ Ndị India nke ndida afrika
  • Frances Baard[34]
  • Helen Joseph[35]
  • Fatima Meer[36]
  • Amma Naidoo[37]
  • Lillian Ngoyi[38]
  • Rachel Simons
  • Maachi1956 nke ụmụ nwanyị
  • Ụbọchị Ụmụ nwanyị nke Mba (South Africa)
  • Mgbukpọ nke Sharpeville
  • Ịkpa ókè agbụrụ
  • Jean Bernadt

Ihe odide

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  1. ↑ Margaret J. Daymond Women Writing Africa: The Southern Region 2003- Page 236 "Federation of South African Women, Women's Charter South Africa 1954 English The inaugural conference of the Federation of South African Women was held in the Trades Hall in Johannesburg in April 1954."
  2. ↑ Jodi O'Brien Encyclopedia of Gender and Society 1452266026- 2008 - "Founded initially as an individual membership organization, in time FEDSAW became a federation of affiliate organizations. At FEDSAW's inaugural conference, a Women's Charter was adopted. Although feminist in its orientation, the charter.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Federation of South African Women (FEDSAW) | South African History Online. www.sahistory.org.za. Retrieved on 2020-03-11.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Walker (1978). Women in Twentieth Century South African Politics: the Federation of South African Women, Its Roots, Growth and Decline, 165. 
  5. ↑ Walker 1978, pp. 171
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Walker 1978, pp. 183
  7. ↑ Walker 1978, pp. 172
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 The Women's Charter | South African History Online. South African History Online. Retrieved on 2020-03-11.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Walker 1978, pp. 223
  10. ↑ Walker 1978, pp. 224
  11. ↑ Walker 1978, pp. 231
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Walker 1978, pp. 235
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Walker 1978, pp. 238
  14. ↑ Walker 1978, pp. 246
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Walker 1978, pp. 202
  16. ↑ Walker 1978, pp. 312
  17. ↑ Walker 1978, pp. 302-309
  18. ↑ Walker 1978, pp. 203
  19. ↑ Walker 1978, pp. 174
  20. ↑ Walker 1978, pp. 198
  21. ↑ Walker 1978, pp. 179
  22. ↑ Walker 1978, pp. 196
  23. ↑ Walker 1978, pp. 195
  24. ↑ Walker 1978, pp. 197-198
  25. ↑ Kuumba (2006). "African Women, Resistance Cultures and Cultural Resistances". Agenda: Empowering Women for Gender Equity 68 (68): 116. 
  26. ↑ Walker 1978, pp. 350
  27. ↑ Walker 1978, pp. 232
  28. ↑ Walker 1978, pp. 233
  29. ↑ Govender (1987). "Re-Launching FEDSAW". Agenda: Empowering Women for Gender Equity 1 (1): 79–80. 
  30. ↑ Nelson (1994). Women and Politics Worldwide. New Haven : Yale University Press, 646. 
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Nelson & Caudhurī 1994, pp. 649
  32. ↑ Treason Trial 1956-1961. www.sahistory.org.za (31 March 2011).
  33. ↑ African National Congress Women's League. womensleague.anc.org.za. Archived from the original on 2018-09-01. Retrieved on 2024-08-22.
  34. ↑ Frances Baard. www.sahistory.org.za (17 February 2011).
  35. ↑ Helen Joseph. www.sahistory.org.za (17 February 2011).
  36. ↑ Fatima Meer South African History Online (en). v1.sahistory.org.za. Archived from the original on 2016-07-27. Retrieved on 2024-08-22.
  37. ↑ Manonmoney Ama Naidoo. www.sahistory.org.za (16 September 2011).
  38. ↑ Lilian Masediba Ngoyi. www.sahistory.org.za (22 September 2011).
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