Wikipedia

Fatima Meer

Ọkà mmụta na onye edemede South Africa (1928-2010)
Fatima Meer
Mmádu
ụdịekerenwanyị Dezie
mba o sịSouth Africa Dezie
Aha enyereFatima Dezie
aha ezinụlọ yaMeer Dezie
Ụbọchị ọmụmụ ya12 Ọgọọst 1928 Dezie
Ebe ọmụmụDurban Dezie
Ụbọchị ọnwụ ya12 Maachị 2010, 13 Maachị 2010 Dezie
Ebe ọ nwụrụDurban Dezie
Ụdị ọnwụeke na-akpata Dezie
ihe kpatara ọnwụọrịa strok Dezie
asụsụ ọ na-asụ, na-ede ma ọ bụ were na-ebinye akaBekee Dezie
Ọrụ ọ na-arụOdee akwụkwọ, university teacher, Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Dezie
onye were ọrụLondon School of Economics and Political Science, University of Natal Dezie
ebe agụmakwụkwọUniversity of Natal Dezie
okpukpere chi/echiche ụwaOkpukpere Alakụba Dezie
nnọchiaha nkeonweL484 Dezie

Fatima Meer (12 Ọgọst na afo 1928 – 12 Maachị na afo 2010) bụ onye odee South Afrika, agụmakwụkwọ, onye na-ede ihe nlegharị anya, na onye ama ama na-emegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ.

Ndụ mbido dezie

A mụrụ Fatima Meer na Gray okporo ámá, Durban, South Africa, n'ime ezinụlọ dị n'etiti nke itoolu, ebe nna ya Moosa Ismail Meer, onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke The Indian Views, [1] kụnyere n'ime ya nghọta nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na dị na obodo. Nne ya bụ Rachel Farrell, nwunye nke abụọ nke Moosa Ismail Meer. Nne ya bụ nwa mgbei na onye Juu na Portuguese. Ọ ghọrọ Islam wee gbanwee aha ya ka ọ bụrụ Amina. [2] [3] Mgbe ọ dị afọ 16 na afo 1944, o nyere aka wulite £1 000 maka enyemaka ụnwụ nri na Bengal, India. [4] Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Durban Indian Girls High School . Mgbe ọ ka bụ nwa akwụkwọ ọ kpọkọtara ụmụ akwụkwọ ka ha chọta Kọmitii Nguzogide Nkwụsị nke Student iji kpokọta ego maka Mgbasa Mgbasa Nkwụsị Nkwụsị nke obodo India site na afo 1946 ruo afo 1948. Kọmiti ahụ duuru ya izute Yusuf Dadoo, Monty Naicker na Kesaveloo Goonam . O mechara gaa mahadum nke Witwatersrand otu afọ ebe ọ bụ onye otu Trotskyism nke jikọtara na Non-European Unity Movement (NEUM). [5] [6] Ọ gara mahadum Natal, ebe ọ gụsịrị nzere bachelọ na nzere Master na Sociology . [7]

Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dezie

Meer na Kesaveloo Goonam ghọrọ ụmụ nwanyị mbụ a họpụtara ka onye isi oche nke Natal Indian Congress (NIC) na afo 1950. O nyere aka guzobe Durban na District Women's League na 4 Ọktoba afo 1952 dịka otu ụmụ nwanyị 70. A malitere nzukọ a iji wulite njikọ n'etiti ndị Afrika na ndị India n'ihi ọgba aghara agbụrụ dị n'etiti otu abụọ ahụ na afo 1949. [6] Bertha Mkhize ghọrọ onye isi oche wee bụrụ odeakwụkwọ ọgbakọ. Njikọ ahụ mere ọrụ dị ka ịhazi Crèche na ikesa mmiri ara ehi na Cato Manor . Otu ọgbakọ a na-achịkọtakwa ego maka ndị ajọ ifufe tonado kpatara na Springs ebe ndị Africa enweghị ebe obibi ma nakọta nke ọma £ 4000 maka ndị idei mmiri metụtara oke osimiri Cow Lake . [8]

Mgbe National Party nwesịrị ike na afo 1948 wee malite itinye iwu nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ ha. Mmalite nke Meer mụbara na n'ihi mmemme ya, a machibidoro Meer na afo 1952 maka afọ 3. [5] Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị otu tọrọ ntọala Federation of South African Women (FEDSAW) nke e hiwere na 17 Eprel afo 1954 na Trades Hall na Rissik Street, na etiti Johannesburg nke butere njem njem ụmụ nwanyị mere eme na Union Buildings, Pretoria na 9 Ọgọst. Afo 1956. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị isi nke March ụmụ nwanyị na afo 1956. [9] N'otu afọ ahụ, ọ na-ahazi kọmitii iji chịkọta ego maka mgbapụta na ịkwado ezinụlọ sitere n'aka ndị isi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Natal bụ ndị nọ na ikpe aghụghọ . [6]

N'afọ ndị 1960, ọ haziri nche abalị iji mee mkpesa megide oke njide nke ndị na-akwado ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na-ekpeghị ikpe na mpụga ụlọ mkpọrọ durban. Fatima Meer bụkwa otu onye nhazi maka vigil otu izu na Gandhi Settlement na Phoenix . Onye ndu vigil bụ Sushila Gandhi . [10] N'ime afo 1970s, ọ malitere ịnakwere Black Consciousness Ideology na South African Student Organisation (SASO) nke Steve Biko duziri. [3]

Na afo 1975, Fatima Meer mebere otu Black Women's Federation (BWF) na Winnie Mandela . Meer ghọrọ onye isi oche mbụ nke otu ahụ. [11] Otu afọ ka e mesịrị, a machibidokwara ya iwu ọzọ ruo afọ ise. Iwu amachibidoro ya bịara ka ọ gara nzukọ nke Black Studies Programme ebe ọ bụ onye isi okwu n'okwu nke isiokwu ya bụ, "Afọ iri abụọ na ise nke Ọchịchị Apartheid". [6] Na June afo 1976, mgbe Soweto Upriings gasịrị, ejidere ma jide ụmụ nwanyị 11 sitere na BWF n'okpuru Nkebi 6 nke Iwu Iyi ọha egwu. E tinyere ha n'ụlọ mkpọrọ dịpụrụ adịpụ na Johannesburg . [12] Ọ gbanarị obere mbọ maka igbu ọchụ obere oge ka a tọhapụrụ ya na njide na afo 1976 mgbe a gbagburu ya n'ụlọ ezinaụlọ ya dị na Durban, mana emerụghị ya ahụ. Nwa ya nwoke, Rashid, gara biri n’ala ọzọ n’otu afọ ahụ. A wakporo ya ọzọ wee taa ụta nke abụọ ọgụ na Black Consciousness Movement na Inkatha Freedom Party . [13]

N' ime afo 1980s, Meer tọrọ ntọala kọmitii na-ahazi ndị isi ojii (Indian, Coloured, African) Ratepayers Organisation iji guzogide ikpe na-ezighị ezi nke na-eme obodo ndị ojii nke obodo Durban kpatara. [6] Ọ jụrụ inye oche na nzuko omeiwu na 1994 kpatara mmasị ya maka ọrụ na-abụghị nke gọọmentị. [14] Na Mee afo 1999, Fatima tọrọ ntọala Concerned Citizens' Group [CCG] iji mee ka ndị India kwenye ka ha ghara ịtụ vootu maka ndị ọcha otu ntuli aka ọzọ. [3]

Ọ bụ onye nkwado siri ike nke mgbanwe mgbanwe nke Iran wee gbochie njem Salman Rushdie na South Afrika na afo 1998, na-ekwu na ọ bụ onye nkwulu. [13] O tinyere aka na ngagharị iwe megide mmegbu na mwakpo nke ndị Palestine na mbuso agha US na-edu Afghanistan. O hiwere Jubilee 2000 ka o mee mkpọsa maka ịkagbu ụgwọ ụwa nke atọ. [15]

Ọrụ ebere dezie

O bipụtara akwụkwọ ya nke akpọrọ Portrait of Indian South Africa na afo 1969 wee nye onyinye niile sitere na ire akwụkwọ ahụ nye Gandhi Settlement maka mkpa iji wuo ihe ngosi nka na ụlọ ọgwụ Gandhi. [16] O nyeere aka n'ịgbapụta mmadụ 10 000 idei mmiri ndị India merụrụ na Tin Town nke dị n'akụkụ mmiri Umgeni . Meer wuru ụlọ nwa oge n'otu ụlọikwuu ma hazie nri na uwe enyemaka. Mgbe e mesịrị, ọ gara nke ọma kwurịta maka mmezi na-adịgide adịgide maka ha na Phoenix . Meer hibere wee bụrụ onye ndu nke Natal Education Trust nke na-anakọta ego n'aka ndị obodo India iji wuo ụlọ akwụkwọ na Umlazi, Port Shepstone na Inanda . [6]

Ọ tọrọ ntọala Tembalishe Tutorial College na Gandhi's Phoenix home ka ọ kuziere ndị ojii na nka odeakwụkwọ na afo 1979. Crafts Center guzobekwara na Settlement iji kụziere mbipụta ihuenyo, ịkwa akwa, ịcha akwa na ịkwa akwa maka ndị na-enweghị ọrụ, ma ụlọ akwụkwọ kọleji na ebe nka nka mechiri na afo 1982 mgbe ejidere Fatima maka imebi iwu mmachibido iwu ya kpatara na-ahụ maka ọrụ na mpụga nke ókèala Durban. [17] N' ime afo 1980s, ọ haziri scholarships maka ụmụ akwụkwọ iri ka ha gaa United States wee nyere aka na "SAVE Our HOMES COMMITTEE" nke ndị Colored Community nke Sparks Estate tọrọ ntọala iji chọọ ikpe ziri ezi maka ndị obodo Durban na-eyi egwu bụ ndị chọrọ ịkpọrọ ụlọ ha. Ha nwere ihe ịga nke ọma inweta ụgwọ ọrụ maka omume ahụ. [6] Site na nkwado ya na Indira Gandhi, ọ haziri ohere agụmakwụkwọ maka ụmụ akwụkwọ South Africa ka ha mụọ ọgwụ na sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na India. [3] IBR na-eme mmemme nkuzi iji kwalite ọnụego ngafe matric dị ala yana Phambili High hiwere na afo 1986 maka ụmụ akwụkwọ Africa. [15]

Na afo 1992, (afọ abụọ tupu ntuli aka onye kwuo uche ya nke mbụ) Fatima Meer tọrọ ntọala Clare Estate Environment Group dị ka nzaghachi nye mkpa nke ndị bi n'ụlọ mkpọrọ na ndị njem ime obodo. Ha enweghị ikike n'obodo mepere emepe ma chọọ mmiri dị ọcha, idebe ihe ọcha na ebe obibi kwesịrị ekwesị. [18] Ụlọ akwụkwọ Khanyisa tọrọ ntọala na afo 1993 dị ka ụlọ akwụkwọ nkwado maka ụmụaka ndị Africa na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla tupu ha aga ụlọ akwụkwọ nkịtị. E hiwere ya ụlọ ọrụ ọzụzụ nka nke ụmụ nwanyị Khanya na afo 1996, nke na-akụziri ụmụ nwanyị ojii 150 n'ịcha ụkpụrụ, ịkwa akwa, agụmagụ okenye na njikwa azụmaahịa. [19]

Ndụ onwe onye dezie

Fatima Meer lụrụ nwa nwanne nne ya mbụ na afo 1950, Ismail Meer . Nke a abụghị ihe ọhụrụ na obodo Sunni Bhora ebe o tolitere. Ismail Meer bụ onye ọka iwu ama ama na onye na-akwado ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. Ọ bụ onye na-arụsi ọrụ ike na ndị omebe iwu mpaghara KwaZulu-Natal ANC. N'afọ ndị 1960, e jidere ya ma bo ya ebubo ịgba ọchịchị mgba okpuru ya na Nelson Mandela na ndị ọzọ na-eme ihe ike. Na 2000, nwa Fatima Meer Rashid nwụrụ n'ihe mberede ụgbọ ala. [3] Ọ bụ ụmụ nwanyị abụọ Shehnaaz, onye ọka ikpe Court Claims Court, na Shamin, onye na-ahụ maka sayensị na-elekọta mmadụ. [20]

Ọkà mmụta na onye edemede dezie

Meer ghọrọ onye nkuzi sociology na onye ọrụ na Mahadum Natal site na 1956 ruo 1988. Ọ bụ ya bụ onye mbụ na-abụghị onye ọcha nwere ọkwa ahụ. [5] Ọ bụkwa prọfesọ na-abịa eleta n'ọtụtụ mahadum dị na mba ofesi. Meer ghọrọ onye otu ụlọ akwụkwọ London School of Economics, wee nweta akara ugo mmụta nsọpụrụ atọ. Nke mbu, o nwetara akara ugo mmụta nke Honorary Doctorate na Philosophy site na Swarthmore College (1984) na na Humane Letters si Bennet College na United States (1994). Mgbe e mesịrị, ọ natara Honorary Doctorate na Social Sciences na Natal University na South Africa (1998). [13] [21]

Ọ tọrọ ntọala Institute for Black Research (IBR), nke ghọrọ ụlọ ọrụ nyocha na mbipụta na NGO agụmakwụkwọ na 1972 [18]

Na-arụ ọrụ dezie

Akwụkwọ dezie

  • Eserese nke ndị India South Africa (1969)
  • Ọzụzụ nke Mahatma (1970)
  • Ọsọ na igbu onwe na South Africa (1976)
  • Maka nghọta Iran taa (1985)
  • Nguzogide n'ime obodo (1989)
  • Elu karịa Olileanya (1990) (akụkọ ndụ mbụ nyere ikike nke Nelson Mandela, nke a sụgharịrị n'asụsụ 13)
  • South African Gandhi: Okwu na Edemede nke MK Gandhi (1996)
  • Nguzogide na-agafe agafe, 1946: Nhọrọ nke akwụkwọ (1996)
  • Fatima Meer: Ncheta ịhụnanya na mgba (2010

Igwe onyonyo dezie

  • Onye na-ede ihe nkiri, The Ime nke Mahatma, ihe nkiri Shyam Benegal nke dabeere na akwụkwọ ya The Apprenticeship of a Mahatma ; Ndi India na South Africa mere ihe nkiri a. [22]

Sọpụrụ, ihe ịchọ mma, ihe nrite na ndịiche dezie

  • Award Union of South African Journalists Award (1975)
  • Imam Abdullah Haroon Award maka mgba megide mmegbu na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ (1990)
  • Vishwa Gurjari Award maka ntinye aka na ikike mmadụ (1994)
  • Top 100 ụmụ nwanyị ndị kparịrị South Africa ndepụta (1999)
  • #45 Ndị South Africa ukwu 100 (2004)
  • Iwu mba South Africa: Iwu maka ọrụ meritorious (2009)
  • Usoro nke Luthuli na Silver (2017) [23]

Ọnwụ na ihe nketa dezie

Fatima Meer nwụrụ na St. Augustine's Hospital na Durban na 12 Maachị afo 2010, ọ dị afọ iri asato na otu, site na ọrịa strok nke ọ tara izu abụọ tupu mgbe ahụ. [13] Akụkọ ndụ gbasara Fatima Meer nke akpọrọ Voices of Liberation bụ Shireen Hassim dere wee bipụta ya na 2019. [24] Egosipụta ihe osise ya na eserese ya na Constitutional Hill kemgbe August 2017. [25]

Hụkwa dezie

  • Ndepụta ndị mmadụ nọ n'okpuru mmachibido iwu n'okpuru ịkpa ókè agbụrụ

Edensibia dezie

Njikọ mpụga dezie

  1. ↑ The Indian press: A proud history in South Africa. The Journalist. The Journalist. Retrieved on 30 June 2020.
  2. ↑ Villa-Vicencio, Charles. (1996). The spirit of freedom : South African leaders on religion and politics. Berkeley: University of California Press, 176. ISBN 978-0-520-91626-5. OCLC 45728692. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Professor Fatima Meer | South African History Online. www.sahistory.org.za (29 June 2011). Retrieved on 2020-07-27."Professor Fatima Meer | South African History Online". www.sahistory.org.za. 29 June 2011. Retrieved 2020-07-27.
  4. ↑ ANC bids farewell to selfless Mama Fatima. The Mail &Guardian. The Mail &Guardian (13 March 2010). Retrieved on 30 June 2020.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Van Allen JI. Fatima Meer | South African activist, educator, and author (en). Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved on 2020-07-27.Van Allen JI. "Fatima Meer | South African activist, educator, and author". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2020-07-27.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 Fatima Meer Timeline 1928-2010 | South Africantory Online. www.sahistory.org.za (21 March 2011). Retrieved on 2020-07-27."Fatima Meer Timeline 1928-2010 | South Africantory Online". www.sahistory.org.za. 21 March 2011. Retrieved 2020-07-27.
  7. ↑ Fatima (en). Media Lab Africa. Retrieved on 2020-07-27.
  8. ↑ Hiralal (July 2018). "'Mary and Annie resist': gender and resistance in South Africa 1900s–1950s" (in en). South Asian Diaspora 10 (2): 123–138. DOI:10.1080/19438192.2018.1460917. ISSN 1943-8192. 
  9. ↑ Mafika (2014-08-19). Remembering the voices of the women of 1956 (en-US). Brand South Africa. Retrieved on 2020-07-27.
  10. ↑ 'Mama' Fatima Meer ANC Veteran and Anti Apartheid Struggle Stalwart, passes away. 1928-2010 (en-gb). www.awaazmagazine.com (31 October 2011). Retrieved on 2020-07-28.
  11. ↑ History of Women's struggle in South Africa | South African History Online. www.sahistory.org.za (21 March 2011). Retrieved on 2020-07-28.
  12. ↑ Haffejee (2017-08-23). Flowers in Confinement: Fatima Meer's defiant sketches of women in prison exhibited (en). Daily Maverick. Retrieved on 2020-07-28.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 Pillay (12 March 2010). Fatima Meer dies. TIMES Live. Retrieved on 28 July 2020.Pillay, Taschica (12 March 2010). "Fatima Meer dies". TIMES Live. Retrieved 28 July 2020.
  14. ↑ Daniels LA (9 August 2017). 8 women whose role in the Struggle is recognised worldwide (en). www.iol.co.za. Retrieved on 2020-07-28.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Vahed (2011). Muslim portraits : the anti-apartheid struggle. Durban, South Africa: Madiba Publishers, 170. ISBN 978-1-874945-25-3. OCLC 858966865. Vahed G (2011). Muslim portraits : the anti-apartheid struggle (PDF). Durban, South Africa: Madiba Publishers. p. 170. ISBN 978-1-874945-25-3. OCLC 858966865.
  16. ↑ President Jacob Zuma bestows 2017 National Orders Awards | South African Government. www.gov.za. Retrieved on 2020-07-28.
  17. ↑ Rajab DM. "Women: South African's of Indian Origin", Jacana Media, 9 May 2011. Retrieved on 28 July 2020.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 "Fatima Meer, A Giant Social Reformer", POST, 31 August 2016. Retrieved on 2020-07-28."Fatima Meer, A Giant Social Reformer". POST. 31 August 2016. Retrieved 2020-07-28.
  19. ↑ "Meer A Resilient Freedom FIghter", The Mercury, 14 August 2017. Retrieved on 28 July 2020.
  20. ↑ Fatima Meer's amazing journey. Mail & Guardian. Mail & Guardian. Retrieved on 30 June 2020.
  21. ↑ Ozynski (2017-08-12). Birthday Tribute To Activist Fatima Meer (en-US). People Magazine. Archived from the original on 2019-05-10. Retrieved on 2020-07-27.
  22. ↑ Singh (2019-10-02). 7 films based on or inspired by the life of Mahatma Gandhi (en-GB). The Indian Wire. Retrieved on 2020-07-28.
  23. ↑ President Jacob Zuma bestows 2017 National Orders Awards | South African Government. www.gov.za. Retrieved on 2020-07-28.
  24. ↑ Voices of Liberation – Fatima Meer – The Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC) (en-us). www.hsrcpress.ac.za. Retrieved on 2020-07-28.
  25. ↑ Dwamena (23 October 2019). The Defiantly Everyday Drawings of Fatima Meer (en-us). The New Yorker. Retrieved on 2020-07-28.
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