Nchịkọta IPCC maka ndị na-eme iwu

Nchịkọta maka ndị na-eme iwu (SPM)^[1] Gọọmentị kwadoro ụdị ahụ n'ahịrị site n'ahịa: "Nkwurịta okwu na-eme n'elu okwu iji hụ na izi ezi, nguzozi, ozi doro anya, na mkpa maka nghọta na iwu. "

Usoro

A na-ekewa IPCC n'ime "Òtù Ọrụ" atọ (WG) na-ekpuchi akụkụ nke isiokwu mgbanwe ihu igwe nke mmadụ kpatara:

Òtù Ọrụ I (WGI): The Physical Science Basis.
Òtù Ọrụ nke Abụọ (WGII): Mmetụta, Mgbanwe na Mgbanwe
Òtù Ọrụ nke Atọ (WGIII): Mbelata Mgbanwe ihu igwe

N'ihe dị ka afọ ise ọ bụla, otu ọrụ ọ bụla na-akwadebe "akụkọ nyocha" zuru ezu site na ijikọta nsonaazụ nyocha niile dịnụ.

Tupu ngwụcha oge a, nhọrọ nke ihe dị ka ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị 50 n'ime otu ọrụ ọ bụla na-emepụta edemede mbụ "Summary for policymakers" (SPM) na-akọwapụta ngalaba ya nke akụkọ nyocha zuru ezu. A na-eziga mpempe akwụkwọ SPM mbụ a maka nkwupụta nye gọọmentị na-ekere òkè. A na-eburu nkọwa n'uche na edemede nke abụọ nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị kwadebere. Mgbe emechara akụkọ nyocha zuru ezu, a na-enyocha akwụkwọ SPM nke abụọ ọ bụla n'oge nnọkọ ụbọchị anọ nke gụnyere ndị nnọchi anya gọọmentị na ndị na-ekiri. Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-eduzi Working Group na-educhi oge nyocha ọ bụla, nke otu ndị ọkà mmụta sayentị gbara gburugburu. Ndị nnọchi anya gọọmentị na-enwekarị otu onye ruo ndị nnọchi anya isii, na-agụnye n'ozuzu ndị ọkachamara mba (ụfọdụ n'ime ha bụ akụkụ nke IPCC) na ndị nnọchianya mba ole na ole ma ọ bụ ndị ọrụ gọọmentị ndị ọzọ na-abụghị ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị.

Ebumnuche nke nnọkọ nyocha ahụ bụ imeziwanye ụdị SPM, nke ga-anọgide na-ekwesị ntụkwasị obi na ọdịnaya sayensị nke akụkọ nyocha zuru ezu. [citation needed] Usoro a na-ebute ụdị nkwado ụfọdụ site na gọọmentị ndị sonyere.

Nkwado maka usoro IPCC

Usoro IPCC enwetala nkwado na otuto zuru oke site n'aka ndị isi sayensị.^[2] N'afọ 2001, ụlọ akwụkwọ sayensị iri na isii mere nkwupụta jikọrọ aka banyere mgbanwe ihu igwe. Usoro IPCC kwadoro site na agụmakwụkwọ ndị a:

Ọrụ nke Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) na-anọchite anya nkwekọrịta nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị mba ụwa na sayensị mgbanwe ihu igwe. Anyị na-amata IPCC dị ka ebe a pụrụ ịdabere na ya maka ozi gbasara mgbanwe ihu igwe na ihe kpatara ya, anyị na-akwado usoro ya iji nweta nkwekọrịta a.^[3]

Ụfọdụ ndị na-ede akwụkwọ IPCC egosila nkwado onwe ha maka usoro nke na-emepụta akwụkwọ Summary for Policymakers. John Houghton, onye bụbu onye isi oche nke IPCC Working Group I, kwuru, sị:

Ọ dị mkpa iburu n'uche na a na-ekwekọrịta nchịkọta nke ndị na-eme iwu IPCC n'otu olu na nzukọ gọọmentị na-emetụta ihe karịrị ndị nnọchi anya gọọmentị 200 sitere na mba 100. A na-enweta nkwekọrịta a mgbe ọtụtụ ụbọchị nke arụmụka sayensị gasịrị (naanị arụmụka nke sayensị na-abụghị nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ka a na-ekwe ka ọ bụrụ) ebumnuche ya bụ ịma ndị edemede isi sayensị aka gbasara izi ezi, nghọta na mkpa nke nchịkọta na ọkachasị nkwekọrịta ya na isiakwụkwọ ndị dị n'okpuru. Nkwekọrịta na nzukọ dị otú ahụ emeela ka o doo anya na akwụkwọ ahụ, ruo n'ókè o kwere mee, ziri ezi na sayensị, ziri ezi ma ghara inwe ajọ mbunobi onwe onye ma ọ bụ nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.

Martin Parry, onye isi oche nke IPCC Working Group II Fourth Assessment Report, kwuru, sị:^[4]

A na-ata SPM ruo ụbọchị ole na ole (na mgbe ụfọdụ abalị) site na panel; ọ bụkwa usoro a wetara nkatọ mgbe ụfọdụ site n'aka ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ole na ole na-ajụ otú itinye aka gọọmentị a si gbanwee ihe nkwubi okwu ndị ọkà mmụta.

Echeghị m na ọ na-eme; Plenary nwere ike ịgbanwe ụfọdụ nuances, mana nkwubi okwu dị mkpa nke nyocha ahụ ka dị.

Onye edemede IPCC bụ Terry Barker kwuru maka usoro IPCC na Summary for Policymakers akwụkwọ:^[5]

Mmetụta m banyere usoro IPCC bụ na ọ bụ ụzọ na-emeghe, nke na-emepụta ihe ọhụrụ na nke na-aga n'ihu iji dozie nsogbu ahụ, ya bụ, nhazi nke ndụmọdụ gbasara iwu sayensị nye gọọmentị nke isiokwu na-agbanwe agbanwe, dị mgbagwoju anya na nke na'oké esemokwu.

Ahụmahụ m na usoro 2001 [IPCC] bụ na echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-arụ ọrụ na mmepe nke SPM, ebe ọ bụ na gọọmentị agaghị ekwenye na nkwekọrịta sayensị gosipụtara na mbido mbụ nke [Summary for Policymakers] SPM. Ebe ọ bụ na enwere ihe mgbagwoju anya na nchọpụta sayensị, enwere ike ịchọta ihe kpatara ya iji ruo eru ma ọ bụ wepụ nkwubi okwu na-enweghị isi. Ma echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-ewebata nnukwu ọdịiche dị n'etiti ihe ndị dere ya kwuru na Report na ihe na-apụta na SPM bụ ihe gbasara echiche.

Nkwupụta US National Research Council

N'afọ 2001, Ọchịchị Bush gwara US National Research Council ka ha mepụta akụkọ gbasara mgbanwe ihu igwe.^[6] A gwara kọmitii na-ede akụkọ a, n'etiti ihe ndị ọzọ, ka ha kwuo okwu banyere IPCC Working Group I Third Assessment Report na nchịkọta ya maka ndị na-eme iwu:

Kọmitii ahụ chọpụtara na akụkọ zuru ezu nke IPCC Working Group I (WGI) bụ nchịkọta dị mma nke ọrụ nyocha na sayensị ihu igwe, a chịkọtakwara akụkọ zuru ezu na Nchịkọta Nkà na ụzụ. Akụkọ WGI zuru ezu na nchịkọta teknụzụ ya anaghị elekwasị anya na iwu. Nchịkọta maka ndị na-eme iwu na-egosipụta obere nkwenye na ịkọwa ihe ndabere maka ejighị n'aka na nkwenye siri ike na mpaghara ndị nwere nnukwu nchegbu metụtara mgbanwe ihu igwe nke mmadụ kpatara. Mgbanwe a na-ekwusi ike yiri ka ọ bụ nsonaazụ nke usoro nchịkọta nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-arụkọ ọrụ na ndị na-eme iwu na akwụkwọ ahụ. Nzaghachi edere ede sitere n'aka ndị edemede sayensị na-eduzi na kọmitii ahụ na-egosi, Otú ọ dị, na (a) ọ dịghị mgbanwe e mere na-enweghị nkwenye nke ndị edemede na-eduga (ìgwè a na-anọchite anya akụkụ nke ndị edemedo na-enye aka) na (b) ọtụtụ mgbanwe ndị mere enweghị mmetụta dị ukwuu.

Arụmụka banyere Working Group I's 2001 summary

Ndị edemede IPCC Kevin E. Trenberth na Richard Lindzen akatọwo mbipụta ndị gara aga nke SPM, na-azọrọ na nchịkọta ahụ anaghị anọchite anya akụkọ zuru ezu. Otú ọ dị, nkatọ ha dị nnọọ iche: Trenberth na-arụ ụka na nchịkọta ahụ mebiri akụkọ ahụ, Lindzen na-arụ ọrụ na ọ dị oke egwu.

Kevin E. Trenberth, onye isi edemede nke akụkọ 2001 IPCC Working Group I, dere, sị:

Ihe ezi uche dị na ya ebe a bụ na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-ekpebi ihe a ga-ekwu, mana gọọmentị na-achọpụta otú a ga-esi kwuo ya nke ọma. Usoro IPCC na-adabere na ezi uche nke ndị sonyere na ịmepụta nyocha ziri ezi. Otú ọ dị, na Shanghai, o yiri ka e nwere mgbalị iji mee ka ozi ndị dị na akụkọ ahụ ghara ịdị mma, ma eleghị anya, ghara ịdị mma. N'agbanyeghị ule na mkpagbu ndị a, nsonaazụ ya bụ nchịkọta nkwekọrịta ziri ezi.

Onye edemede IPCC bụ Richard Lindzen akatọla IPCC ọtụtụ ugboro. N'etiti nkatọ ya, Lindzen kwuru na WGI Summary for Policymakers (SPM) anaghị akọwapụta akụkọ WGI zuru ezu.^[7]

Akụkọ a na-amalite site na nchịkọta nke ndị na-eme iwu nke onye nchịkọta akụkọ, Sir John Houghton, onye nduzi nke United Kingdom Meteorological Office dere. Nchịkọta ya na-eleghara ihe ejighị n'aka na akụkọ ahụ anya ma na-anwa igosi atụmanya nke oke okpomọkụ dị ka sayensị siri ike.^[8]

Lindzen ekwuola na SPM na-eme ka ejighị n'aka metụtara ụdị ihu igwe. John Houghton azaghachila nkatọ Lindzen na SPM. Houghton mesiri ike na ndị nnọchiteanya sitere n'ọtụtụ gọọmentị ụwa kwenyere na SPM, nakwa na mgbanwe ọ bụla na SPM ga-akwado ihe akaebe sayensị (lee n'elu).^[9]

Hụkwa

Isi Iyi Ike Na-agbanwe agbanwe na Mgbanwe Ihu igwe
Mbelata mgbanwe ihu igwe

Ihe odide

↑ IPCC,2007:Summary for Policymakers. IPCC (2007-06-13). Retrieved on 2010-06-12.
↑ The national science academies of the G8 nations and Brazil, China and India (7 June 2005). Joint science academies' statement: Global response to climate change. The Royal Society. Retrieved on 2009-05-20.
↑ Joint statement of sixteen national academies of science (18 May 2001). The Science of Climate Change. The Royal Society. Retrieved on 2009-05-20.
↑ Parry. "The IPCC: As good as it gets", BBC News, BBC, November 13, 2007. Retrieved on 2009-06-24.
↑ Barker, T. (28 February 2005). House of Lords Select Committee on Economic Affairs Minutes of Evidence. Memorandum by Dr Terry Barker, Cambridge University.. UK Parliament website. Retrieved on 2009-05-20.
↑ Committee on the Science of Climate Change, Division on Earth and Life Studies, National Research Council (2001). Climate Change Science: An Analysis of Some Key Questions. National Academies Press. Retrieved on 2009-05-20.
↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named lindzen tar critique
↑ Global Warming: The Origin and Nature of the Alleged Scientific Consensus. Cato.org. Archived from the original on 2012-12-14. Retrieved on 2012-11-25.
↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named houghton lindzen rebuttal

Nkọwapụta: Harvard citation no brackets references:

(pb: )

Njikọ mpụga

SPM maka TAR
Nkwupụta banyere usoro ahụ site n'aka Kevin E. Trenberth

[ipcc2007spm-1] IPCC,2007:Summary for Policymakers. IPCC (2007-06-13). Retrieved on 2010-06-12.

[royalsoc02-2] The national science academies of the G8 nations and Brazil, China and India (7 June 2005). Joint science academies' statement: Global response to climate change. The Royal Society. Retrieved on 2009-05-20.

[royalsoc01-3] Joint statement of sixteen national academies of science (18 May 2001). The Science of Climate Change. The Royal Society. Retrieved on 2009-05-20.

[4] Parry. "The IPCC: As good as it gets", BBC News, BBC, November 13, 2007. Retrieved on 2009-06-24.

[barkert-5] Barker, T. (28 February 2005). House of Lords Select Committee on Economic Affairs Minutes of Evidence. Memorandum by Dr Terry Barker, Cambridge University.. UK Parliament website. Retrieved on 2009-05-20.

[nrc-6] Committee on the Science of Climate Change, Division on Earth and Life Studies, National Research Council (2001). Climate Change Science: An Analysis of Some Key Questions. National Academies Press. Retrieved on 2009-05-20.

[lindzen_tar_critique-7] Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named lindzen tar critique

[8] Global Warming: The Origin and Nature of the Alleged Scientific Consensus. Cato.org. Archived from the original on 2012-12-14. Retrieved on 2012-11-25.

[houghton_lindzen_rebuttal-9] Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named houghton lindzen rebuttal

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