Wikipedia

Nchịkọta

Silage bụ nri a na-esi na ahịhịa ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ eme ihe bụ nke e chekwara site na gbaa ụka ruo n'ókè ọ na-amị mkpụrụ. A na-enye ehi, atụrụ na anụ ndị ọzọ nri.[1] A na-akpọ usoro ịgba ụka na nchekwa nchekwa ensilage, ensiling, ma ọ bụ silaging. Ụzọ ziri ezi dịgasị iche iche, dabere na teknụzụ dịnụ, ọdịnala obodo na ihu igwe na-emeri.

A na-ejide eriri n'okpuru mpempe plastik site na taya mkpofu. Concrete n'okpuru silage na-egbochi mmiri na-agba ụka ka ọ ghara ịpụ.
Ịṅụ na-eri ahịhịa

A na-emekarị silage site na ahịhịa ahịhịa gụnyere ọka, sorghum ma ọ bụ ọka ndị ọzọ, na-eji ahịhịa ndụ ndụ dum (ọ bụghị naanị ọka). Enwere ike iji okwu dị iche iche mee ihe maka silage sitere na mkpụrụ osisi: oatlage for oats, haylage for alfalfa (haylage nwekwara ike na-ezo aka na nnukwu ihe ọkụkụ sitere na hay). [1]

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

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N'iji otu usoro ahụ dị ka usoro maka ịme sauerkraut, a na-echekwa nri anụ ọhịa maka ụmụ anụmanụ na akụkụ nke Germany kemgbe mmalite nke narị afọ nke 19. Nke a dọtara mmasị onye France bụ́ onye ọrụ ugbo bụ́ Auguste Goffart nke Sologne, nke dịdebere Orléans. O bipụtara akwụkwọ na 1877 nke kọwara ahụmahụ nke ichekwa ihe ọkụkụ ndụ ndụ na silos.[3] Ahụmahụ Goffart dọtara mmasị dị ukwuu.[4] Ọnọdụ ọrụ ugbo mmiri ara ehi na United States dabara na nri ọka ahịhịa ndụ, ndị ọrụ ugbo New England nakweere n'oge na-adịghị anya. Francis Morris nke Maryland kwadebere silage mbụ emere na America na 1876.[5] Nsonaazụ dị mma enwetara na US mere ka ewebata usoro ahụ na United Kingdom, ebe Thomas Kirby bu ụzọ webatara usoro maka anụ ehi mmiri ara ehi Britain. [2]

Silage ọgbara ọhụrụ echekwara ya na acid yana igbochi ikuku ikuku bụ nke ndị agụmakwụkwọ Finnish na prọfesọ kemịkalụ Artturi Ilmari Virtanen chepụtara. Enyere Virtanen ihe nrite Nobel na kemistri na 1945 maka nyocha ya na ihe o mepụtara na kemịkalụ ugbo na nri nri, ọkachasị maka usoro nchekwa nri nri ya, na-echepụta silage ọgbara ọhụrụ.[3]

EarlyTempleeti:When silos were made of stone or concrete either above or below ground, but it is recognized that air may be sufficiently excluded in a tightly pressed stack, though in this case a few inches of the fodder around the sides is generally useless owing to mildew. In the US, structures were typically constructed of wooden cylinders to 35 or 40 ft. in depth.

N'oge mbụ nke ọrụ ugbo (ọgwụgwụ 1800s), a na-ebipụ ma jiri aka chịkọta ahịhịa site na iji mma na ụgbọ ịnyịnya, ma tinye ya n'ime igwe kwụ otu ebe a na-akpọ "silo filler" nke na-ebibi ahịhịhịa ma na-eme ka ha dị warara ruo n'elu ụlọ elu silo.[4]

Mmepụta

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MB Trac na-atụgharị ụyọkọ silage ma ọ bụ "clamp" na Victoria, Australia

  Ihe ubi a na-ejikarị eme ihe maka ensilage bụ ahịhịa nkịtị, clovers, alfalfa, vetches, oat, rye na ọka.[4]. Ọtụtụ ihe ọkụkụ nwere ike ịgbakọta, gụnyere poteto na ahịhịa dị iche iche, ọkachasị spurrey dị ka Spergula arvensis. A ghaghị ime silage site na ihe ọkụkụ nke nwere mmiri mmiri kwesịrị ekwesị: ihe dị ka 50% ruo 60% dabere na ụzọ nchekwa, ogo mkpakọ, na ọnụ ọgụgụ mmiri nke ga-efunahụ na nchekwa, ma ọ bụghị karịa 75%. Ihu igwe n'oge owuwe ihe ubi ekwesịghị ịdị mma na nkụ dị ka mgbe a na-ewe ihe ubi maka ihicha. Maka ọka, owuwe ihe ubi na-amalite mgbe mmiri dị n'osisi dum dị n'ogo kwesịrị ekwesị, ọ dị mma ụbọchị ole na ole tupu ọ chara. Maka ụdị ihe ubi nke ịta nri, a na-egbutu ahihia ma hapụ ya ka ọ daa otu ụbọchị ma ọ bụ karịa ruo mgbe mmiri dị n'ime ya na-adaba n'ogo kwesịrị ekwesị. Ọ kachasị mma, a na-egbutu ihe ọkụkụ ahụ mgbe ọ zuru oke, ma debe ya na silo n'ụbọchị a ga-egbutu ya.[5]

Mgbe owuwe ihe ubi, a na-akụrisị ihe ọkụkụ n'ime ihe dịka  15 mm (1⁄2 in) ogologo. A na-agbasa ihe ahụ n'ụdị akwa akwa n'elu ala nke silo, ma kpochie ya. Mgbe silo juputara ma ọ bụ wuo ebe a kpokọtara ya, enwere ike gbasaa akwa ahịhịa ma ọ bụ ihe ndị ọzọ akpọnwụ akpọnwụ n'elu. Na silo, nrụgide nke ihe onwunwe, mgbe chaffed, na-ewepu ikuku si niile ma elu oyi akwa; n'ihe banyere ikpokọta, a na-etinyekwu nrụgide site na ịdị arọ iji gbochie oke ikpo ọkụ.

Ngwá Ọrụ

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Ndị na-ewe ihe ubi na-anakọta ma na-egbubi ihe ọkụkụ ahụ, ma tinye ya na gwongworo ma ọ bụ ụgbọ ala. Ndị na-ewe ihe ubi ndị a nwere ike ịbụ ndị na-adọta traktọ ma ọ bụ ndị na-ebugharị onwe ha. Ndị na-ewe ihe ubi na-afụ ụfụ n'ime ụgbọ ala ahụ site na chute n'azụ ma ọ bụ n'akụkụ igwe ahụ. A pụkwara ịtọgbọ chaff n'ime akpa, nke na-etinye silage n'ime nnukwu akpa plastik nke a na-etinye n'ala.

Na North America, Australia, n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Europe, na New Zealand, ọ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị ka a na-etinye silage n'ime nnukwu ụyọkọ n'ala, nke traktọ na-atụgharị iji chụpụ ikuku, wee kpuchie ya na mpempe plastik nke taya ma ọ bụ mgbidi mgbanaka na-ejide. Na New Zealand na Northern Europe, a na-eji 'clamps' nke e ji simenti ma ọ bụ eriri ụgbọ okporo ígwè ochie (ndị na-ehi ụra) mee ma wuo n'akụkụ ụlọ akụ mgbe ụfọdụ. Enwere ike ịtụfu ahịhịa a pịrị apị n'elu, ka e si n'ala wepụ ya n'oge oyi. Nke a chọrọ mgbalị dị ukwuu iji kpochie ụyọkọ ahụ dị na silo iji gwọọ ya nke ọma. Ọzọkwa, a na-ekpuchi olulu ahụ na mpempe plastik ma jiri taya mee ka ọ dị arọ.

N'ụzọ ọzọ, a na-emepụta ahịhịa ndị a gbuturu n'ime bales site na iji baler, na-eme balage (North America) ma ọ bụ silage bales (UK, Australia, New Zealand). A na-egbutu ahịhịa ma ọ bụ nri ndị ọzọ ma kpọọ nkụ ruo mgbe o nwere 30-40% mmiri (nke kpọrọ nkụ karịa nnukwu silage, mana mmiri dị oke ka echekwa ya dị ka ahịhịrị kpọrọ nkụ). A na-emezi ya ka ọ bụrụ nnukwu ụyọkọ nke a na-ekpuchi ya na plastik iji wepụ ikuku. Plastiki ahụ nwere ike ikpuchi cylindrical ma ọ bụ cuboid ọ bụla, ma ọ bụ ikpuchi naanị akụkụ ndị gbagọrọ agbagọ nke cylindricel, na-ahapụ nsọtụ ya. N'ọnọdụ a, a na-etinye ụyọkọ ahụ n'ụzọ siri ike site na njedebe ruo na njedebe n'ala, na-eme ogologo "sausage" nke silage, mgbe mgbe n'akụkụ ubi. Enwere ike ime mkpuchi ahụ site na wrapper, ebe a na-ejikwa silage a na-eme site na iji onye na-ahụ maka ihe ma ọ bụ onye na-ebunye ihe n'ihu, ma ọ bụ na-etinye ihe na flap, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ na-eji njide pụrụ iche. Flap anaghị agba oghere n'ime ụyọkọ ahụ.

In the UK, baled silage is most often made in round bales about Templeeti:Cvt, individually wrapped with four to six layers of "bale wrap plastic" (black, white or green 25-micrometre stretch film). The percentage of dry matter can vary from about 20% dry matter upwards. The continuous "sausage" referred to above is made with a special machine which wraps the bales as they are pushed through a rotating hoop which applies the bale wrap to the outside of the bales (round or square) in a continuous wrap. The machine places the bales on the ground after wrapping by moving forward slowly during the wrapping process.

Haylage

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Haylage bales na Tyrol

Haylage na-ezo aka mgbe ụfọdụ na nnukwu ihe kpọrọ nkụ nke dị ihe dị ka 40% ruo 60%, nke a na-ejikarị hay eme. Haylage nke ịnyịnya na-abụkarị 60% ruo 70% ihe kpọrọ nkụ, nke a na-eme na obere bales ma ọ bụ nnukwu bales.[6]

Nchịkwa nke fụchie na-ejikarị ụdị njide ụfọdụ nke na-ejikọta fụchie plastik n'etiti akụkụ abụọ nke ígwè iji zere ịgbaji plastik. Ụdị dị mfe dị maka ụyọkọ gburugburu nke a na-eme site na ọkpọkọ abụọ ma ọ bụ tubes kewara iche iji gbadaa n'okpuru akụkụ nke ụyọkọ ahụ, mana mgbe e welitere ya agaghị ekwe ka ọ gafee. A na-ejikarị ya eme ihe na onye na-ebugharị traktọ dị ka ihe na-ejikọta ya na ihe na-adọkpụ, ha na-etinye usoro njem nke nwere ike ịfụkọta ihe ndị ahụ n'akụkụ dị larịị ma ọ bụ na-ejedebe maka nchekwa na ọkwa plastik kachasị arọ.[6]

Ịgbari

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Nkọwa kachasị elu nke ịgbaze silage

Silage na-agafe Anaerobic fermentation, nke na-amalite ihe dị ka awa 48 mgbe silo jupụtara, ma gbanwee shuga ka ọ bụrụ acid. Ọzịza zuru oke mgbe ihe dị ka izu abụọ gasịrị.

Tupu fermentation anaerobic amalite, enwere oge aerobic nke a na-eri ikuku Oxygen a tọrọ atọ. Otu esi etinye nri ahụ n'ụzọ dị nso na-ekpebi ọdịdị nke silage na-esi na ya apụta site n'ịchịkwa Mgbanwe kemịkal na-eme na nchịkọta ahụ. Mgbe a na-etinye ya nke ọma, ikuku oxygen na-erughị eru, na acid fermentation na-eweta ire ure nke carbohydrates dị na acetic, butyric na lactic acid. A na-akpọ ngwaahịa a ilu silage. Ọ bụrụ na ahịhịa ahịhịhịa na-enweghị ntụpọ ma na-agbakọta ya nke ọma, ma ọ bụ a na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ ewu silo ahụ, oxidation na-aga n'ihu ngwa ngwa na okpomọkụ na-arị elu; ọ bụrụ na a na-agbanye ya mgbe okpomọkụ dị 60-70 , ihe omume ahụ kwụsịrị ma na-esi ísì ụtọ apụta. Ihe ndị na-emepụta nitrogen n'ime nri na-agbanwekwa: n'ime silage na-esi ísì ụtọ, enwere ike ịgbanwe otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke albuminoids ka ọ bụrụ Amino na ammonium compounds; n'ime ime silage na'ụzọ na-atọ ụtọ, a na-agbanwe obere òkè, mana ha anaghị agbari. Ọ bụrụ na a naghị ejikwa usoro ịgbaze nke ọma, silage na-esi ísì ọjọọ na-enweta ísì na-adịghị mma n'ihi mmepụta nke ammonia ma ọ bụ butyric acid (nke ikpeazụ bụ ihe kpatara ísì bọta na-agbaze).

In the past, the fermentation was conducted by indigenous microorganisms, but, today,Templeeti:When some bulk silage is inoculated with specific microorganisms to speed fermentation or improve the resulting silage. Silage inoculants contain one or more strains of lactic acid bacteria, and the most common is Lactobacillus plantarum. Other bacteria used include Lactobacillus buchneri, Enterococcus faecium and Pediococcus species.

Ryegrasses nwere shuga dị elu ma na-emeghachi omume na nitrogen fatịlaịza karịa ụdị ahịhịa ọ bụla ọzọ. Àgwà abụọ a emeela ka ryegrass bụrụ ahịhịa kachasị ewu ewu maka ime silage n'ime afọ iri isii gara aga.   [<span title="Clarify the applicable timeframe so that it is unambiguous when read at a later date. (July 2021)">timeframe?</span>] E nwere atọ ryegrasses n'ụdị mkpụrụ ma na-ejikarị eme ihe: Italian, Perennial na Hybrid.[7]

Mmetọ na ihe mkpofu

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Usoro ịgbaze nke silo ma ọ bụ pit silage na-ewepụta mmiri. Mmiri siọl na-emebi ihe. Ọ pụkwara imerụ isi iyi mmiri ọ gwụla ma anakọta ya ma gwọọ ya. Nnukwu ihe na-edozi ahụ nwere ike iduga eutrophication (hypertrophication), uto nke okooko osisi bacteria ma ọ bụ algal.[8]

Akpụkpọ plastik eji eme ihe maka imechi olulu ma ọ bụ silage a na-etinye n'ime ya chọrọ nkwụsị nke ọma, ebe ụfọdụ nwere atụmatụ imegharị ya. Dị ka omenala si dị, ugbo agbaala plastik silage ọkụ; Otú ọ dị, nchegbu nke ísì na anwụrụ ọkụ emeela ka ụfọdụ obodo gbochie omume ahụ.[9]

Ịchekwa silage

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Silage na-agafe usoro anọ dị mkpa na silo: [10]

  • Pre-ealing, nke, mgbe ụbọchị ole na ole mbụ gachara, na-eme ka ụfọdụ iku ume na ụfọdụ ihe kpọrọ nkụ (DM) ghara ịdị, mana ọ na-akwụsị.
  • Ịgbari, nke na-eme n'ime izu ole na ole. pH na-ada, ma enwere mmụba DM, mana hemicellulose na-agbaji; iku ume aerobic na-akwụsị.
  • Infiltration, nke na-eme ka ikuku oxygen ụfọdụ banye, na-enye ohere maka iku ume nke nje. Carbohydrates (CHOs) dịnụ na-efu dị ka okpomọkụ na gas.
  • Ịgbapụta mmiri, nke na-ekpughe elu, na-akpata mfu ọzọ; ọnụego mfu na-abawanye.

Nchebe

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Silos nwere ike ịdị ize ndụ: ọnwụ nwere ike ime n'usoro nke imejupụta na idebe ha, ọtụtụ nchebe dịkwa mkpa.[11] Enwere ihe ize ndụ nke mmerụ ahụ site na ígwè ọrụ ma ọ bụ site na ọdịda. Mgbe a na-ejupụta silo, obere uzuzu dị n'ime ikuku nwere ike ịghọ ihe na-agbawa agbawa n'ihi nnukwu mpaghara ha. Ọzọkwa, ịgbaze na-eweta ihe ize ndụ iku ume. Usoro ensiling na-emepụta "silo gas" n'oge mmalite nke usoro fermentation. Silage gas nwere nitric oxide (NO), nke ga-emeghachi omume na oxygen (O2) n'ime ikuku iji mepụta nitrogen dioxide (NO2), nke na-egbu egbu.[12] Enweghị ikuku oxygen n'ime silo nwere ike ịkpata iku ume. Ọdịdị nke na-eto mgbe ikuku rutere silage a gwọrọ agwọ nwere ike ịkpata ọrịa na-egbu egbu. Mgbada silage site na nnukwu ụlọ nkwakọba ihe kpatara ọnwụ.[13] Silage n'onwe ya adịghị etinye ihe ize ndụ pụrụ iche.

Nri

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Enwere ike iji ihe ọkụkụ dochie anya ensilage. A na-enyekarị ehi ara ehi n'ụba, ebe a na-ejikarị ehi, atụrụ na ịnyịnya eme ihe. Uru nke silage dị ka nri anụmanụ dị ọtụtụ:

  • N'oge fermentation, nje bacteria silage na-arụ ọrụ na cellulose na carbohydrates na forage iji mepụta volatile fatty acids (VFAs), dị ka acetic, propionic, lactic, na butyric acids. Site n'ibelata pH, ndị a na-emepụta gburugburu ebe obibi na-adịghị mma maka nje bacteria na-asọmpi nke nwere ike imebi. N'ihi ya, VFAs na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe na-echekwa ihe okike, n'otu ụzọ ahụ lactic acid dị na yogọt na cheese na-eme ka nchekwa nke ihe malitere dị ka mmiri ara ehi, ma ọ bụ otu vinegar (dilute acetic acid) si echekwa akwụkwọ nri. Omume nchedo a dị mkpa karịsịa n'oge oyi na mpaghara ndị dị jụụ, mgbe a na-enweghị nri akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ.
  • Mgbe a na-akwadebe silage n'okpuru ọnọdụ kachasị mma, acidity dị ala nwekwara mmetụta nke imeziwanye ụtọ, ma na-enye ọdịiche nri maka anụmanụ ahụ. (Otú ọ dị, mmepụta gabigara ókè nke acetic na butyric acid nwere ike belata ụtọ: a na-ahọrọ ngwakọta nke nje bacteria iji bulie mmepụta lactic acid.[14] )
  • Ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị na-agbari mmiri na-emepụta vitamin: dịka ọmụmaatụ, ụdị lactobacillus na-emepụta folic acid na vitamin B12.[15]
  • Usoro fermentation nke na-emepụta VFA na-enwetakwa ike nke nje bacteria na-eji: a na-ewepụta ụfọdụ ike dị ka okpomọkụ. N'ihi ya, Silage dị ala karịa calorie mbụ, n'otu ụzọ ahụ yogọt nwere calorie ole na ole karịa mmiri ara ehi. Otú ọ dị, a na-egbochi ọnwụ ike a site na njirimara nchekwa na mmeziwanye nke silage.

Mgbari nri anaerobic

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Anaerobic digester

Azụ silage

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Fish silage bụ usoro eji echekwa ihe ndị sitere na ịkụ azụ maka iji ya mee ihe mgbe e mesịrị dị ka nri n'Ịkpa azụ.[16][17] N'ụzọ dị otú a, a na-eji akụkụ azụ ndị a na-ejighị eme ihe dị ka Nri mmadụ dịka eriri azụ (afọ), isi azụ na ihe ndị a na'ahụ anya dị ka ihe ndị dị na pellet nri.[18][19] A na-eme silage site na ịcha ihe ndị fọdụrụnụ ma gwakọta ya na formic acid, wee chekwaa ya na tankị. Acid na-enyere aka na nchekwa yana ịgbasawanye ihe ndị fọdụrụnụ. Tanki nhazi maka silage azụ nwere ike ịdị n'ụgbọ mmiri ma ọ bụ n'ala.[20]

Hụkwa

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  • Mkpụrụ ọka na-acha
  • Mkpụrụ ọka

Ebem si dee

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  1. ↑ (1994) in George: Extension publications: forage and grain crops, 8th, Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt Pub. Co.. ISBN 0840393415. 
  2. ↑ Obituary of Thomas Kirby, Bromley Record, 1901.
  3. ↑ Artturi Ilmari Virtanen (April 29, 2020).
  4. ↑ Moore. "Silo Filling", Ogden Publications, Inc., 2011-07-20. Retrieved on 2022-06-22.
  5. ↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named EB1911
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Schroeder, J. W.. Haylage and Other Fermented Forages. Quality Forage. Archived from the original on 2019-04-26. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "ag" defined multiple times with different content
  7. ↑ Intensive crops for high quality silage from one to five years. Cotswold Grass Seeds Direct. Retrieved on 26 April 2019.
  8. ↑ "Eutrophication". 
  9. ↑ (July 2011) "Ontario Agricultural Waste Study: Environmental Impacts of Open-Burning Agricultural Plastics". 
  10. ↑ Bolsen, K. K. (1996-10-01). "Silage fermentation and silage additives". Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 9 (5): 483–494. DOI:10.5713/ajas.1996.483. ISSN 1011-2367. 
  11. ↑ Bolsen (15 May 2012). Bunker silo, drive-over pile safety precautions can save lives. Progressive Dairyman. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved on 2023-01-02.
  12. ↑ Burris, Robert H.. Watch Out For Silage Gas!. National Agricultural Safety Database. Retrieved on April 26, 2019.
  13. ↑ Kimberlee Schoonmaker (October 1, 2000). Four ways to be safe around silage. Archived from the original on 2011-01-17. Retrieved on 2010-01-02.
  14. ↑ Buchanan-Smith, J. G. (2010). "An investigation into palatability as a factor responsible for reduced intake of silage by sheep". Animal Production 50 (2): 253–260. DOI:10.1017/S0003356100004700. 
  15. ↑ Santos, F. (14 March 2008). "High-Level Folate Production in Fermented Foods by the B12 Producer Lactobacillus reuteri JCM1112". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 74 (10): 3291–3294. DOI:10.1128/AEM.02719-07. PMID 18344331. 
  16. ↑ Håndbok i ensilering - Stiftelsen RUBIN, 1993 (English translation: Handbook in fish silage by the RUBIN Foundation, 1993).
  17. ↑ de Arruda (September 2007). "Use of fish waste as silage: a review". Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 50 (5): 879–886. DOI:10.1590/S1516-89132007000500016. 
  18. ↑ Utnyttelse av biprodukter fra fiskerinæringen. www.miljolare.no.
  19. ↑ Berge (February 18, 2016). – Flere hundre tusen tonn fiskerester kastes i havet.
  20. ↑ Ensilasje. www.arbeidstilsynet.no.
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