Wikipedia

Mkpụrụ osisi ojii(Blackberry)

Blackberry bụ mkpụrụ osisi a na-eri eri nke ọtụtụ ụdị Rubus n'ụkpụrụ Rosaceae, ngwakọta ụdị ndị a n'ime subgenus Rubus, na ngwakọta n"etiti subgenera Rubus na Idaeobatus. N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, ọ na-agbagwoju anya taxonomy nke blackberries n'ihi ngwakọta na apomixis, nke mere na a na-ejikọkarị ụdị dị iche iche ọnụ ma kpọọ ụdị dị iche. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a na-akpọ subgenus Rubus dum Rubus aggregate, ọ bụ ezie na a na-ewere ụdị R. fruticosus dị ka otu ihe na R. plicatus.[1]

Mkpụrụ osisi ojii

Mkpụrụ osisi Blackberry jupụtara na 20,000 pound (9,100 kg) kwa 1 acre (0.40 hectare) nwere ike, na-eme ka osisi a bụrụ ihe na-adọrọ mmasị.[2]

Rubus armeniacus ("Himalayan" blackberry) a na-ewere dị ka ahịhịa na-egbu egbu na ụdị na-awakpo n'ọtụtụ mpaghara nke Pacific Northwest nke Canada na United States, ebe ọ na-eto n'enweghị nchịkwa na ogige ntụrụndụ na ọhịa.[3][4]

Nkọwa

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Ihe na-eme ka blackberry dị iche na ndị ikwu ya bụ ma torus (ihe nkwakọba ihe ma ọ bụ ogwe osisi) "na-eji" (ya bụ, nnọkọlata ọ nụ ) mkpụrụ osisi ahụ. Mgbe ị na-ewere mkpụrụ osisi blackberry, torus na-anọnyere mkpụrụ osisi ahụ. Na raspberry, torus na-anọgide na osisi ahụ, na-ahapụ oghere n'ime mkpụrụ osisi raspberry.[5]   Okwu bramble, okwu na-arụtụta aka n'ọhịa ogwu ọ bụla a na-apụghị ịbanye, ejirila okirikiri ya tinye blackberry kpọmkwem ma ọ bụ ngwaahịa ya, [6] ọ bụ ezie na mba United Steeti ọ na-emetụta ndị niile so na ngalaba Rubus. N'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ mba US, a na-eji okwu caneberry eme ihe iji zoo aka na blackberries na raspberries dị ka otu karịa okwu bramble. A pụrụ iji Briar ma ọ bụ brier mee ihe ịrụtụ aka na osisi vaịn ndị siri ike nke osisi ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na a na-eji aha a eme ihe maka osisi ndị ọzọ nwere ogwu (dị ka Smilax) n'otu aka áhù. [7]

mkpụrụ osisi na-eji oji anaghị abụkarị mkpụrụ osisi n'echiche botanical, dịka a na-akpọ ya botanical dị ka mkpụrụ osisi, nke nwere obere Drupelets. Ọ bụ otu ìgwè a ma ama nke ihe karịrị 375 ụdị, ọtụtụ n'ime ha nwere njikọ chiri anya na apomictic microspecies nke dị na mba Europe, n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ mba Afrịka, n'etiti ọdịda anyanwụ na etiti Eshia na ọdịda anyanwụ na ndịda anyanwu mba Amerika.[8]

Osisi

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Afọ nke abụọ na-agbasa okooko osisi, na-amị mkpụrụPrimcans n'aka ekpe. Afọ nke mbụ na-enweghị okooko osisi ma ọ bụ mkpụrụ osisi na-eto n'aka nri.

Blackberries bụ osisi na-adịgide adịgide nke nwere ogwe osisi abụọ (nke a na-akpọ canes) site na mgbọrọgwụ ha.[9]

N'afọ nke mbụ ya, ogwe osisi ọhụrụ, primocane, na-eru ihe dị ka mita atọ rue isii (9.8-19.7 ụkwụ) na-agbadata n'ala ma na-enwe nnukwu akwụkwọ palmate nwere akwụkwọ ọhụrụ ise rue asaa; ọ naghị amị okooko osisi ọ bụla.[9] N'afọ nke abụọ ya, okpete bụ floricane nwere ogwe osisi na-adịghị eto.[9] Osisi ndị dị n'akụkụ na-emeghe iji mepụta okooko osisi n'akụkụ.[9] Mkpụrụ osisi nke afọ mbụ na nke abụọ na-amịpụta ogwu dị nkenke, dị nkọ.[9] E mepụtara ụdị na-enweghị ogwu na mmalite narị afọ nke iri abụo na otu .[9][10]

Osisi ndị a na-achịkwaghị achịkwa na-agbakọta n'ọtụtụ ogwe osisi na alaka, [4] nke enwere ike ịchịkwa n'ogige ma ọ bụ ugbo site na iji trellises. [2][9] Osisi Blackberry nwere ike ịnagide ala na-adịghị mma, na-agbasa ngwa ngwa n'ala tọgbọrọ n'efu, ọwara, na n'akụkụ ụzọ. [4] [8][11]

okooko osisi na-ama ifuru na ngwụcha oge opupu ihe ubi na mmalite oge okpomọkụ n'elu alaka osisi.[8][9] Okooko osisi ọ bụla dị ihe dị ka -ignore="true">2-3 sentimita (- sentimita) n'obosara, nwere okooko osisi ise na-acha ọcha na-acha pinki pinki.[8][9]  Mkpụrụ osisi ahụ na-etolite naanị gburugburu àkwá nke nwoke na-eme site na mkpụrụ ntụ ọka.   [citation needed] Ihe nwere ike ịbụ ihe kpatara àkwá ndị na-etolitebeghị bụ nleta ezughi oke nke pollinator.[12] Mmepe drupelet na-ezughị ezu nwere ike igosi ọrịa na nje raspberry bushy dwarf virus. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] 

 
Akwụkwọ: akụkụ adaxial

E depụtara ebe ndị na-achịkwa mkpụrụ osisi primocane na F Loci, na LG7, ebe e depụtara ogwu / ogwu na-enweghị ogwu na LG4. [13] Nghọta ka mma nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa bara uru maka nyocha mkpụrụ ndụ ihe ndụ nke cross-breds, na maka ebumnuche injinia mkpụrụ ndụ ihe Nketa.   [citation needed]

Mmekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi

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Osisi bumblebee (Bombus hypnorum) na-eme ntụ ọka blackberry

Akwụkwọ Blackberry bụ nri maka ụfọdụ igurube; ụfọdụ anụ na-ata nri, ọkachasị mgbada, na-enwekwa mmasị na akwụkwọ a. A chọtawo caterpillars nke ụgbala na-ekpuchi ala Alabonia geoffrella na-eri nri n'ime osisi blackberry nwụrụ anwụ. Mgbe ha tozuru, ụmụ anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara na-eri mkpụrụ ha, dị ka red fox, American black bear na Eurasian badger, yana obere nnụnụ.[14]

 
Owuwe ihe ubi blackberry ọhịa

Blackberries na-eto n'ọhịa n'ọtụtụ ebe na Europe. Ha bụ ihe dị mkpa na gburugburu ebe obibi nke ọtụtụ mba, na owuwe ihe ubi mkpụrụ osisi bụ ihe ntụrụndụ a na-ahụkarị. Otú ọ dị, uto ha siri ike na ọchịchọ ha itolite n'enweghị mgbochi ma ọ bụrụ na ejighi ya nke ọma pụtara na a na-ewere osisi ndị ahụ dị ka ahịhịa, na-eziga mgbọrọgwụ site na alaka ndị na-emetụ n'ala, ma na-ezipụ ndị na-amị mkpụrụ site na mgbọrọgwụ. N'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ụwa, dị ka Australia, Chile, New Zealand, na Pacific Northwest nke North America, ụfọdụ ụdị blackberry, ọkachasị Rubus armeniacus (Himalayan blackberry) na Rubus laciniatus (evergreen blackberry), bụ ndị a na-ahụkarị ma were ha dị ka ụdị na-awakpo na ahịhịa na-emerụ ahụ. [3][4][8]

Mkpụrụ osisi Blackberry na-acha ọbara ọbara mgbe ha na-etozubeghị, na-eduga n'okwu ochie na "blackberry na-agba ọbara mgbe ha bụ akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ". [15] [16]

Ịkọ ugbo

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N'ụwa niile, mba Ndị na-emepụta blackberry, ebe a na-emepụta ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe ọkụkụ niile maka mbupụ n'ahịa ndị dị ọhụrụ na ọdịda anyanwụ mba Amerika na mba Europe.[17] Ruo n'afọ 2018, ahịa Mexico fọrọ nke nta ka ọ dabere kpamkpam na 'Tupy' (nke a na-akpọuta 'Tupi', mana mmemme EMBRAPA na mba Brazil nke a tọhapụrụ ya na-ahọrọ 'Tupy', mana Tupy enweghị mmasị na mpaghara ụfọdụ na-eto eto na mba Mexico.[18] Na mba US, Oregon bụ onye na-emepụta blackberry, na-emepụta kilogram Nde iri na iteghete na puku narị atọ (pounds Nde iri anọ na abụọ n'akụkụ narị isii) na hekta puku abụọ na narị ise( acres puku isii na nári atọ) na afọ 2017.[19][20]

A họrọla ọtụtụ ụdị maka ịzụ ahịa na ịzụlite ndị netolite etolite na mba Europe na mba United Steeti. [2] [10][21] Ebe ọ bụ na ọtụtụ ụdị na-emepụta ngwakọta n'ụzọ dị mfe, enwere ọtụtụ ụdị nwere ihe karịrị otu ụdị na oge nna nna ha.[10]

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

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Ngwakọ ọgbara ọhụrụ na mmepe cultivar mere ọkachasị na US. N'afọ 1880, otu onye ọka ikpe America na onye na-ahụ maka ihe ọkụkụ, James Harvey Logan malitere ịmepụta blackberry-raspberry ngwakọ aha ya bụ loganberry na Santa Cruz, California . E mepụtara otu n'ime ụdị ndị mbụ na-enweghị ogwu na 1921, ma mkpụrụ osisi ndị ahụ tụfuru ọtụtụ ụtọ ha. Ugbo ndị na-enweghị ogwu na-etokarị site na 1990 ruo mmalite narị afọ nke 21 site na Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo nke United States mere ka igwe na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma na-ewe ihe ubi, mkpụrụ dị elu, mkpụrụ buru ibu na nke siri ike, na ekpomeekpo dị mma, gụnyere Triple Crown, [22] [23] Black Diamond . Pearl ojii, na n'abalị, a marionberry . [10]

Mgbakọ

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Blackberry Butte Oji

'Marion' (nke a na-ere dị ka "marionberry") bụ mkpụrụ osisi dị mkpa nke a họọrọ site na mkpụrụ osisi site na ngwakọta dị n'etiti 'Chehalem' na 'Olallie' (nke A na-akpọkarị "Olallieberry"). [24] 'Olallie' n'aka nke ya bụ ngwakọta dị n'etiti loganberry na youngberry. 'Marion', 'Chehalem' na 'Olallie' bụ naanị atọ n'ime ọtụtụ ụdị blackberry na-esote nke Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo nke mba United Steeti (USDA-ARS) mepụtara usoro ịzụlite blackberry na Mahadum Oregon Steeti na Corvallis, Oregon. [10]

Ugbo kacha ọhụrụ ewepụtara na mmemme a bụ ahịhịa na-enweghị ogwu 'Black Diamond', 'Black Pearl', na 'Nightfall' yana 'Obsidian' na 'Metolius' na-eto n'oge. 'Black diamond' bụ ugbu a na-eduga cultivar a na-akụ na Pacific Northwest. Ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ sitere na mmemme a bụ 'Newberry', 'Waldo', 'Siskiyou', 'Black Butte', 'Kotata', 'Pacific', na 'Cascade'.[7]





.[10]

A na-akụ ụdị dị iche iche nwere ezigbo njirimara azụmahịa mepụtara na Arkansas n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ndi ọhụrụ na Oklahoma.[2] Ụdị mkpụrụ osisi blackberry dị mfe itolite, ma nwee ike ịmị mkpụrụ ruo afọ iri ma ọ bụ karịa.[2] Ụdị ndị a nwere ụtọ dịgasị iche iche site na ihe na-atọ ụtọ ruo tart.[2]

Ịga n'ihu

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Blackberry ndị na-esote na-adị ike ma na-emepụta okpueze, na-achọ trellis maka nkwado, ma na-adịchaghị ike zuru okè karịa blackberry kwụ ọtọ ma ọ bụ nke n' esote nke kwụ ọtọ. Na mgbakwunye na ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ pacific ụdị ndị a na-eme nke ọma na ihu igwe yiri ya, dị ka mba United Kingdom, mba New Zealand, mba Chile, na mba Mediterenian.   [citation needed]

Enweghị ogwu

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Ebu ụzọ mepụta blackberries nke nwere ọkara kwụ ọtọ, nke enweghị prickle na John Innes Center dị na Norwich, UK, yana USDA-ARS na Beltsville, Maryland mechaa. Ndị a na-akpụ okpueze ma na-agbasi ike ma chọọ trellis maka nkwado. Cultivars gụnyere 'Black Satin', 'Chester Thornless', 'Dirksen Thornless', 'Hull Thornless', 'Loch Maree', 'Loch Ness', 'Loch Tay', 'Merton Thornless', 'Smoothstem' na 'Triple Crown '. 'Loch Ness' na 'Loch Tay' enwetala RHS's Award of Garden Merit. Azụlitela ahịhịa 'Cacanska Bestrna' (nke a na-akpọkwa 'Cacak Thornless') na Serbia ma kụọ ya n'ọtụtụ puku hectare ebe ahụ.

Ịkwụ ọtọ

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Mahadum nke Arkansas emeela ụdị osisi blackberry. Ụdị ndị a adịghị ike karịa ụdị ndị kwụ ọtọ ma na-emepụta osisi ọhụrụ site na mbido mgbọrọgwụ (ya mere ha na-agbasa n'okpuru ala dị ka raspberries). E nwere ụdị na-enweghị ntụpọ site na mmemme a, gụnyere 'Navaho', 'Ouachita', 'Cherokee', 'Apache', 'Arapaho', na 'Kiowa'. [25][26] Ha bụkwa ndị na-ahụ maka ịzụlite mkpụrụ osisi blackberry na-amị mkpụrụ dịka 'Prime-Jan' na 'Prime' . [25]

Ụgbọ okporo ígwè

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Na raspberries, a na-akpọ ụdị ndị a bụ mkpụrụ osisi primocane, na-amị mkpụrụ, ma ọ bụ na-amị mkpụrụ mgbe niile.

Mahadum Arkansas tọhapụrụ 'Prime-Jim' na 'Prime-Jan' n'afọ 2004 ma bụrụkwa mkpụrụ osisi mbụ nke blackberry fruiting primocane. Ha na-eto nke ukwuu dị ka ndị ọzọ cultivars kwụ ọtọ akọwara n'elu; Otú ọ dị, okpete ndị na-apụta n'oge opupu ihe ubi ga-ama ifuru n'etiti oge okpomọkụ na mkpụrụ n'oge okpomọkụ ma ọ bụ ọdịda. Ihe ubi ọdịda nwere àgwà ya kachasị elu mgbe ọ na-eto na ihu igwe dị jụụ dị ka California ma ọ bụ Pacific Northwest.







[27]

'Illini Hardy', nke mahadum nke Illinois webatara, bụ ahịhịa siri ike na mpaghara ise, ebe mmepụta blackberry na-enwekarị nsogbu, ebe ọ bụ na okpete anaghị adị ndụ n'oge oyi. [ a chọrọ nkọwa ]

Mexico na Chile

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Mmepụta blackberry na Mexico gbasara nke ukwuu na mmalite narị afọ nke iri abụo na otu.[17] [20] N'afọ 2017, Mexico nwere pacenti iri iteghete na asaa nke ahịa maka blackberry ọhụrụ ebubata na United States, ebe Chile nwere pacenti iri isii na atọ nke òkè ahịa maka mbubata Amerika nke blackberries oyi kpọnwụrụ. [20]

Ọ bụ ezie na otu oge dabere na cultivar 'Brazos', otu osisi blackberry cultivar ochie mepere emepe na Texas na 1959, ụlọ ọrụ Mexico na-achị ugbu a bụ 'Tupy' nke Brazil wepụtara na 1990. 'Tupy' nwere blackberry 'Comanche' nke kwụ ọtọ, yana " blackberry Uruguayan ọhịa" dịka nne na nna. [28] Ebe ọ bụ na enweghị mkpụrụ osisi ojii na Uruguay, ihe a na-enyo enyo bụ na ' Boysenberry ' toro ebe niile bụ nne na nna nwoke. Iji mepụta blackberries ndị a na mpaghara Mexico ebe enweghị oyi oyi na-atụ iji kpalite mmepe ifuru ifuru, a na-eji kemịkalụ defoliation na ngwa nke ndị na-ahụ maka uto na-eme ka osisi na-eto eto. </link>[ a chọrọ nkọwa ]

Ọrịa na pests

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Blackberry na-acha odo odo na-acha odo odo

N'ihi na blackberry bụ otu ụdị mkpụrụ osisi raspberries, [29] ha na-ekerịta otu ọrịa, gụnyere anthracnose, nke nwere ike ime ka beri nwee ntozu na-enweghị isi. Enwere ike belata eruba sap. [30] [31] Ha na-ekekwa otu ọgwụgwọ ahụ, gụnyere ngwakọta Bordeaux, [32] ngwakọta nke wayo, mmiri na ọla kọpa (II) sulfate . [33] ahịrị dị n'etiti osisi blackberry ga-abụ nke enweghị ahịhịa, ndị na-aṅụ blackberry na ahịhịa, nke nwere ike ibute pests ma ọ bụ ọrịa. [34] Ndị na-akụ mkpụrụ osisi na-ahọrọ mgbe ha na-akụ osisi blackberry n'ihi na blackberry ọhịa nwere ike ibute ọrịa, [34] na ndị na-elekọta ubi ka akwadoro ịzụta naanị osisi ndị na-enweghị ọrịa. [35]

Drosophila na-ahụ anya-nku, Drosophila suzukii, bụ ajọ ahụhụ nke blackberries. [36] N'adịghị ka ndị ikwu ya mmanya mmanya, bụ ndị na-adọrọ mmasị na-ere ere ma ọ bụ mkpụrụ osisi fermented, D. suzukii na-awakpo mkpụrụ ọhụrụ, mfri eke site n'itinye akwa n'okpuru akpụkpọ anụ dị nro. Larvae na-apụta ma na-eto n'ime mkpụrụ osisi ahụ, na-ebibi uru azụmahịa nke mkpụrụ osisi ahụ. [36]

Ọrịa ọzọ bụ Amphorophora rubi, nke a maara dị ka blackberry aphid, nke na-eri ọ bụghị naanị blackberries kamakwa raspberries. [37] [38]

Byturus tomentosus ( ebe raspberry ), Lampronia corticella (nla rasberi) na Anthonomus rubi (strawberry blossom weevil) ka amarakwa na ha na-ebute blackberries.  

Na-eji

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Ihe oriri

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Blackberry agwaghi àkà pacenti iri asatọ na asatọ carbohydrates pacenti iri, protein 1% na abụba 0.5% (tebụl). Na grams Otu narị (atọ mara ise oz) ego ntụaka, blackberries a kụrụ nke ọma na-enye calorie iri anọ na atọ na ọdịnaya bara ụba (pacenti iri abụo na asatọ ma ọ bụ karịa nke uru kwa ụbọchị (DV) nke eriri nri, manganese (pacenti iri atọ DV), vitamin C (pacenti iri abụo na ise DV), na vitamin K (pacenti iri na iteghete DV) (tebụl).

Ngwakọta mkpụrụ

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Blackberry nwere ọtụtụ nnukwu mkpụrụ nke ndị na-azụ ahịa anaghị amasị mgbe niile. Mkpụrụ ahụ nwere mmanụ bara ụba na omega-3 ( alpha-linolenic acid ) na omega-6 ( linoleic acid ) abụba yana protein, eriri nri, carotenoids, ellagitannins, na ellagic acid . [39]

Ojiji nri

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A na-ejikarị mkpụrụ osisi chara acha na ọzara, jams, jelii, wine and liqueurs . Enwere ike ịgwakọta ya na tomato na mkpụrụ osisi ndị ọzọ maka pies na crumbles . [40]

Nnyocha phytochemical

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Blackberry nwere ọtụtụ phytochemicals gụnyere polyphenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins, salicylic acid, ellagic acid, na eriri . [41] [42] Anthocyanins na blackberries na-ahụ maka agba ọchịchịrị ha bara ụba. Otu akụkọ debere blackberry n'elu ihe karịrị 1,000 nri bara ụba polyphenol a na-eri na United Steeti, [43] mana echiche a nke uru ahụike sitere na iri nri ndị gbara ọchịchịrị dị ka blackberry ka enyochabeghị nke sayensị na anabataghị ya maka nkwupụta ahụike na nri. aha.

Ojiji akụkọ ihe mere eme

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Otu n'ime oge izizi nke oriri blackberry sitere na foduru nke Nwanyị Haraldskær, ozu ozu nke nwanyị Danish nke malitere n'ihe dịka afọ puku abụọ na narị ise gara aga. Ihe akaebe gbasara akwụkwọ akụkọ hụrụ blackberries n'ime afọ ya, n'etiti nri ndị ọzọ. Edere iji blackberry eme mmanya na cordials na London Pharmacopoeia na 1696. [22] Na ụwa nri nri, blackberry nwere ogologo akụkọ ihe mere eme eji ya na mkpụrụ osisi ndị ọzọ na-eme pies, jellies na jams. [22]

Ndị Gris, ndị Europe ndị ọzọ na ndị Amerika bụ ndị ji osisi blackberry emee ọgwụ ọdịnala . [22] Akwụkwọ nke 1771 kọwara n'ịme akwụkwọ blackberry, azuokokoosisi, na ogbugbo maka ọnya afọ . [22]

A na-eji mkpụrụ osisi blackberry, akwụkwọ ya na ịhịa aka na-esiji ákwà na ntutu isi. Ọbụna a mara ụmụ amaala America ka ha na-eji osisi eme ụdọ. A na-ejikwa osisi ndị ahụ mee ihe mgbochi gburugburu ụlọ, ihe ọkụkụ na anụ ụlọ. Osisi ọhịa nwere prickles dị nkọ, nke na-enye nchebe ụfọdụ megide ndị iro na anụmanụ buru ibu. [22]

Na omenala

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Folklore na United Kingdom na Ireland na-agwa na a gaghị ewere blackberry mgbe Old Michaelmas Day mkpụrụ ụbọchị iri na otu nke ọnwa Ọctoba dị ka ekwensu (ma ọ bụ Púca ) mere ka ha ghara ịdị mma iri nri site n'itinye ụkwụ, ịgbasa ma ọ bụ mebie ha. [44] Enwere uru ụfọdụ n'akụkọ akụkọ a n'ihi na mmiri oyi na oyi na-atụ n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ na-emekarị ka mkpụrụ osisi ahụ bute ọrịa site na ụdị dị iche iche dị ka Botryotinia nke na-enye mkpụrụ osisi ahụ ọdịdị na-adịghị mma ma nwee ike na-egbu egbu. [45] Dị ka ụfọdụ omenala si kwuo, agba odo odo nke blackberry na-anọchi anya ọbara Jizọs na okpueze nke ogwu bụ nke e ji ogwu mee, [46] [47] ọ bụ ezie na osisi ndị ọzọ na-ekpo ọkụ, dị ka Crataegus (hawthorn) na Euphorbia milii (okpueze nke ogwu)., a tụrụ aro dị ka ihe maka okpueze. [48] [49]

Hụkwa

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  • Rubus plicatus, ụdị blackberry a na-ahụkarị na Europe
  • Elmleaf blackberry, ụdị blackberry ọzọ na Europe
  • Blackberry Pacific, ụdị blackberry nke North America
  • Rubus fruticosus, aha na-enweghị isi nke Carl Linnaeus ji mee ihe n'ọtụtụ ụdị.
  • Mulberry, ọdịdị mkpụrụ osisi yiri ya, mana osisi karịa osisi ogwu
  • Redberry mite, ahụhụ a na-ahụkarị nke ihe ọkụkụ blackberry North America

Edensibia

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  1. ↑ Jarvis, C.E. (1992). "Seventy-Two Proposals for the Conservation of Types of Selected Linnaean Generic Names, the Report of Subcommittee 3C on the Lectotypification of Linnaean Generic Names". Taxon 41 (3): 552–583. DOI:10.2307/1222833. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Carroll B (February 2017). Commercial Blackberry Production. Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Oklahoma State University. Retrieved on 10 April 2024.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Himalayan blackberry. Invasive Species Council of BC (2021). Retrieved on 13 August 2021.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Himalayan blackberry: identification and control. King County, Washington: Noxious Weed Control Program (16 February 2021). Retrieved on 13 August 2021.
  5. ↑ Gina Fernandez. Fruit development. North Carolina State University, Cooperative Extension. Retrieved on 9 August 2018.
  6. ↑ (2007) Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, 6th, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199206872. 
  7. ↑ Harrison. Wicked weeds: A tangled tale of thorny smilax (en-US). Tallahassee Democrat. Retrieved on 2024-05-26.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 Huxley (1992). Dictionary of gardening. London New York: Macmillan Press Stockton Press. ISBN 978-0-333-47494-5. OCLC 25202760. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8 Krewer, Gerard (2004). Home Garden:Raspberries, Blackberries. Cooperative Extension Service/The University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences. Archived from the original on 26 November 2013.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 Thornless processing blackberry cultivars. US Department of Agriculture (26 June 2018). Archived from the original on 21 June 2019. Retrieved on 21 June 2019. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "usda18" defined multiple times with different content
  11. ↑ Blamey (1989). The illustrated flora of Britain and northern Europe. Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 978-0-340-40170-5. OCLC 41355268. 
  12. ↑ Green, David L.. Blackberry Pollination Images. The Pollination Home Page.
  13. ↑ Castro (16 July 2013). "Genetic map of the primocane-fruiting and thornless traits of tetraploid blackberry". Theoretical and Applied Genetics 126 (10): 2521–2532. DOI:10.1007/s00122-013-2152-3. PMID 23856741. 
  14. ↑ Fedriani (2009). "Functional diversity in fruit-frugivore interactions: a field experiment with Mediterranean mammals". Ecography 32 (6): 983–992. DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0587.2009.05925.x. 
  15. ↑ Palmatier (30 August 2000). Food: A Dictionary of Literal and Nonliteral Terms. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Greenwood. ISBN 9780313314360. Retrieved on 17 March 2018. 
  16. ↑ Marrone (2011). Indiana, Kentucky, and Ohio wild berries & fruits. Teresa Marrone, 272. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Perry, Mark J. (7 October 2017). Mexico's berry bounty fuels trade dispute – U.S. consumers dismiss U.S. berry farmers' complaints as 'sour berries'. American Enterprise Institute, Washington, DC. Retrieved on 21 June 2019. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "perry" defined multiple times with different content
  18. ↑ Tupy blackberry, at risk due to lack of interest in its production. FreshPlaza (10 May 2018). Archived from the original on 21 June 2019. Retrieved on 21 June 2019.
  19. ↑ Press Release June 27, 2018. United States Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service, Northwest Regional Field Office. Archived from the original on 20 February 2019. Retrieved on 19 February 2019.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 Blackberries. US Agriculture Marketing Resource Center (1 February 2019). Retrieved on 21 June 2019. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "amrc" defined multiple times with different content
  21. ↑ Evergreen blackberry, Oregon Raspberry and Blackberry Commission. Oregon-Berries.com. Archived from the original on 4 October 2008. Retrieved on 13 June 2017.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 22.5 Harding, Deborah. The History of the Blackberry Fruit. gardenguides.com. Garden Guides, Leaf Group Ltd.. Retrieved on 20 June 2019. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "gg" defined multiple times with different content
  23. ↑ 'Triple Crown' thornless blackberry. US Department of Agriculture (2 February 1998). Retrieved on 21 June 2019.
  24. ↑ Marionberry, Oregon Raspberry and Blackberry Commission. Oregon-Berries.com. Archived from the original on 19 September 2008. Retrieved on 13 June 2017.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Folta (2011). Genetics, Genomics and Breeding of Berries. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1578087075. 
  26. ↑ Fernandez. Growing blackberries in North Carolina. North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service, North Carolina University Press. Archived from the original on 8 January 2016. Retrieved on 9 October 2015.
  27. ↑ Clark (2012). "Progress and challenges in primocane-fruiting blackberry breeding and cultural management". Acta Horticulturae 926 (926): 387–392. DOI:10.17660/ActaHortic.2012.926.54. 
  28. ↑ Antunes, L.E.C. (2004). "Aspectos Técnicos da Cultura da Amora-Preta" (in pt). Pelotas: Embrapa Clima Temperado. ISSN 1516-8840. 
  29. ↑ Bradley (2010). The Organic Gardener's Handbook of Natural Pest and Disease Control: A Complete Guide to Maintaining a Healthy Garden and Yard the Earth-Friendly Way. Rodale, Inc.. ISBN 978-1605296777. Retrieved on 12 November 2012. 
  30. ↑ Growing Raspberries & Blackberries. cals.uidaho.edu. Retrieved on 2012-11-13.
  31. ↑ (1980) Controlling diseases of raspberries and blackberries. United States. Science and Education Administration. Retrieved on 12 November 2012. 
  32. ↑ Waite (1906). Fungicides and their use in preventing diseases of fruits. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. Retrieved on 12 November 2012. “blackberry disease.” 
  33. ↑ Bordeaux Mixture. ucdavis.edu (June 2010). Retrieved on 13 November 2012.
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Ensminger (1994). Foods and Nutrition Encyclopedia: A-H. CRC Press. ISBN 9780849389818. Retrieved on 12 November 2012. 
  35. ↑ Shrock (2004). Home Gardener's Problem Solver: Symptoms and Solutions for More Than 1,500 Garden Pests and Plant Ailments. Meredith Books. ISBN 978-0897215046. Retrieved on 12 November 2012. 
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 Walsh, Doug. Spotted Wing Drosophila Could Pose Threat For Washington Fruit Growers. sanjuan.WSU.edu. Archived from the original on 6 August 2010. Retrieved on 12 November 2012.
  37. ↑ Hill (1987). Agricultural Insect Pests of Temperate Regions and Their Control. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521240130. Retrieved on 12 November 2012. 
  38. ↑ (1931) The Review of Applied Entomology: Agricultural, Volume 18. CAB International. Retrieved on 12 November 2012. 
  39. ↑ (December 2004) "Chemical composition of caneberry (Rubus spp.) seeds and oils and their antioxidant potential". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 52 (26): 7982–7. DOI:10.1021/jf049149a. PMID 15612785. 
  40. ↑ Dowling. "Berry good! 17 wonderful ways with blackberries – from crumbles and cakes to mousses and muffins", The Guardian, 2023-08-28. Retrieved on 2024-05-26. (in en-GB)
  41. ↑ Nutrition facts for raw blackberries. Nutritiondata.com. Conde Nast (2012).
  42. ↑ Sellappan (2002). "Phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity of Georgia-grown blueberries and blackberries". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 50 (8): 2432–2438. DOI:10.1021/jf011097r. PMID 11929309. 
  43. ↑ (July 2006) "Content of redox-active compounds (ie, antioxidants) in foods consumed in the United States". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 84 (1): 95–135. DOI:10.1093/ajcn/84.1.95. PMID 16825686. 
  44. ↑ Michaelmas Traditions. BlackCountryBugle.co.uk (7 October 2010). Archived from the original on 30 March 2012. Retrieved on 13 June 2017.
  45. ↑ Michaelmas, 29th September, and the customs and traditions associated with Michaelmas Day. www.Historic-UK.com. Retrieved on 13 June 2017.
  46. ↑ Watts (2007). Dictionary of Plant Lore, Rev., Oxford: Academic. ISBN 978-0-12-374086-1. 
  47. ↑ Alexander. Berries As Symbols and in Folklore. Cornell Fruit. Retrieved on 11 August 2015.
  48. ↑ (1891) Hawthorn. Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature, Volume 11; R.S. Peale. 
  49. ↑ Ombrello T (2015). Crown of thorns. Union County College, Department of Biology, Cranford, NJ. Archived from the original on 17 September 2009. Retrieved on 18 August 2015.
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