Mkpụrụ ọka

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Mkpụrụ ọka bụ obere mkpụrụ osisi siri ike, nke kpọrọ nkụ (caryopsis) - nke nwere ma ọ bụ na-enweghị akwa akwa akwa akwa akwa - ewetere maka oriri mmadụ ma ọ bụ anụmanụ. Mkpụrụ ọka bụ osisi na-amị mkpụrụ. Ụdị ihe ọkụkụ abụọ bụ́ isi a na-akụ n’ubi bụ ọka na mkpo.

Mkpụrụ nri dị iche iche n'ahịa dị na India

Mgbe e wetachara ya, mkpụrụ osisi kpọrọ nkụ na-adịte aka karịa nri ndị ọzọ siri ike, dị ka mkpụrụ osisi starch (plantain, breadfruit, wdg) na tubers (poteto dị ụtọ, akpu, na ndị ọzọ). Ogologo oge a emewo ka ọka dị mma maka ọrụ ugbo nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, ebe ọ bụ na a pụrụ iji ígwè chịkọta ha, ụgbọ okporo ígwè ma ọ bụ ụgbọ mmiri na-ebu ya, chekwaa ya ruo ogologo oge na silos, ma gwerie ya ka ọ bụrụ ntụ ọka ma ọ bụ pịa mmanụ. Ya mere, ahịa ọka bụ nnukwu ahịa ngwa ahịa zuru ụwa ọnụ nke gụnyere ihe ọkụkụ dịka ọka, osikapa, soybean, ọka wit na ọka ndị ọzọ.

Mkpụrụ ọka na ọka

Mkpụrụ na ọka bụ otu ihe na caryopses, mkpụrụ nke ezinụlọ ahịhịa. Na agronomy na azụmahịa, a na-akpọ mkpụrụ ma ọ bụ mkpụrụ sitere na ezinụlọ osisi ndị ọzọ ọka ma ọ bụrụ na ha yiri caryopses. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a na-ere amaranth dị ka "ọka amaranth", a pụkwara ịkọwa ngwaahịa amaranth dịka "ọka niile". Mmepeanya ndị pre-Hispanic nke Andes nwere usoro nri dabeere na ọka, mana n'ebe dị elu ọ dịghị nke ọ bụla n'ime ọka bụ ọka. Mkpụrụ ọka atọ niile sitere na Andes (kaniwa, kiwicha, na quinoa) bụ osisi nwere akwụkwọ sara mbara karịa ahịhịa dịka ọka, osikapa, na ọka wit.^[1]

Nchịkọta

Ihe atụ nke ọka wit, ihe mejupụtara ya na uru nri na-edozi ahụ nke akụkụ ya.

Mkpụrụ ọka

Page 'grain trade' not found

Mkpụrụ ọka n'oge okpomọkụ

Mkpụrụ ọka ọka na-esi n'elu aka ekpe: ọka wit, spelt, oat, barley.

Mkpụrụ osisi millet
fonio
ọka foxtail
Mkpụrụ ọka nke Japan
Anya mmiri Job
Kodo millet
ọka
Mkpụrụ ọka
pearl millet
ọka
sorghum

Mkpụrụ ọka n'oge oyi

Barley

Mkpụrụ ọka Rye

Mkpụrụ osikapa site na IRRI

ọka bali
oats
osikapa
Rye
spelt
teff
triticale
ọka wit
Osikapa ọhịa

Mkpụrụ osisi ndị e ji eme nri

Akpụkpọ anụ

Mkpụrụ osisi Starchy sitere na ezinụlọ osisi broadleaf (dicot):

amaranth (Ezinụlọ Amaranth) a na-akpọkwa kiwicha
buckwheat (Ezinụlọ Smartweed)
Chia (ezinụlọ Mint)
quinoa (Ezinụlọ Amaranth, nke a na-akpọbu Ezinụlọ Goosefoot)
kañiwa

Mgbapụta

Lentil

Mkpụrụ osisi ma ọ bụ ọka ọka, ndị so n'Ezinụlọ pea, nwere protein dị elu karịa ọtụtụ nri osisi ndị ọzọ, na ihe dị ka 20%, ebe soybeans nwere ihe ruru 35%. Dị ka ọ dị na nri osisi ndị ọzọ niile, pulses nwekwara carbohydrates na abụba. Mmetụta ndị a na-ahụkarị gụnyere:

Chickpeas
agwa a na-ahụkarị
peas nkịtị (peas ubi)
Fava beans
Lens
Mkpụrụ osisi lima
lupins
Mọnk
ahụekere
nduru peas
Beans na-agba ọsọ
soybeans

Mkpụrụ mmanụ

A na-akụ mkpụrụ ọka mmanụ maka iwepụta mmanụ ha a na-eri eri. Mmanụ akwụkwọ nri na-enye ike nri na ụfọdụ abụba acid dị mkpa. A na-ejikwa ha eme ihe dị ka mmanụ na mmanụ.^[2]

Ezinụlọ Mustard

Nri e gburu

mustard ojii
Mustard India
rapeseed (gụnyere canola)

Ezinụlọ Aster

Mkpụrụ nke sunflower

safflower
mkpụrụ nke sunflower

Ezinụlọ ndị ọzọ

Mkpụrụ flax (Ezinụlọ flax)
Mkpụrụ hemp (Ezinụlọ Hemp)
mkpụrụ poppy (Ezinụlọ poppy)

Mkpụrụ osisi oge ochie

Mkpa akụkọ ihe mere eme

N'ihi na mkpụrụ osisi dị obere, siri ike ma kpọọ nkụ, enwere ike ichekwa ha, tụọ ha, ma buru ha ngwa ngwa karịa ụdị ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ dị ka mkpụrụ osisi, mgbọrọgwụ na tubers. Mmepe nke ọrụ ugbo ọka mere ka e mepụta nri karịrị akarị ma chekwaa ya n'ụzọ dị mfe nke nwere ike iduga n'ịmepụta ebe obibi mbụ na nkewa nke ọha mmadụ n'ime klas.^[3]

Echiche a na ọrụ ugbo ọka dugara n'ebe obibi mbụ na nhazi mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya bụ nke James Scott mara aka n'akwụkwọ ya bụ Against the Grain . ^[4] Ọ na-ekwu na mgbanwe site na ndị na-achụ nta na ndị na'ịchịkọta obodo gaa na ndị na - ndị na-arụ ọrụ ugbo abụghị nhọrọ afọ ofufo nke uru nke mmepụta nri na-abawanye n'ihi ikike nchekwa ogologo oge nke ọka, kama na mgbanwe gaa n'ebe obibi bụ mgbanwe a manyere ndị otu na-achọ ịgbasawanye ikike ịchịkwa ọrụ na akụ.

Azụmaahịa

Nchebe na ahụike n'ebe ọrụ

Ndị na-ejikwa ọka n'ụlọ ọrụ ọka nwere ike izute ọtụtụ ihe ize ndụ na ikpughe ọrụ. Ihe ize ndụ gụnyere ijide ọka, ebe ndị ọrụ na-abanye n'ime ọka ma ghara iwepụ onwe ha; ^[5] mgbawa nke obere uzuzu ọka kpatara, ^[6] na ọdịda.

Hụkwa

↑ (1989) Lost Crops of the Incas: Little-Known Plants of the Andes with Promise for Worldwide Cultivation, Office of International Affairs, National Academies of the. Washington D.C.: National Academy Press. DOI:10.17226/1398. ISBN 978-0-309-04264-2.
↑ Salunkhe (1992-02-29). World Oilseeds (in en). Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9780442001124.
↑ Wessel (1984). "The Agricultural Foundations of Civilization". Journal of Agriculture and Human Values 1: 9–12. DOI:10.1007/BF01530609.
↑ Scott (2017). Against the Grain: A Deep History of the Earliest States. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300240214.
↑ Frequently Asked Questions About Flowing Grain Entrapment, Grain Rescue and Strategies, and Grain Entrapment Prevention Measures. Agricultural Safety and Health Program, Purdue University (April 2011). Retrieved on November 4, 2012.
↑ Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Combustible Dust in Industry: Preventing and Mitigating the Effects of Fire and Explosions. Safety and Health Information Bulletin. United States Department of Labor. Retrieved on 29 October 2013.

Kpọpụta njehie: <ref> tag with name "Lean 2006 p. 49" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.

Ebem si dee

[1] (1989) Lost Crops of the Incas: Little-Known Plants of the Andes with Promise for Worldwide Cultivation, Office of International Affairs, National Academies of the. Washington D.C.: National Academy Press. DOI:10.17226/1398. ISBN 978-0-309-04264-2.

[2] Salunkhe (1992-02-29). World Oilseeds (in en). Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9780442001124.

[3] Wessel (1984). "The Agricultural Foundations of Civilization". Journal of Agriculture and Human Values 1: 9–12. DOI:10.1007/BF01530609.

[4] Scott (2017). Against the Grain: A Deep History of the Earliest States. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300240214.

[Purdue_FAQ-5] Frequently Asked Questions About Flowing Grain Entrapment, Grain Rescue and Strategies, and Grain Entrapment Prevention Measures. Agricultural Safety and Health Program, Purdue University (April 2011). Retrieved on November 4, 2012.

[6] Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Combustible Dust in Industry: Preventing and Mitigating the Effects of Fire and Explosions. Safety and Health Information Bulletin. United States Department of Labor. Retrieved on 29 October 2013.

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