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Mgbanwe nke ihe ọkụkụ

  

Mmetụta nke ntụgharị ihe ọkụkụ na monoculture na Swojec Experimental Farm, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences. N'ọhịa ihu, a na-etinye usoro ntụgharị ihe ọkụkụ "Norfolk" (poteto, oats, peas, rye); n'ọhụrụ azụ, a na'azụ rye kemgbe afọ 58 n'usoro.

  Ntughari ihe ubi bụ omume nke ịkọ ụdị ihe ọkụkụ dị iche iche n'otu mpaghara n'usoro oge nke oge ntoju. Omume a na-ebelata ntụkwasị obi nke ihe ọkụkụ n'otu usoro nri, pesti na ahịhịa ahịhịa, yana ohere nke ịmepụta pests na ahịhịa na-eguzogide ọgwụ.

Ịzụlite otu ihe ọkụkụ n'otu ebe ruo ọtụtụ afọ n'usoro, nke a maara dị ka monocropping, na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-ebelata ala nke ụfọdụ ihe oriri ma na-ahọrọ maka ma obodo na-asọmpi nke ukwuu. Na-edoghị iji ihe oriri na-edozi ahụ ma na-agbanwe obodo ahụhụ na ahịhịa, mmepụta nke monocultures na-adabere na ntinye nke mpụga nke nwere ike imerụ ọmụmụ ala. N'aka nke ọzọ, ntụgharị ihe ọkụkụ a haziri nke ọma nwere ike ibelata mkpa fatịlaịza sịntetik na ahịhịa ahịhịa site na iji ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi nke ọma site na ụdị ihe ọkụkụ dị iche iche. Na mgbakwunye, ntụgharị ihe ọkụkụ nwere ike melite nhazi ala na ihe ndị dị ndụ, nke na-ebelata mbuze ma na-abawanye nkwụsi ike nke sistemu ugbo.

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

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A na-eji Akwụkwọ nri dịka alfalfa, agwa, na clover eme ihe kemgbe na ntụgharị ihe ọkụkụ. Ha nwere nje bacteria na mgbọrọgwụ ha nke na-ewe nitrogen site na ikuku ma tinye ya n'ime ala dị ka nitrates nke ihe ọkụkụ nwere ike iji.

Ndị ọrụ ugbo achọpụtala ogologo oge na ntụgharị kwesịrị ekwesị dịka ịkụ ihe ọkụkụ maka anụ ụlọ n'ọnọdụ ọka maka oriri mmadụ na-eme ka o kwe omume iweghachi ma ọ bụ ịnọgide na-enwe ala na-arụpụta ihe. Ndị ọrụ ugbo oge ochie na nso ọwụwa anyanwụ na-eme ntụgharị ihe ọkụkụ na 6000 BC, na-akụ mkpụrụ ọka na ọka. [1][2]   [<span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (December 2021)">better<span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>source<span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>needed</span>]

Usoro abụọ

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N'okpuru ntụgharị nke ubi abụọ, a kụrụ ọkara ala n'ime otu afọ, ebe ọkara nke ọzọ na-adaba. Mgbe ahụ, n'afọ sochirinụ, a gbanwere ubi abụọ ahụ. Na China ejirila usoro abụọ na atọ mee ihe kemgbe oge ọwụwa anyanwụ Zhou.[3]

Usoro atọ

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Site n'oge Charlemagne (nwụrụ 814), ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ na Europe gbanwere site na usoro ubi abụọ gaa na usoro atọ. Nke a dịgidere ruo narị afọ nke 20. E kewara ala dịnụ ụzọ atọ. A na-akụ otu akụkụ n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ na rye ma ọ bụ ọka wit n'oge oyi, na-esote oat ma ọ bụ ọka bali; Nkebi nke abụọ na-akọ ihe ọkụkụ dị ka otu n'ime ọka, ya bụ peas, lentil, ma ọ bụ agwa; ma ọhia nke-atọ fọduru n'ọgwugwu. A na-agbagharị ubi atọ ahụ n’ụzọ dị otú a ka otu n’ime ala ndị ahụ ga-ezu ike ma dinara ala kwa afọ atọ. N'okpuru usoro ubi abụọ, ọ bụ naanị ọkara ala ka a kụrụ n'afọ ọ bụla. N'okpuru usoro ntụgharị nke ubi atọ ọhụrụ, a kụrụ ụzọ abụọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ala, nwere ike iwepụta ihe ubi ka ukwuu. Ma ihe ọkụkụ ndị agbakwunyere nwere mmetụta dị ịrịba ama karịa mmepụta ọnụ ọgụgụ nkịtị. Ebe ọ bụ na ihe ọkụkụ nke oge opupu ihe ubi na-abụkarị ọka, nke na-edozi nitrogen dị mkpa maka osisi iji mee protein, ha mụbara nri zuru oke nke ndị bi na Northern Europe..[4]

Mgbanwe nke anọ

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Ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ na mpaghara Waasland (nke dị n'ebe ugwu Belgium ugbu a) sụrụ ụzọ ntụgharị anọ n'ubi na mmalite narị afọ nke 16, onye ọrụ ugbo Britain Charles Townshend (1674–1738) kwalitekwara usoro a na narị afọ nke 18. Usoro nke ihe ubi anọ (ọka wit, turnips, barley na klova), gụnyere ihe ọkụkụ nri nri na ihe ọkụkụ, na-ekwe ka a na-azụ anụ ụlọ kwa afọ. Ntụgharị ihe ọkụkụ nke ubi anọ ghọrọ nnukwu mmepe na Mgbanwe Agricultural British. [5]

Ọganihu nke oge a

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George Washington Carver (1860-1943) mụrụ ụzọ ntụgharị ihe ọkụkụ na United States, na-akụziri ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ n'ebe ndịda ka ha na-atụgharị ihe ọkụkụ na-emebi ala dị ka owu nwere ihe ọkụkụ na-eme ka ala dị ka ahụekere na peas.[6]

Na Green Revolution nke etiti narị afọ nke 20, ntụgharị ihe ọkụkụ nyere ohere na mba ndị mepere emepe na omume nke ịgbakwunye kemikal na ala site na itinye fatịlaịza, na-agbakwunye (dịka ọmụmaatụ) ammonium nitrate ma ọ bụ urea na iweghachi pH ala na lime. . Omume ndị dị otú ahụ bụ iji mụbaa ihe ọkụkụ, ịkwadebe ala maka ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọkachamara, na ibelata ihe mkpofu na adịghị arụ ọrụ site n'ime ka ihe ọkụkụ dị mfe, iwe ihe ubi, na ịgba mmiri.

Nhọrọ ihe ọkụkụ

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Enwere ike ịchọta nyocha mbụ nke mmekọrịta ihe ọkụkụ n'otú ihe ọkụkụ ọ bụla si eme:

  1. Ihe na-enye aka na ihe ndị dị n'ala (SOM).
  2. Ọ na-enye maka njikwa ahụhụ.
  3. Na-achịkwa ụkọ ma ọ bụ ihe oriri gabigara ókè.
  4. Otu o si enye aka ma ọ bụ na-achịkwa mbuze ala.
  5. Ọ na-agwakọta ya na ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ iji mepụta ụmụ ngwakọta.
  6. Mmetụta ndị gbara eriri nri gburugburu na gburugburu ebe obibi.

Nhọrọ ihe ọkụkụ na-emetụtakarị ihe mgbaru ọsọ onye ọrụ ugbo na-achọ inweta site na ntụgharị, nke nwere ike ịbụ njikwa ahịhịa, na-abawanye nitrogen dị n'ime ala, na-achịkwa mbuze, ma ọ bụ na-ababawanye ọdịdị ala na biomass, ịkpọ aha ole na ole. Mgbe ị na-atụle mgbanwe nke ihe ọkụkụ, a na-ekewa ihe ọkụkụ n'ụzọ dị iche iche dabere na àgwà a na-enyocha: site na ezinụlọ, site na mkpa / uru nri, na / ma ọ bụ site na uru (ya bụ, ihe ọkụkụ ego na ihe ọkụkụ mkpuchi). Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ilekwasị anya nke ọma na ezinụlọ osisi dị mkpa iji belata ụmụ ahụhụ na pathogens. Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ ugbo nwere ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịchịkwa ntụgharị site na ịhazi usoro ma kpuchie ihe ọkụkụ gburugburu ihe ọkụkụ ego a na-achọsi ike.[7] Ihe na-esonụ bụ nkewa dị mfe dabere na ogo na ebumnuche nke ihe ọkụkụ.

Ubi ahịrị

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Ọtụtụ ihe ọkụkụ ndị dị oké mkpa maka ahịa, dị ka akwụkwọ nri, bụ ihe ọkụkụ n'ahịrị (ya bụ, ndị a kụrụ n'ahịrị siri ike).[9] Ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-abakarị uru maka ndị ọrụ ugbo, ihe ọkụkụ ndị a na-atụ ụtụ isi n'ala.[9] Ihe ubi n'ahịrị na-enwekarị biomass dị ala na mgbọrọgwụ na-emighị emi: nke a pụtara na osisi ahụ na-enye obere ihe fọdụrụ na ala gbara ya gburugburu ma nwee mmetụta dị nta na nhazi.[11] Ebe ọtụtụ n'ime ala dị n'akụkụ osisi ahụ na-ekpughere ndakpọ nke mmiri ozuzo na okporo ụzọ, ubi ndị nwere n'ahịrị a kụrụ n'ubi na-enweta ngwa ngwa ndakpọ organic site na ụmụ nje, na-ahapụ obere nri maka osisi n'ọdịnihu.[8]

N'ikwu ya n'ụzọ dị nkenke, ọ bụ ezie na ihe ọkụkụ ndị a nwere ike ịba uru maka ugbo ahụ, ha na-emebi ihe oriri. Omume mgbanwe nke ihe ọkụkụ dị iji nweta nguzozi n'etiti uru dị mkpirikpi na mmepụta ihe ogologo oge.[7]

Akwụkwọ nri

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Uru dị ukwuu nke ntụgharị ihe ọkụkụ na-abịa site na mmekọrịta nke ihe ọkụkụ na-edozi nitrogen na ihe ọkụkụ na-achọ nitrogen. Mkpụrụ ọka, dị ka alfalfa na klova, na-anakọta nitrogen dị na mbara igwe ma chekwaa ya na nodules n'usoro mgbọrọgwụ ha.[12]. Mgbe a na-egbute ihe ọkụkụ ahụ, biomass nke mgbọrọgwụ ndị a na-achịkọtabeghị na-akụrisị, na-eme ka nitrogen echekwara maka ihe ọkụkụ n'ọdịnihu.[9]

Ahịhịa na ọka

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Cereal na ahihia bụ ihe ọkụkụ na-ekpuchikarị n'ihi ọtụtụ uru ha na-enye maka ịdị mma na nhazi ala. Sistemu mgbọrọgwụ siri ike na nke dị anya na-enye ala gbara ya gburugburu n'ụzọ zuru oke ma na-enye ihe dị mkpa biomass maka ihe ndị dị n'ime ala..

Ahịhịa na ọka bụ isi na njikwa ahịhịa ka ha na osisi ndị a na-achọghị maka ohere ala na ihe oriri.

Mkpụrụ osisi na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ

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Mkpụrụ osisi na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ bụ ihe ọkụkụ a na-agwakọta n'ime ala. Enwere ike iji ma akwụkwọ nri nitrogen na ihe na-edozi ahụ, dị ka ahịhịa, mee ihe dị ka nsị akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ. Mkpụrụ osisi na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ bụ ezigbo isi iyi nke nitrogen, ọkachasị maka usoro ihe ndị dị ndụ, Otú ọ dị, ihe ndị dị n'ime akwụkwọ nri anaghị enye aka na ihe ndị dị na ala dị ka ahịhịa.[10]

Ịhazi ntụgharị

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E nwere ọtụtụ ihe a ga-eburu n'uche mgbe a na-eme atụmatụ mgbanwe nke ihe ọkụkụ. Ịhazi ntụgharị dị irè chọrọ ịtụle ọnọdụ mmepụta na-agbanwe agbanwe: ahịa, oke ugbo, ọrụ, ihu igwe, ụdị ala, usoro uto, wdg. Ọzọkwa, mgbanwe nke ihe ọkụkụ ga-atụle ọnọdụ otu ihe ọkụkụ ahụ ga-ahapụ ala maka ihe ọkụkụ na-esote na otu esi akụ otu ihe ọkpọ na ihe ọkụkụ ọzọ.[11] Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ihe ọkụkụ na-ejikọta nitrogen, dị ka legume, kwesịrị ibute nitrogen na-agwụ agwụ; n'otu aka ahụ, ihe ọkpọkọ dị ala (ya bụ, ihe ọkọnọ nwere obere biomass) kwesịrị iji ihe ọkụkụ dị elu kpuchie biomass, dị ka ngwakọta nke ahịhịa na legumes.

Enweghị njedebe na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ihe ọkụkụ nwere ike iji mee ihe na ntụgharị, ma ọ bụ oge ntụgharị na-ewe iji mezue. A na-eme mkpebi banyere ntụgharị ọtụtụ afọ tupu, oge tupu, ma ọ bụ ọbụna na nkeji ikpeazụ mgbe ohere iji mụbaa uru ma ọ bụ ọdịdị ala gosipụtara onwe ya.[7]

Mmejuputa

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Mmekọrịta ya na usoro ndị ọzọ

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Usoro ntụgharị ihe ọkụkụ nwere ike ịbawanye uru site na omume ndị ọzọ dị ka mgbakwunye anụ ụlọ na nsị, [12] na site n'ịzụ ihe karịrị otu ihe ọkụkụ n'otu oge n'ọhịa. Otu ihe ọkụkụ bụ ihe ọkụkụ a na-akụ n'onwe ya n'ọhịa. Polyculture na-agụnye ihe ọkụkụ abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa na-eto n'otu ebe n'otu oge. Enwere ike itinye mgbanwe nke ihe ọkụkụ na monocultures na polycultures, na-akpata ọtụtụ ụzọ nke ịbawanye ụdị dị iche iche nke ọrụ ugbo (tebụl). [13]

Ụdị ihe ọkụkụ dị iche iche na ohere na oge;monocultures, polycultures, na rotations [13]
Ụdị dị iche iche n'oge
Ala Dị Ala Ka Ọ dị elu
Okirikiri Ọganihu
Ebe dị iche iche
 Ala Dị Ala Monoculture, otu ụdị n'ọhịa
 Monoculture na-aga n'ihu,monocropping

 Mgbanwe nke omenala
 Usoro nke monokultures
Ka Ọ dị elu Polyculture, ụdị abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa na-agwakọta n'ọhịa

 Ịzụlite ọtụtụ ihe
Ọdịbendị dị iche iche 		Mgbanwe nke polycultures
 Usoro nke polycultures

Ntinye nke anụ ụlọ

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Iwebata anụ ụlọ na-eme ka ojiji kachasị mma nke ahịhịa dị oke egwu na mkpuchi ihe ọkụkụ; anụ ụlọ (site na nsị) nwere ike ikesa ihe na-edozi ahụ n'ihe ọkụkụ ndị a n'ala niile karịa iwepụ ihe na-esote n'ugbo site na ire hay.

Ọrụ ugbo ngwakọta ma ọ bụ omume nke ịkọ ihe ọkụkụ na itinye anụ ụlọ nwere ike inyere aka ijikwa ihe ọkụkụ n'ịgbagharị na usoro nri. Ihe ọkụkụ fọdụrụnụ na-enye nri anụmanụ, ebe ụmụ anụmanụ na-enye nsị maka ịmegharị ihe ọkụkụ na ike ịdọrọ. Usoro ndị a na-akwalite cycling nke ihe na-edozi ahụ n'ime ma belata mkpa maka fatịlaịza na nnukwu ígwè ọrụ. Dị ka uru ọzọ, ehi, atụrụ na / ma ọ bụ ewu na-enye mmiri ara ehi ma nwee ike ịrụ ọrụ dị ka ihe ọkụkụ ego n'oge nsogbu akụ na ụba.[14]

Ịzụlite Mkpụrụ Obi Dị Iche

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Usoro polyculture, dị ka interculping ma ọ bụ ịkụ osisi ibe, na-enye ọtụtụ ihe dị iche iche na mgbagwoju anya n'ime otu oge ma ọ bụ ntụgharị. Otu ihe atụ bụ Ụmụnne nwanyị Atọ, ịkụ ọka na agwa osisi na vining squash ma ọ bụ pumpkins. N'ime usoro a, agwa na-enye nitrogen; ọka na-enye nkwado maka agwa na "ihe mkpuchi" megide osisi vaịn squash; osisi vaịn na-enye okpokoro ahịhịa na-egbochi ahịhịhịa ma na-akụda mmụọ maka raccoons agụụ ọka.

Ịkụ ihe ubi ugboro abụọ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị ebe a na-akụ ihe ọkụkụ abụọ, nke a na-ejikarị ụdị dị iche iche, n'otu oge uto, ma ọ bụ ebe a na'akụ otu ihe ọkụkụ (dịka akwụkwọ nri) na-aga n'ihu na ihe ọkụkụ mkpuchi (dịka ọka wit). Nke a bara uru maka obere ugbo, nke na-enwekarị ike ịhapụ ihe ọkụkụ mkpuchi iji meju ala ruo ogologo oge, dịka ugbo buru ibu nwere ike. Mgbe a na-etinye ọtụtụ ihe ọkụkụ na obere ugbo, usoro ndị a nwere ike ịbawanye uru nke ntụgharị ihe ọkụkụ n'ihe onwunwe ala dịnụ.[7]

Ọrụ ugbo na-emepụta ihe

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Mgbanwe nke ihe ọkụkụ bụ omume achọrọ, na United States, maka ugbo na-achọ asambodo organic.[15] "Crop Rotation Practice Standard" maka National Organic Program n'okpuru U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, ngalaba §205.205, na-ekwu na   Na mgbakwunye na ibelata mkpa maka ntinye (site na ịchịkwa ihe na-egbu egbu na ahịhịa na ịbawanye ihe oriri dịnụ), ntụgharị ihe ọkụkụ na-enyere ndị na-akụ ihe ọkụkụ aka ịbawanye ọnụọgụ nke ụdị dị iche iche nke ugbo ha. Biodiversity bụkwa ihe achọrọ maka asambodo organic, Otú ọ dị, enweghị iwu iji chịkwaa ma ọ bụ mee ka ọkọlọtọ a sie ike.[8] Ịbawanye ụdị dị iche iche nke ihe ọkụkụ nwere mmetụta bara uru na gburugburu ebe obibi ma nwee ike ịnabata ụdị dị ichelekana nke anụmanụ, ụmụ ahụhụ, [8] na microorganisms bara uru n'ime ala [8] dịka McDaniel et al 2014 na Lori et al 2017 chọpụtara. [16] Nnyocha ụfọdụ na-egosi mmụba nke ihe oriri sitere na ntụgharị ihe ọkụkụ n'okpuru usoro ihe ọkụkụ ma e jiri ya tụnyere omume ndị a na-ahụkarị dịka omume ihe ọkụkụ nwere ike ọ gaghị egbochi ụmụ irighiri ihe bara uru n'ime ala.[17]

Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ ihe ọkụkụ na intercropping na-erite uru site n'ọtụtụ n'ime otu ụkpụrụ ahụ dị ka ntụgharị ihe ọkụkụ, ha anaghị emezu ihe achọrọ n'okpuru NOP.

Uru

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Ndị ọkà mmụta ọrụ ugbo na-akọwa uru ndị a na-enweta na ihe ọkụkụ na-agbanwe agbanwe dị ka "The Rotation Effect". E nwere ọtụtụ uru nke usoro ntụgharị. Ihe ndị metụtara mmụba ahụ bụ n'ozuzu n'ihi mbelata nke ihe ndị na-adịghị mma nke usoro monoculture. N'ụzọ doro anya, nri na-edozi ahụ ka mma; nje, pathogen, na mbelata nrụgide ahịhịa; na ọdịdị ala ka mma achọtala n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ iji jikọta ya na mmetụta ntụgharị bara uru.

Uru ndị ọzọ gụnyere mbelata mmepụta ego. Ihe ize ndụ ego niile na-ekesa n'ọtụtụ ebe na mmepụta ihe ọkụkụ na / ma ọ bụ anụ ụlọ dị iche iche. A na-etinye obere ịdabere na ntinye zụrụ ma ka oge na-aga, ihe ọkụkụ nwere ike ịnọgide na-enwe ebumnuche mmepụta na ntinye ole na ole. Nke a na-agbakọta na mmepụta dị mkpirikpi na ogologo oge na-eme ka ntụgharị bụrụ ngwá ọrụ dị ike maka imeziwanye usoro ọrụ ugbo.

Ihe ndị dị n'ala

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Ojiji nke ụdị dị iche iche na ntụgharị na-enye ohere maka mmụba nke ala organic matter (SOM), nnukwu ọdịdị ala, na imeziwanye gburugburu ala kemịkal na nke ndụ maka ihe ọkụkụ. Site na SOM ndị ọzọ, mmiri na-abanye na njigide na-akawanye mma, na-enye mmụba nke nnagide ụkọ mmiri ozuzo na mbelata erosion.

Ihe ndị dị n'ala bụ ngwakọta nke ihe na-emebi emebi site na biomass na microorganisms na-arụ ọrụ. Mgbanwe nke ihe ọkụkụ, site na okike, na-eme ka ihe ndị dị ndụ site na ahịhịa, nsị ahịhịhịa ndụ, na ihe mkpofu osisi ndị ọzọ dị iche iche. Mbelata mkpa maka Ịkụ ugbo siri ike n'okpuru ntụgharị ihe ọkụkụ na-enye ohere ijikọta biomass iji mee ka ihe na-edozi ahụ dịkwuo mma ma jiri ya mee ihe, na-ebelata mkpa maka ihe na-eduga na ya. Site n'ịkụ ugbo, mmebi na oxidation nke ala na-emepụta gburugburu ebe obibi na-adịchaghị mma maka ịdị iche iche na mmụba nke microorganisms n'ime ala. Microorganisms ndị a bụ ihe na-eme ka ihe na-edozi ahụ dị na osisi. Ya mere, ebe ala "na-arụ ọrụ" bụ isi ihe na-eme ka ala na-emepụta ihe, ala nwere obere ọrụ microbial na-enye obere ihe oriri maka osisi; nke a bụ eziokwu n'agbanyeghị na ọnụọgụ nke biomass fọdụrụ n'ime ala nwere ike ịbụ otu.

Microorganisms nke ala na-ebelata ọrụ pathogen na pest site na asọmpi. Na mgbakwunye, osisi na-emepụta mgbọrọgwụ na kemịkal ndị ọzọ nke na-emetụta gburugburu ala ha yana gburugburu ahịhịa ha. N'ụzọ dị otú a, ntụgharị na-enye ohere mmụba nke ihe oriri site na nnweta nri ma na-ebelata allelopathy na gburugburu ebe obibi ahịhịa asọmpi.[18]

Ichebe carbon

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Mgbanwe nke ihe ọkụkụ na-eme ka carbon organic nke ala (SOC) dịkwuo ukwuu, isi ihe mejupụtara ihe ọkụkụ nke ala.[19] Carbon, tinyere hydrogen na oxygen, bụ macronutrient maka osisi. Mgbanwe dịgasị iche iche nke na-agafe ogologo oge egosila na ọ dị irè karị n'ịbawanye SOC, ebe nsogbu ala (dịka site na ịkọ ugbo) na-akpata mbelata dị ukwuu na ọkwa SOC.[19] Na Brazil, a na-egosi ntụgharị gaa na usoro ndị a na-ejikọta ya na ntụgharị ihe ọkụkụ siri ike na ọnụọgụ nchedo SOC nke 0.41 tọn kwa hekta kwa afọ.

Na mgbakwunye na ịkwalite mmepụta ihe ọkụkụ, njide nke carbon ikuku nwere nnukwu mmetụta n'ibelata ọnụego Mgbanwe ihu igwe site na iwepu carbon dioxide na ikuku.

Ntinye nitrogen

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Rotations nwere ike ịgbakwunye ihe na-edozi ahụ n'ala. Legumes, osisi nke ezinụlọ Fabaceae, nwere nodules na mgbọrọgwụ ha nke nwere nje bacteria na-ejikọta nitrogen a na-akpọ rhizobia. N'oge usoro a na-akpọ nodulation, nje bacteria rhizobia na-eji ihe oriri na mmiri nke osisi ahụ nyere iji gbanwee nitrogen ikuku ka ọ bụrụ ammonia, nke a na-agbanwe ka ọ bụrụ ihe dị ndụ nke osisi ahụ nwere ike iji dị ka isi iyi nitrogen ya.[20] Ya mere, ọ bụ ihe ezi uche dị na ya n'ọrụ ugbo iji gbanwee ha na ọka (ezinụlọ Poaceae) na osisi ndị ọzọ chọrọ nitrates. Ọnụ ọgụgụ nitrogen ole e mere ka osisi ndị ahụ nwee dabere na ihe ndị dị ka ụdị legume, ịdị irè nke nje bacteria rhizobia, ọnọdụ ala, na nnweta nke ihe ndị dị mkpa maka nri osisi.[21]

Pathogen na njikwa nje

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A na-ejikwa ntụgharị ihe ọkụkụ iji chịkwaa ụmụ ahụhụ na ọrịa ndị nwere ike ịghọ n'ala ka oge na-aga. Mgbanwe nke ihe ọkụkụ n'usoro na-ebelata ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụmụ ahụhụ site na (1) ịkwụsị usoro ndụ ụmụ ahụhụ na (2) ịkwụsị ebe obibi ụmụ ahụhụ.[7] Osisi ndị dị n'otu Ezinụlọ taxonomic na-enwekarị nje na pathogens yiri ya. Site n'ịgbanwe ihe ọkụkụ mgbe niile ma mee ka ala bụrụ nke ihe ọkụkụ kpuchiri kama ịda ala, enwere ike imebi ma ọ bụ belata usoro nje, ọkachasị usoro ndị na-erite uru site na oge oyi na ihe fọdụrụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, nematode mgbọrọgwụ bụ nnukwu nsogbu maka osisi ụfọdụ na ihu igwe na ala ájá, ebe ọ na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-ewulite ruo n'ókè dị elu n'ime ala, ma nwee ike imebi mmepụta osisi nke ukwuu site na ịkwụsị mgbasa nke mgbọrọgwụ osisi. Ịzụlite ihe ọkụkụ nke na-abụghị onye na-elekọta nematode mgbọrọgwụ maka otu oge na-ebelata ọkwa nke nematode n'ime ala, si otú a na-eme ka o kwe omume ịzụlite ihe ọkpọ na-emetụta ya n'oge na-esote n'enweghị mkpa ala Fumigation.

Ụkpụrụ a bara uru karịsịa n'ọrụ ugbo, ebe a ga-enweta Nchịkwa ahụhụ na-enweghị ọgwụ ahụhụ.[12]

Nchịkwa ahịhịa

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Ijikọta ihe ọkụkụ ụfọdụ, ọkachasị ihe ọkụkụ na-ekpuchi, n'ime mgbanwe ihe ọkụkụ bara uru karịsịa maka njikwa ahịhịa. Ihe ọkụkụ ndị a na-eme ka ahịhịa na-apụ n'anya site na asọmpi. Na mgbakwunye, ahịhịa na compost sitere na ihe ọkụkụ na-ekpuchi na nsị na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na-ebelata uto nke ihe ahịhịhịa ka nwere ike ime ya n'ime ala, na-enye ihe ọkụkụ uru asọmpi. Site n'ibelata uto na mmụba nke ahịhịa mgbe a na-akụ ihe ọkụkụ, ndị ọrụ ugbo na-ebelata ọnụnọ nke ahịhi maka ihe ọkụkụ n'ọdịnihu, gụnyere ihe ọkụkụ na-adịghị omimi na nke na-eguzogide ahịhịhịa. Ya mere, a na-ewere ihe ọkụkụ ndị a na-ekpuchi ekpuchi dị ka ihe ọkụkụ na-echekwa n'ihi na ha na-echebe ala na-adịghị mma ka ahịhịa ghara ịba ụba.

Usoro a nwere uru karịa omume ndị ọzọ a na-ahụkarị maka nlekọta ahịhịa, dị ka Ịkụ ugbo. Ebumnuche igbu osisi bụ iji gbochie uto nke ahịhịa site n'ịtụgharị ala; Otú ọ dị, nke a nwere mmetụta na-egbochi ikpughe mkpụrụ ahịhịhịa nke nwere ike ili ma lie mkpụrụ osisi bara uru. N'okpuru ntụgharị ihe ọkụkụ, a na-ebelata ọnụ ọgụgụ mkpụrụ dị ndụ n'ime ala site na mbelata nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ahịhịa.

Na mgbakwunye na mmetụta ọjọọ ha na ogo ihe ọkụkụ na ihe ọkụkụ, ahịhịa nwere ike ibelata usoro owuwe ihe ubi. Ahịhịa na-eme ka ndị ọrụ ugbo ghara ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma mgbe ha na-ewe ihe ubi, n'ihi na ahịhịa dị ka bindweeds, na knotgrass, nwere ike ịghọ aghụghọ n'ime ngwá ọrụ ahụ, na-akpata ụdị owuwe ihe ubi na-akwụsị ma na-aga.[22]

Mbelata mbuze ala

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Mgbanwe nke ihe ọkụkụ nwere ike belata oke ala furu efu site na mbuze mmiri. N'ebe ndị na-enwekarị mbuze, enwere ike itinye usoro nchịkwa ugbo dịka efu na mbelata ugbo na usoro ntụgharị ihe ọkụkụ ụfọdụ iji belata mmetụta mmiri ozuzo, nkwụsị nke sediment, mbugharị sediment, mmiri na-agbapụta n'elu, na ọnwụ ala.[23]

A na-eme ka nchebe megide ọnwụ ala dịkwuo elu site na usoro ntụgharị nke na-ahapụ nnukwu ahịhịa ahịhịhịa (ihe fọdụrụnụ mgbe owuwe ihe ubi gasịrị) n'elu ala. Ihe mkpuchi na-emetụta ala na-ebelata erosion site na mmiri site na ibelata ọsọ ọsọ nke ala, ike iyi, yana ikike nke mmiri ịpụ na ibufe sediment.[24] Mgbasa ala na akara na-egbochi mmebi na ịpụ nke mkpokọta ala nke na-eme ka macropores gbochie, infiltration belata, na runoff mụbaa.[25] Nke a na-eme ka ala dịkwuo mma mgbe ọ na-emetụta oge erosion na nrụgide.

Mgbe ihe ọkụkụ a na-eri eri na-agbaji, a na-emepụta ihe ndị na-ejikọta ihe na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe na-arapara n'ala, nke na-eme ka ụmụ irighiri ihe na-agbakọta ọnụ, ma mepụta ihe mkpokọta.[26] Ọdịdị nke mkpokọta ala dị mkpa maka nchịkwa erosion, ebe ọ bụ na ha nwere ike iguzogide mmetụta mmiri ozuzo, na erosion mmiri. Mgbakọta ala na-ebelata mbuze nke ifufe, n'ihi na ha bụ nnukwu ihe, ma na-eguzogide abrasion site na omume ugbo.[27]

Mmetụta nke ntụgharị ihe ọkụkụ na njikwa mbuze dịgasị iche site na ihu igwe. N'ógbè ndị dị n'okpuru ọnọdụ ihu igwe na-adịgide adịgide, ebe a na-eche na mmiri ozuzo na okpomọkụ kwa afọ, ntụgharị ihe ọkụkụ siri ike nwere ike ịmepụta uto osisi zuru ezu na mkpuchi ala. N'ógbè ebe ọnọdụ ihu igwe na-adịchaghị mma, na oge mmiri ozuzo na ụkọ mmiri ozuzo a na-atụghị anya ya nwere ike ime, ụzọ dị mfe maka mkpuchi ala site na ntụgharị ihe ọkụkụ dị mkpa. Usoro owuwe ihe ubi ohere na-akwalite mkpuchi ala zuru oke n'okpuru ọnọdụ ihu igwe ndị a na-agbanwe agbanwe.[28] N'ime usoro owuwe ihe ubi ohere, a na-akụ ihe ọkụkụ mgbe mmiri ala zuru ezu ma nwee windo ịgha mkpụrụ a pụrụ ịdabere na ya. Ụdị usoro ihe ọkụkụ a nwere ike imepụta ala ka mma karịa ntụgharị ihe ọkụkụ siri ike n'ihi na a na-akụ ihe ọkụkụ naanị n'okpuru ọnọdụ kachasị mma, ebe a na-akpụghị usoro siri ike n"ọnọdụ kachasị mma.[29]

Mgbanwe nke ihe ọkụkụ na-emetụtakwa oge na ogologo nke mgbe ubi na-ada.[30] Nke a dị ezigbo mkpa n'ihi na dabere na ihu igwe nke otu mpaghara, ubi nwere ike ịbụ nke kachasị ike maka mbuze mgbe ọ dị n'okpuru ala. Nchịkwa ọdịda dị irè bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke ibelata mbuze na usoro ntụgharị ihe ọkụkụ. Zero ugbo bụ usoro nchịkwa dị mkpa nke na-akwalite njigide ihe ọkụkụ n'okpuru nkwụsịtụ a na-akwadoghị mgbe enweghị ike ịkụ ihe ọkụkụ.[28] Omume nchịkwa dị otú ahụ nke na-aga nke ọma n'ịnọgide na-ekpuchi ala kwesịrị ekwesị n'ebe ndị dị n'okpuru ala ga-emecha belata ọnwụ ala. N'ime nnyocha e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya nke were afọ iri, a chọpụtara na ihe ọkụkụ a na-ahụkarị n'oge oyi mgbe owuwe ihe ubi poteto dị ka fall rye nwere ike belata ala na-agbapụta site na 43%, nke a bụkwa ala kachasị edozi ahụ.[31]

Ụdị dị iche iche

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Ịbawanye ụdị dị iche iche nke ihe ọkụkụ nwere mmetụta bara uru na gburugburu ebe obibi ma nwee ike ịnabata ụdị dị ichelekana nke anụmanụ, ụmụ ahụhụ, na microorganisms bara uru n'ime ala dị ka McDaniel et al 2014 na Lori et al 2017 hụrụ.] Nnyocha ụfọdụ na-egosi mmụba nke ihe oriri sitere na ntụgharị ihe ọkụkụ n'okpuru usoro ihe ọkụkụ ma e jiri ya tụnyere omume ndị a ma ama dịka omume ihe ọkụkụ nwere ike ọ gaghị egbochi nje ndị bara uru na ihe ọkụkụ, dị ka arbuscular mycorrhizae, nke na-eme ka ihe oriri dị n'ime osisi.[17] Ịbawanye ụdị dị iche iche nke ihe ndị dị ndụ na-emekwa ka usoro agro-ecological dịkwuo mma.

Mmepụta ugbo

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Mgbanwe nke ihe ọkụkụ na-enye aka n'ịbawanye ihe ọkụkụ site na imeziwanye nri na-edozi ahụ. Site n'ịchọ ịkụ na owuwe ihe ubi dị iche iche n'oge dị iche iche, enwere ike ịkọ ala karịa na otu igwe na ọrụ.

Nchịkwa ihe ize ndụ

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Ihe ọkụkụ dị iche iche na ntụgharị nwere ike belata ihe ize ndụ nke ihu igwe ọjọọ maka onye ọrụ ugbo n'otu n'otu.[32][33]

Ihe ịma aka

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Ọ bụ ezie na ntụgharị ihe ọkụkụ chọrọ atụmatụ dị ukwuu, nhọrọ ihe ọkụkụ ga-emeghachi omume na ọtụtụ ọnọdụ a na-ejighị n'aka (ụdị ala, ọdịdị ala, ihu igwe, na ịgba mmiri) na mgbakwunye na ọnọdụ ndị nwere ike ịgbanwe n'ụzọ dị egwu site n'afọ gaa na nke ọzọ (oge, ahịa, ọrụ). [7] N'ụzọ dị otú a, ọ bụ ihe amamihe na-adịghị na ya ịhazi ihe ọkụkụ ọtụtụ afọ tupu oge eruo. Mmejuputa na-ezighi ezi nke atụmatụ ntụgharị ihe ọkụkụ nwere ike iduga na enweghị nkwụsi ike na ihe na-edozi ahụ n'ala ma ọ bụ mkpokọta nke pathogens na-emetụta ihe ọkụkụ dị oke egwu.[7] Nsonaazụ nke ntụgharị na-ezighị ezi nwere ike iwe ọtụtụ afọ iji pụta ìhè ọbụna nye ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị nwere ahụmahụ n'ala ma nwee ike iwe ogologo oge iji dozie.[7]

E nwere ọtụtụ ihe ịma aka n'ime omume ndị metụtara mgbanwe ihe ọkụkụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, nsị na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ sitere na legumes nwere ike iduga na mwakpo nke snails ma ọ bụ slugs na ire ure site na nsị na ya nwere ike igbochi uto nke ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ mgbe ụfọdụ.[9]

Hụkwa

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  • Agroecology
  • Okirikiri carbon
  • Ịkpa anụ a na-agbanwe agbanwe
  • Mgbukpọ nke ala

Ebem si dee

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  1. ↑ jan 1, 6000 BC – Crop Rotation (Timeline). time.graphics. Archived from the original on 23 September 2019. Retrieved on 23 September 2019.
  2. ↑ What Is Crop Rotation?. WorldAtlas (25 April 2017). Retrieved on 25 January 2019.
  3. ↑ Needham (1984). Science and Civilization in China 6-2. 
  4. ↑ Lienhard (2023). No. 26: Three-Field Crop Rotation. University of Houston. Retrieved on 31 December 2023.
  5. ↑ Norfolk four-course system. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved on 31 May 2017.
  6. ↑ "George Washington Carver's contributions to agriculture in the U.S.", 4-H Global & Cultural Education, 13 February 2019. Retrieved on 19 April 2024. (in en-us)
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 Johnson, Sue Ellen (2009). Crop Rotation on Organic Farms: A Planning Manual, NRAES 177. Ithaca, NY: National Resource, Agriculture, and Engineering Services (NRAES). ISBN 978-1-933395-21-0.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "johnson2009" defined multiple times with different content
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Àtụ:Cite report
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Green Manures. Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved on 4 May 2016. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "RHS" defined multiple times with different content
  10. ↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named lamb2010
  11. ↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named bailey1907
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Gegner, Lance (August 2004). Organic Crop Production Overview. National Center for Appropriate Technology. Archived from the original on 15 November 2011. Retrieved on 4 May 2016.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Ecological Theories, Meta-Analysis, and the Benefits of Monocultures. Center for Sustaining Agriculture and Natural Resources, Washington State University. Retrieved on 2015-09-18.
  14. ↑ Powell, J. M. (1993). "An overview of mixed farming systems in sub-Saharan Africa". Livestock and Sustainable Nutrient Cycling in Mixed Farming Systems of Sub-Saharan Africa: Proceedings of an International Conference, International Livestock Centre for Africa (ILCA) 2: 21–36. 
  15. ↑ §205.205 Crop rotation practice standard. CODE OF FEDERAL REGULATIONS. Retrieved on 4 May 2016.
  16. ↑ Saleem (2 November 2019). "More Than the Sum of Its Parts: Microbiome Biodiversity as a Driver of Plant Growth and Soil Health". Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 50 (1): 145–168. DOI:10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110617-062605. ISSN 1543-592X. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Mäder, Paul (2000). "Arbuscular mycorrhizae in a long-term field trial comparing low-input (organic, biological) and high-input (conventional) farming systems in a crop rotation". Biology and Fertility of Soils 31 (2): 150–156. DOI:10.1007/s003740050638.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "mader2000" defined multiple times with different content
  18. ↑ Bowles (20 March 2020). "Long-Term Evidence Shows that Crop-Rotation Diversification Increases Agricultural Resilience to Adverse Growing Conditions in North America". One Earth 2 (3): 284–293. DOI:10.1016/j.oneear.2020.02.007. ISSN 2590-3322. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Triberti, Loretta (2016). "Long-term effects of crop rotation, manure fertilization on carbon sequestration and soil fertility". European Journal of Agronomy 74: 47–55. DOI:10.1016/j.eja.2015.11.024. 
  20. ↑ Loynachan (1 December 2016). Nitrogen Fixation by Forage Legumes. Iowa State University. Department of Agrology. Archived from the original on 3 May 2013. Retrieved on 1 December 2016.
  21. ↑ Adjei (1 December 2016). Nitrogen Fixation and Inoculation of Forage Legumes. Forage Beef. University of Florida. Archived from the original on 2 December 2016. Retrieved on 1 December 2016.
  22. ↑ Davies (March 2007). Weed Control in Potatoes. British Potato Council. Archived from the original on 19 October 2016. Retrieved on 1 December 2016.
  23. ↑ Unger (1980). "Conservation Tillage Systems". Advances in Agronomy 33: 2–53. DOI:10.1016/s0065-2113(08)60163-7. 
  24. ↑ Rose CW, Freebairn DM. "A mathematical model of soil erosion and deposition processes with application to field data".
  25. ↑ Loch (1994). "Measurement of Aggregate Breakdown under rain: comparison with tests of water stability and relationships with field measurements of infiltration". Australian Journal of Soil Research 32 (4): 701–720. DOI:10.1071/sr9940701. 
  26. ↑ Forages in Rotation. Saskatchewan Soil Conservation Association (2016). Archived from the original on 2 December 2016. Retrieved on 1 December 2016.
  27. ↑ Aggregate Stability. Natural Resources Conservation Centre (2011). Retrieved on 1 December 2016.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Carroll (1997). "The effect of crop type, crop rotation, and tillage practice on runoff and soil loss on a Vertisol in central Queensland". Soil Research 35 (4). DOI:10.1071/S96017. ISSN 1838-675X.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Carroll Halpin Burger Bell 1997" defined multiple times with different content
  29. ↑ Littleboy, M. (1989). "PERFECT. A computer simulation model of Productive Erosion Runoff Functions to Evaluate Conservation Techniques". Queensland Department of Primary Industries. Bulletin QB89005. 
  30. ↑ Huang (2003). "Water use efficiency and sustainability of different long-term crop rotation systems in the Loess Plateau of China". Soil and Tillage Research 72 (1): 95–104. DOI:10.1016/S0167-1987(03)00065-5. 
  31. ↑ Walker. "Cover crops have major role to play in soil health", peicanada.com. Retrieved on 1 December 2016.
  32. ↑ Crop Rotation – A Vital Component of Organic Farming (15 June 2016).
  33. ↑ Yamoah (April 1998). "Weather and Management Impact on Crop Yield Variability in Rotations" (in en). Journal of Production Agriculture 11 (2): 219–225. DOI:10.2134/jpa1998.0219. Retrieved on 9 November 2022. 
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