Wikipedia

Lillian Thomas Fox

Lillian May Parker Thomas Fox (Nọvemba 1854 - Ọgọst 29, 1917) bụ onye nta akụkọ Afrika Amerika, Nwanyị klọb, ọkà okwu ihu ọha, na onye na-eme ihe omume obodo na Indiana" Indianapolis, Indiana, onye ghọrọ onye a ma ama na 1880s na 1890s dị ka onye edemede maka Indianapolis Freeman, akwụkwọ akụkọ ojii nke mba. N'afọ 1900, Fox sonyeere Indianapolis News, na-aghọ onye edemede Afrika Amerika mbụ na-ede akwụkwọ maka akwụkwọ akụkọ ọcha na Indiana. A nabatara ya na Indiana Ụlọ Nzukọ nke ama ama n'afọ 2014.

Fox jiri edemede ya, ikwu okwu n'ihu ọha, na nkà nhazi siri ike iji kwalite ebumnuche na ọdịmma nke ọtụtụ òtù na obodo ndị isi ojii nke Indianapolis. N'afọ 1903, Fox na Beulah Wright Porter guzobere Otu ọgbakọ nkwalite ụmụ nwanyị nke Indianapolis. Fox bụkwa onye ndú nke otu guzobere Indiana State Federation of Colored Women's Clubs na 1904. Fox kwadokwara maka imeziwanye ahụike ọha na eze na nlekọta maka ndị na-arịa ụkwara nta na obodo ndị isi ojii nke Indianapolis. O tinyekwara aka na òtù mba, dị ka National Afro-Amerikan Council, Indianapolis Anti-Lynching League, na National Association of Colored Women's Clubs, n'etiti ndị ọzọ.

Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ

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A mụrụ ya na Nọvemba 1854 na Chicago, Illinois, Fox tolitere na Oshkosh, Wisconsin. Nne na nna ya bụ Jane Janette (Johnson), onye nkuzi, na Reverend Byrd Parker, onye ụkọchukwu na Quinn Afrikan Methodist Episcopal Church. Reverend Parker nwụrụ na 1860. Mgbe nne ya di ya nwụrụ lụrụ Robert E. Thomas, onye na akpụ isi na Oshkosh. O nwere ma ọ dịkarịa ala ụmụnne abụọ. Obere ihe ka a maara banyere nwanne ya nwoke nke okenye; nwanne ya nwoke bụ Charles T. Thomas . [1] Nne ya na nwanne ya nwoke nke obere nwụrụ n'ọrịa ụkwara nta n'ime ụbọchị abụọ nke ibe ha na Jenụwarị 1894.[2][3]

Thomas mụtara ịgụ na ide n'oge ọ bụ nwata, wee gaa ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha na Oshkosh, Wisconsin. Mgbe ya na nne ya kwagara Indianapolis, Indiana, na 1880s, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Indiana-Boston School of Elocution na Indianapolis Institute for Young Ladies. . [4][5]

Alụmdi na nwunye na ezinụlọ

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Na July 31, 1872, ọ lụrụ Wm. R. James na Oshkosh, Wisconsin.[6] Ọ mụrụ nwa ya nwanyị Maud n'otu afọ ahụ. Ka ọ na erule 1880, Lillian kewapụrụ onwe ya na Wm. James ọ bụ ezie na ọ nọgidere na enwe aha nna ya. Ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ nke 1880 depụtara Lillian M. James dị ka onyeisi ezinụlọ ya na Oshkosh, Wisconsin, na Maud (afọ 7) n'ụlọ akwụkwọ. Ịgba alụkwaghịm ya na Wm. E dekọrọ R. James na Oshkosh Northwestern na Septemba 10, 1880. [7]

Alụmdi na nwunye nke abụọ nke Lillian bụ Charles M. Thomas, a kọkwara ya na Machị 30, 1881, na Kwa izu Wisconsin . [8] Dị ka asambodo alụmdi na nwunye si kwuo, Charles M. Thomas bụ onye na akpụ isi na Augusta, Wisconsin; a mụrụ ya na Goldenville, Virginia. Nne Lillian bụ Jane na nwanne ya nwanyị bụ Dora bụ ndị akaebe nke alụmdi na nwunye ahụ.[9]

Lillian na nwa ya nwanyị Maud (Maudie) kwagara Indianapolis na 1885, dịkwa ka nne Lillian bụ Jane. N'oge na-adịghị anya ka nke ahụ gasịrị, Lillian rịọrọ Charles M. Thomas ka ọ gbaa alụkwaghịm. Ụlọikpe ahụ kwadoro ịgba alụkwaghịm ahụ na 1889, dị ka a kọrọ na February 13, 1889, na Indianapolis Journa. [10]

Na November 1889, ada Lillian nwụrụ n'ihi ụkwara nta. Akụkọ ahụ dị na The Freeman kwuru, sị: “Miss Maudie Thomas, bụ́ otu nwa nwanyị Oriakụ Lillian Thomas, nwụrụ n'ihi oriri na Mọnde gara aga.".[11]

Mgbe nwa ya nwanyị nwụsịrị, Lillian Thomas ga-aga n'ihu ibi ndụ ọha na eze. Ọ họrọkwara idebe nkọwa gbasara alụmdi na nwunye mbụ ya na nwa ya nwanyị bụ́ Maudie, ebe ọ bụ na ọ dịghị nke ọ bụla n'ime ihe ndị a nke ndụ ya etinyere n'akwụkwọ akụkọ ndụ ya.

Alụmdi na nwunye nke atọ nke Lillian Thomas bụ James E. Fox. Ha lụrụ na Mee 25, 1893, n'ụlọ ya na Indianapolis. Fox bụ onye ahịa na onye na akwa ákwà na Pensacola, Florida, onye kwagara Indianapolis wee mepee ụlọ ahịa na Indiana Avenue. Thomas kwụsịrị ịrụ ọrụ n'èzí ụlọ mgbe ọ lụsịrị di, mana ọ nọgidere na ekwu okwu n'ihu ọha. Di na nwunye ahụ enweghị ụmụ. Mgbe di na nwunye ahụ kewara na ọnwụ James na 1898, Lillian maliteghachiri ọrụ ya dị ka onye nta akụkọ. Ọ ghọkwara onye na arụsi ọrụ ike na klọb ndị isi ojii nke Indianapolis. [3] [12][13]

Ọrụ

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Fox malitere ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-ekwu okwu n'ihu ọha na onye na-ede akwụkwọ n'onwe ya, mana ọ ghọrọ onye a ma ama n'afọ 1880 na 1890 dị ka onye ndú obodo na onye nta akụkọ maka Indianapolis Freeman, akwụkwọ akụkọ ojii na eduga n'oge ahụ. N'afọ 1900, Fox sonyeere Indianapolis News, na-aghọ onye edemede ojii mbụ na steeti ahụ na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ maka akwụkwọ akụkọ ọcha. Fox bụkwa onye na-arụsi ọrụ ike na klọb ndị isi ojii nke Indianapolis. Ọ bụ onye guzobere ya na Beulah Wright Porter nke Otu ọgbakọ nkwalite ụmụ nwanyị nke Indianapolis na 1903. Fox duziri otu nke guzobere Indiana State Federation of Colored Women's Clubs na 1904. [5][14] Ọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike karịsịa dị ka onye na-akwado imeziwanye ohere maka ahụike ọha na eze na inweta nlekọta ka mma maka ndị na-arịa ụkwara nta na obodo ndị isi ojii nke Indianapolis.[12][15]

Afọ ndị mbụ

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Mgbe Fox kwagara Indianapolis na 1885, ọ nwetara ego dị ka Onye na-akwa ákwà mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye edemede na-arụ onwe ya maka akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị isi ojii. N'afọ 1891, ọ gafere Ule ịbanye n'ọrụ gọọmentị, nke mere ka ọ ruo eruo maka ọrụ odeakwụkwọ, mana kama ọ chụpụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nta akụkọ, ọkà okwu ọha na eze, na onye na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na Indianapolis.[16]

Onye nta akụkọ na ọkà okwu n'ihu ọha

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Na Septemba 1891, Indianapolis Freeman were Fox n'ọrụ dị ka onye na enyere onye nchịkọta akụkọ aka. Ọ gara n'ihu na-ede akwụkwọ maka akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ ruo 1893.[4][5] Na Onye nnwere onwe, ebe ọ bụ naanị nwanyị nọ na ndị nchịkọta akụkọ, ihe odide ya kwadoro ụzọ Booker T. Washington si eme ọganihu akụ na ụba ndị isi ojii.   [citation needed] Fox gbara arụkwaghịm na akwụkwọ akụkọ mgbe ọ lụrụ di, mana ọ nọgidere na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ọkà okwu ihu ọha. Ọ bụkwa onye otu Betel Afrikan Methodist Episcopal Church, yana òtù ndị ọzọ na obodo ndị isi ojii nke Indianapolis. Mgbe di na nwunye ahụ kewara ma di ya nwụọ na 1898, Fox maliteghachiri ọrụ ya dị ka onye nta akụkọ.[14]

N'afọ 1900, mgbe Fox kwuru okwu na nzukọ Afro-Amerikan Njikọ ndị nta akụkọ na-eme kwa afọ na Indianapolis n'isiokwu nke ụmụ nwanyị na akwụkwọ akụkọ, Indianapolis News were ya n'ọrụ dị ka onye nta akụkọ.[12] Fox ghọrọ onye Afrịka Amerịka mbụ na-ede akụkọ mgbe niile maka akwụkwọ akụkọ ọcha na Indiana. Ruo afọ iri na ise, Fox dere kọlụm kwa izu banyere ọrụ nke ndị isi ojii nọ n'ógbè ahụ. O jikwa ọnọdụ ya dị ka onye nta akụkọ kwado ma gbaa mbọ iji kwalite atụmatụ nke ọtụtụ òtù ndị isi ojii.[5]

Akụkụ nke Fox na Indianapolis News, nke a kpọrọ "News of the Colored Folk," malitere na 1900 ruo 1915, mana o deghị ya n'okpuru aha. Akụkụ ya kpuchiri ihe omume ndị dị n'ógbè ndị isi ojii na isiokwu banyere ndị ikom na ndị inyom ojii, yana akụkọ banyere ihe omume ndị isi ojii nke mba.[17] Site na akụkọ ya mgbe niile, Fox kesara ozi metụtara ihe gbasara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya yana mbọ nkwado iji kwalite ahụike, nri nri, nlekọta nne, nlekọta ụmụaka, na nlekọta ndị agadi maka ndị bi Indianapolis..[12][3]

Nwanyị na-agba bọọlụ

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Fox ghọrọ ọkà okwu a ma ama na onye na-elekọta mmadụ. Ọ tọrọ ntọala Women's Improvement Club nke Indianapolis na Indiana State Federation of Colored Women's Clubs, yana itinye aka na ọtụtụ òtù mba..[18] Fox bụ onye nnọchi anya steeti na kọmitii ntụziaka nke National Afro-American Council, onye otu Indianapolis Anti-Lynching League, ma na-arụsi ọrụ ike na National Association of Colored Women's Clubs, n'etiti ndị ọzọ.[3][5]

Na Disemba 1895, a kpọrọ Fox ka ọ kwuo okwu na Atlanta Congress of Colored Women, nzukọ nke ndị inyom ojii. Ebumnobi nke ọgbakọ ahụ bụ ịgba n'ịgba n'otu n'otu na-ahazi otu klọb ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka gburugburu obodo ahụ.[14] Fox malitere inwe mmasị itinye echiche ahụ n'ọrụ na Indianapolis n'ihi nzukọ ahụ. N'afọ 1903, mgbe ọ gara nzukọ nke Njikọ Mba nke Klọb ndị inyom nwere agba na Detroit, Fox na Beulah Wright Porter guzobere Women's Improvement Klọb maka ụmụ nwanyị Afrịka Amerịka na Indianapolis.[12][19]

Ewubere ọgbakọ nkwalite nwanyị nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii a ma ama dị ka otu agụmagụ. O nyere ndị otu ya ohere ikwupụta onwe ha na imeziwanye agụmakwụkwọ ha, yana inye nkwado na agbamume. Ihe mgbaru ọsọ klọb n'oge na-adịghị anya gbasaa gụnyere ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na nkwado nke agha n'oge Agha Ụwa Mbụ. Klọb mmelite ụmụ nwanyị ahụ na-arụsi ọrụ ike ma mara nke ọma maka ọrụ ịnakọta ego iji nweta nlekọta ahụike maka ndị ọrịa ụkwara nta na obodo ndị isi ojii, yana enyemaka maka ndị ogbenye bi na ya. [19][20] Dị ka akụkụ nke mgbalị enyemaka ya, klọb ahụ guzobere Oak Hill Camp, otu n'ime ogige ikuku dị ọcha mbụ n'èzí maka ndị ọrịa ụkwara nta na mba ahụ.[12][21]

N'afọ 1904, Fox duuru otu ụmụ nwanyị tọrọ ntọala Indiana State Federation of Colored Women's Clubs, otu ụlọ ọgbakọ ụmụ nwanyị ojii iri na anọ na steeti ahụ..[12][5] Fox jere ozi na mbụ dị ka onye nhazi steeti ma nọgide na-abụ onye isi ala nsọpụrụ ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 1917.[22][23]

Na mgbakwunye na mmemme ya na klọb ụmụ nwanyị ime obodo, Fox na-arụsi ọrụ ike dị ka onye na-ekwu okwu n'aha ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na okpukperechi, yana onye ndu na otu obodo ndị ọzọ. Fox bụ onye otu akwụkwọ edemede nke Ụka Bethel AME, Betel Christian Endeavor Society, Alpha Home Association, na onye nlekọta na ụlọ ọgwụ Sisters of Charity dị na Indianapolis..[5][21]

Afọ ndị sochirinụ

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N'ịbụ onye na-ata ahụhụ n'ihi adịghị ahụ ụzọ na-arịa ọrịa n'ozuzu ya, Fox lara ezumike na Indianapolis News na 1914. N'ịbụ onye na-enweghị ike ịnọgide na-ede ihe, ọ lara ezumike nká na News na 1915.. [5][24]

Ọnwụ na ihe nketa

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Fox nwere ọrịa strok n'Ọgọst 1917 wee nwụọ n'ihi nkụchi obi n'ụlọ enyi ya na Indianapolis.[25] E liri Fox na Crown Hill Cemetery na Indianapolis.[12][24]

Mgbe ọnwụ ya gasịrị, Indianapolis Freeman kọwara Fox dị ka "onye na-eche echiche mbụ" na onye na-akwado maka ikpe ziri ezi nke ọha..[26] Ọrụ ya na Indianapolis News dị ka onye nta akụkọ Amerika mbụ na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ mgbe niile n'otu akwụkwọ akụkọ ọcha nke steeti na-eduga ndị nta akụkọ ojii ndị ọzọ..[22]

Na mgbakwunye na edemede ya, a maara Fox maka ikwu okwu n'ihu ọha na nkà nhazi siri ike, nke o ji kwalite ebumnuche na ọdịmma nke ọtụtụ òtù na obodo ndị isi ojii. Mmasị ya pụrụ iche na ụkwara nta na nlekọta ahụike maka ndị isi ojii gara n'ihu mgbe ọ nwụsịrị site na Otu ọgbakọ nkwalite ụmụ nwanyị na ndị ọzọ Fox na ha rụkọtara ọrụ, dị ka Indianapolis Flower Mission Hospital, Flanner House Ụlọ ọgwụ ụkwara nta, na ụmụnna nwanyị nke ụlọ ọgwụ Charity.[5][27]

Nsọpụrụ na onyinye

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A kpọbatara Fox ka ọ banye n'ụlọ nzukọ akụkọ akụkọ Indiana na 2014. [28]

Mgbanwe na Ihe ndekọ gara aga

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Nnyocha e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya kpughere na ọ dịkarịa ala otu n'ime foto ndị a na-ejikọta na Lillian Thomas Fox na-abụghị ya n'ezie.[29] O doghịkwa anya, ma eleghị anya, ọ bụrụ na foto agbakwunyere na Library of Congress bụ n'ezie ya..

 
E jikọtara onyinyo a na Lillian Thomas Fox, mana ọ bụ n'ezie foto nke nwanyị dị iche. Lillian J.B. Thomas bụ onye na-ede stenograph na Lexington, Kentucky. Ọ pụtara na ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ nke 1900 dị ka "Recorder of Fact". E bipụtara onyinyo a n'akwụkwọ 1905, The Colored American From Slavery to Honest Citizenship .
 
The Library of Congress na-echekwa foto a. Ọ bụ ihe a na-enyo enyo ma foto ahụ bụ Lillian Thomas Fox n'ezie. Maka otu, ọ bụrụ na ụbọchị nke 1890 ziri ezi, Lillian Thomas Fox gaara anọ n'etiti afọ iri atọ ya n'oge ahụ. Nwanyị nọ n'ihe oyiyi ahụ yiri ka ọ dị obere karịa nke ahụ.

Ihe edeturu

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  1. ↑ Earline Ray Ferguson, "Lillian Thomas Fox: Indianapolis Journalist and Community Leader" in (2007) in Wilma L. Gibbs: Indiana's African-American Heritage: Essays from Black History News and Notes, 2nd, Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society Press, 140. ISBN 978-0-87195-099-4. 
  2. ↑ Earline Rae Ferguson (May 1987). "Lillian Thomas Fox: Indianapolis Journalist and Community Leader". Black History News and Notes 28. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Earline Rae Ferguson (September 1988). "The Woman's Improvement Club of Indianapolis: Black Women Pioneers in Tuberculosis Work, 1903–1938". Indiana Magazine of History 84 (3). Retrieved on 2018-03-15.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "IMH240" defined multiple times with different content
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Ferguson, "Lillian Thomas Fox," in Indiana's African American Heritage, p. 142.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 "Lillian Thomas Fox," in (1994) in David J. Bodenhamer and Robert G. Barrows: The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-31222-1. Retrieved on 2018-03-15.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "BB597" defined multiple times with different content
  6. ↑ Their marriage is recorded in Winnebago County Index to Marriage Records, volume 2, page 218.
  7. ↑ "County Court," Oshkosh Northwestern, September 10, 1880.
  8. ↑ "Married," Weekly Wisconsin, March 30, 1881.
  9. ↑ Eau Claire County Index to Marriage Records, volume 1 page 422.
  10. ↑ "Circuit Court," Indianapolis Journal, February 13, 1889.
  11. ↑ "Local News," The Freeman, November 30, 1889.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7 Gugin and St. Clair, eds.
  13. ↑ Ferguson, "Lillian Thomas Fox," in Indiana's African American Heritage, pp. 142–43, 145.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Ferguson, "Lillian Thomas Fox," in Indiana's African American Heritage, p. 143.
  15. ↑ Moment of Indiana History - Indiana Public Media, Above And Beyond: Lillian Thomas Fox & Beulah Wright Porter. WFIU Public Radio. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved on 2015-07-20.
  16. ↑ Ferguson, "Lillian Thomas Fox," in Indiana's African American Heritage, pp. 141–42.
  17. ↑ Ferguson, "Lillian Thomas Fox," in Indiana's African American Heritage, pp. 145–46.
  18. ↑ Julie Slaymaker. Lillian Thomas Fox. Indiana Journalism Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on 2015-07-10. Retrieved on 2015-07-20.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Darlene Clark Hine (1981). When the Truth is Told: A History of Black Women's Culture and Community in Indiana, 1875–1950. Indianapolis, Indiana: National Council of Negro Women. OCLC 7808788.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Hine36" defined multiple times with different content
  20. ↑ Ferguson, "The Woman's Improvement Club of Indianapolis," pp. 238, 244–45.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Ferguson, "The Woman's Improvement Club of Indianapolis," pp. 250–52.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Ferguson, "Lillian Thomas Fox," in Indiana's African American Heritage, pp. 142–46.
  23. ↑ Hine, pp. 55–56.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Ferguson, "Lillian Thomas Fox," in Indiana's African American Heritage, p. 146.
  25. ↑ Mitchell. Lillian Thomas Fox was a journalist and champion for her race (en-US). The Indianapolis Star. Retrieved on 2020-06-06.
  26. ↑ Ferguson, "Lillian Thomas Fox," in Indiana's African American Heritage, p. 147.
  27. ↑ Ferguson, "The Woman's Improvement Club of Indianapolis," pp. 243, 257–58, 260.
  28. ↑ "6 selected for Indiana Journalism Hall of Fame". The Washington Times. Retrieved on 2015-07-20. 
  29. ↑ Streeter (2020). "Breathing Power and Poise: Black Women's Movements for Self-Expression and Health, 1880s–1900s". Australasian Journal of American Studies 39 (1): 5–46. ISSN 1838-9554. 

Edensibia

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  • "6 selected for Indiana Journalism Hall of Fame". The Washington Times. Retrieved on 2015-07-20. 
  • Bodenhamer, David J., and Robert G. Barrows, eds. (1994). The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-31222-1. 
  • Ferguson, Earline Rae, "Lillian Thomas Fox: Indianapolis Journalist and Community Leader" na Gibbs, Wilma L., dezigharịrị. (2007) in Gibbs, Wilma L.: Indiana's African-American Heritage: Essays from Black History News and Notes, 2nd, Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society Press, 139–50. ISBN 978-0-87195-099-4. (2007). Indiana's African-American Heritage: Essays from Black History News and Notes (2nd ed.).  Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society Press. peeji nke 139-50.  ISBN <bdi>978-0-87195-099-4</bdi>. 
  • Ferguson, Earline Rae (May 1987). "Lillian Thomas Fox: Indianapolis Journalist and Community Leader". Black History News and Notes 28: 4–6. 
  • Ferguson, Earline Rae (September 1988). "The Woman's Improvement Club of Indianapolis: Black Women Pioneers in Tuberculosis Work, 1903–1938". Indiana Magazine of History 84 (3): 237–61. Retrieved on 2018-03-15. 
  • Gugin, Linda C., and James E. St. Clair, eds. (2015). Indiana's 200: The People Who Shaped the Hoosier State. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society Press, 125–27. ISBN 978-0-87195-387-2. 
  • Hine, Darlene Clark (1981). When the Truth is Told: A History of Black Women's Culture and Community in Indiana, 1875–1950. Indianapolis, Indiana: National Council of Negro Women. OCLC 7808788. 
  • Slaymaker, Julie. Lillian Thomas Fox. Indiana Journalism Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on 2015-07-10. Retrieved on 2015-07-20.
  • [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Ike iku ume na ịdị nro: Black Women's Movements for Self-Expression and Health, 1880s-1900s," Australasian Journal of American Studies 39 (1): 5-46.
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