Kujargé
A na asụ Asụsụ Kujargé n'obodo nta asaa dị n'ebe ndị mụrụ Chad dị nso na Jebel Mirra ( 22°15′E / 11.750°N 22.250°E / 11. 750; 22.250), na n'obodo ndị gbasasịrị n'ụdị ala Wadi Salih na Wadi Azum na Darfur, Sudan. A na-eme iwe na ọ nwere ihe dị ka ndị ọkà okwu 1000 (as of 1983).
| Kujargé | ||
|---|---|---|
| Spoken in: | Chad[1] | |
| Region: | Jebel Mirra | |
| Total speakers: | 1,000 | |
| Language family: | Afro-Asiatic? (unclassified) Kujargé | |
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639-1: | none | |
| ISO 639-2: | — | |
| ISO 639-3: | vkj | |
Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga
dezie[2][3] Kujarge (nke a na-akpọkwa Kujarke) sitere na okwu Sudanese Arabic كجور (kujur, "onye dibịa afa"), n'ihi aha ọma Kujarke maka ime amoosu n'etiti Ndị Sinyar.
A kọrọ na ndị na-ekwu okwu na-ebi ndụ site na ịchụ nta na nchịkọta n'ihi ihu igwe, ala, na mmiri na-adịghị akwụsi ike nke mpaghara Dar Fongoro bụ ihe na-adịghị mma maka ọrụ ugbo na ịzụ anụmanụ. Mmanụ aṅụ [4] otu n'ime nri ha na-enweta site na ịchụ nta.
Ndị Kujarge na-akpọ onwe ha Kujartenin Debiya. Daju-Galfigé gbara ha gburugburu n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ, Sinyar n'ebe ugwu, na Fur-Dalinga, Fongoro, Formono, na Runga n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ na ndịda. [3]'akụkọ ihe mere eme, ndị Daju sultan chịrị ha, ma eleghị anya ha bụ ndị ohu nke Daju.
[3], Lebeuf (1959) na-akọ na Daju Nyala na-ezo aka na Darfur Birgid dị ka Kajarge.
Nchịkọta
dezieKujarge abụghị nke nzuzo. A maara ya naanị site na Ndepụta okwu 200 nke Doornbos (1981). [3] Ndị [5] gụnyere okwu Chadic, mana ọnụọgụ dị ala na nnọchiaha yiri nke na abụghị nke Chadic. [6] (2008) na ekwu na ọtụtụ n'ime okwu ndị bụ isi na ele anya Cushitic, ma na eche na Kujarge nwere ike ịbụ ọbụna asụsụ na agbanwe agbanwe n'etiti Chadic na Cushittic.
Paul Newman kewara asụsụ ahụ dị ka onye otu Mubi nke Chadic; Otú ọ dị, Lionel Bender kwuru na nhazi ya ejighị n'aka. [5] nwere ike ịbụ na e nwere mgbagwoju anya na Birgit, asụsụ Mubi dị nso nke a na-akpọkwa Kujarge; mgbe egosiri Newman ndepụta okwu 200 na 2006, ọ gaghị ekwe nkwa na ọ bụ Chadic.
mgbakwunye, o yiri ka e nwere ọtụtụ okwu nke a na mọra dị ka Afro-Asiatic; ikiri ike na ọ bụ ịhụnanya nke Chadic na Cushitic wepụrụ n'ụzọ dị ukwuu.
Blažek (2013) na-ekwu na ọ ga-egosi na Kujarge bụ Asụsụ East Chadic.
Akwụkwọ na ọnọdụ
dezieN'afọ 1981, onye Dutch anthropologist Paul Doornbos mgbakọ awa 4-5 na enweta ndepụta okwu ndị bụ isi nke Kujarke site n'aka nna na nwa (Arbab Yahia Basi, na akpa Ndundra, onye dị afọ 35 na 1981) na Ro Fatá , nso Foro Boranga, Darfur. Okwu 100 mbụ sitere n'aka nna onye na enye ihe, onye ọnọdụ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ntĩ chiri ma nwee obere ihe enyemaka Arabic, ebe okwu 100 nke abụọ sitere n'onye isi na enye ya, onye nwere ike ịgwa ikekọta ya. Kujarke na Daju na Fur. E mekwara ihe nke ọnụ ọnụ ahụ na Fur site n'onye nke onye nchọpụta Doornbos 'Fur. Ha abụọ ekweghị na ihe ndị Kujarke na akpali akpali, na eduga Doornbos na enwe obi abụọ izi ezi nke ndepụta ahụ. Doornbos ekwukwa na n'afọ 1981, Kujarke nwere ike ịbụ ụbọchị na anwụ anwụ na ndị na-asụ ya ole na ole, ọ bụ ihe na ọnụ ọgụgụ ha nwere ike ịgafe 1,000 mmadụ na 1981. [3]
Nna na nwa nwoke ekwetaghị na akwụkwọ nke ndị Kujarke. Dị ka nwa ahụ si kwuo, ndị Kujarke biri na mbụ n'ugwu ndị dị n'ebe ọmụmụ nke Wadi Azum, ya bụ Jebel Kulli, Jebel Toya, Jebel Kunjaro, Jebel Turabu, Jebel Oromba, na Jebel Kire. Ka oge na aga, a manyere ha adiga Chad n'oge ndị isi Fur. Otú ọ dị [3] dị, nna ahụ kwuru na ala nna mbụ nke Kujarke dị na Chad.
N'ihi agha na Darfur, ọtụtụ ndị Kujarke nwere ike ibi ugbu a n'ogige ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ na mpaghara Goz Beida na Dar Sila nke ọwụwa anyanwụ Chad. Otú ọ dị, gọọmentị ọ bụla ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ enyemaka mba ọzọ edebeghị Kujarke dị ka otu dị iche. N'ihi ya, Kujarke nwere ike ime onwe ya ka ọ bụrụ Daju ma ọ bụ Fur. Oge mbụ a mbụ Kujarke aha n'ime ihe ọmụmụ afọ 25 bụ mgbe onye France na ịmụ ụmụ ụmụ Jerome Tubiana gbara onye isi obodo Daju ọnụ na Tiero. Onye isi Tiero kwuru na ndịJanjaweed gbara obodo Kujarke ọkụ n'ala n'afọ 2007 n'oge mkpọsa mkpocha agbụrụ megide ndị Daju. [4] dịghị ihe ọzọ a maara banyere ọnọdụ ndị Kujarke ugbu a.
Agbụrụ
dezieNdị Kujarke biri nso na ndị Sinyar, Daju, na ndị Fur. Ọ bụ ezie na ndị Kujarke na abụkarị ndị na alụ di na nwunye, [3] ndị ikom Sinyar nwekwara ike ịlụ ụmụ nwanyị Kujarke, dịka Kijaar bụ aha otu n'ime agbụrụ 18 nke Sinyar. Ezinụlọ Kijaar [4] nso na mpaghara Kujarke nke Jebel Mirra karịa ndị ọzọ niile nke Sinyar.
Ndị Kujarke abụghị ndị Alakụba [4] na-ekpe okpukpe nzuzo nke a na-edeghị aha ya, dịka ndị Kujarke ga-eduga ndị ọbịa na mpụga obodo ha mgbe ọ bụla ha chọrọ ime ekpere ha.
Ọmụmụ ụdaolu
dezieN'ikpe site na otu ndepụta okwu dịnụ, ụdaume yiri ka ọ bụ:
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ihe omuma | b | t d | ɟ | k ɡ |
| Ihe ndị na-eme ka mmadụ nwee obi ụtọ | ɓ | ka | ||
| plosives ndị e mere ka ha bụrụ ndị a ma ama | mb | nd | ɲɟ | ŋɡ |
| Ihe na-egbu egbu | f | s | ʃ | |
| Ndị na-aga n'ihu | w | l | j | |
| Ụgbọ imi | m | n | ɲ | ŋ |
| Ihe omuma | r |
A na-agba akaebe ụyọkọ ụdaume ole na ole; ha niile yiri ka ha na-emetụta r + ụdaume ma ọ bụ gemination (ọ gwụla ma a ga-ahụ nkwụsịtụ ndị a na-ahụ anya dị ka ụyọkọ).
Mkpụrụedemede eji edepụta otu ndepụta okwu ahụ bụ: a, e, i, o, u, ʌ, ɛ, ɔ. [ɔ] bụghị ihe doro anya ma ihe ndị a niile dị iche iche; [ʌ] na [ɔ], karịsịa, dị ụkọ.
Asụsụ
dezieNdị nnọchiaha gụnyere annu "M", non "ị (sg.) ". Ndị nnọchiaha unu ajụ ajụjụ gụnyere ŋgayna "gịnị?", ye "onye?". Ihe ngosi gụnyere agu "nke a".
ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a gụnyere:
- Kirre
- kurro
- Ugo
Hụkwa
dezie- Ndepụta okwu Kujarge (Wiktionary)
Ihe odide
dezie- ↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namede18 - ↑ Kujarge in Chad. Joshua Project. Retrieved on 27 September 2019.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 Doornbos, Paul; Paul Whitehouse (ed). 2005. Kujarge field notes. (Unpublished 1981 field notes of Paul Doornbos transcribed by Paul Whitehouse in 2005)
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Blažek (2015). "On the position of Kujarke within Chadic". Folia Orientalia 52. ISSN 0015-5675.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Harald Hammarström, 2010, 'The status of the least documented language families in the world'. In Language Documentation & Conservation, v 4, p 183
- ↑ Roger Blench, 2008. 'Links between Cushitic, Omotic, Chadic and the position of Kujarge'. (ms)
- Blažek, Václav. 2013. Ndepụta okwu Kujarge na Chadic (Afroasiatic) cognates. Na: Henry Tourneux (ed.), Topics in Chadic Linguistics VII, Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe.
- Doornbos, Paul & M. Lionel Bender. 1983. "Asụsụ nke Wadai-Darfur", na ed. M. Lionel Bender, Nilo-Saharan Language Studies, African Studies Center, Michigan State University.