Julieta Gandra
Julieta Gandra (1917-2007) bụ dọkịta Portuguese nke ndị ọchịchị Portuguese tụrụ mkpọrọ maka ịkwado nnwere onwe Angola. Ọ bụ "Onye Mkpọrọ nke Afọ" nke Amnesty International n'afọ 1964.
Julieta Gandra | |
|---|---|
| Usòrò:JulietaGandra1.jpg | |
| Born | Maria Julieta Guimarães Gandra 16 September 1917 |
| Died | 8 October 2007 (aged 90) Lisbon |
| Nationality | Portuguese |
| Occupation | Physician and gynaecologist |
| Known for | Amnesty International’s “Prisoner of Conscience of the Year”, 1964 |
Oge ọ malitere
dezieA mụrụ Maria Julieta Guimarães Gandra na Oliveira de Azeméis nso Porto na Portugal na 16 Septemba 1917, nwa Mário Gandra na Aurora Rocha Guimarãas Gandra. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ụmụ anọ. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Medicine na Lisbon. Mgbe ọ nọ na mahadum, ọ zutere Ernesto Cochat Osório, onye Angola. Di na nwunye ahụ lụrụ, mụọ nwa nwoke, Miguel, ma n'etiti afọ 1940 hapụrụ Portugal gaa n'ógbè ya, Angola. [1] [2][3]
Angola
dezieNa Luanda, isi obodo Angola, Julieta Gandra rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ọrịa ụmụ nwanyị. O nwere ọfịs n'etiti obodo ahụ, ebe ọ na-agakwuru ụmụ nwanyị nke ndị ọcha Portuguese na-achị, ma na-agakwa, maka ego, ụmụ nwanyị Angola n'ọfịs dị ala n'ógbè ndị dara ogbenye nke obodo ahụ. N'ihe gbasara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, ya na ọtụtụ ndị Angolan nwere ọgụgụ isi bụ ndị gara n'ihu guzobe People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), dịka Agostinho Neto, Lúcio Lara na Paulo Teixeira Jorge. N'oge mkpọsa onye isi ala Portugal nke afọ 1958, na nnọkọ iji kwado onye ndú mmegide Humberto Delgado, ọ gwara, na mbido okwu ya, "ndị nne ojii". [1] [3]
A na-ebo ya ebubo na ọ na-agba izu megide nchekwa mpụga Portugal, na ọ bụ onye otu Portuguese Communist Party, na-enye MPLA ego na ịkpọ onye otu MPLA oriri, e jidere ya n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 1959 ma tinye ya n'ụlọ ọgwụ ndị isi mgbaka mgbe ọ na-echere ikpe. E kpere ya ikpe, ya na ndị ọzọ a na-ebo ebubo, n'ihe bụ ikpe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mbụ nke ndị mba Angola ma bụrụ ndị a maara dị ka "usoro nke '50s", maka inwe ebumnuche nke "kewapụ, site na ime ihe ike ma ọ bụ iwu na-akwadoghị, ókèala Angola na ala nna". Enweghị ihe akaebe e nyere ya ma ekweghị ka onye ọka iwu ya hapụ Lisbon iji gbachitere ya na Luanda. Na mbụ, a mara ya ikpe ịga mkpọrọ otu afọ mana a mụbara nke a ruo afọ atọ mgbe Gọọmentị rịọrọ arịrịọ.[1][2][3][4][5][6]
Mgbe Gandra nọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, otu nwanyị Portuguese dị ime ọnwa isii gara n'ọfịs nke PIDE (International and State Defence Police) wee chọọ ka a hapụ Gandra ka ọ gaa n'ihu na-enyere ya aka. Ndị ọchịchị mechara kwe ka nke a, na-enye ya ohere ileta ụlọ nne maka ọmụmụ, ya na ndị nche. Mgbe akụkọ pụtara na nke a emeela, ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ chọrọ otu nkwado ahụ, ebe Gandra bụ naanị dọkịta na-ahụ maka ọrịa ụmụ nwanyị na Angola n'oge ahụ. N'ihi ya, e nyere ya ohere ịhapụ ụlọ mkpọrọ n'ọtụtụ oge iji nyere aka na ọmụmụ.[2][3][4][6]
Mkpọrọ n'Ụlọ Mkpọrọ na Lisbon
dezieGandra rịọrọ akwụkwọ mkpọrọ afọ atọ ya ma zighachi ya na Lisbon maka ikpe ahụ, bụ́ nke mere ka a mụbaa mkpọrọ ya ruo afọ anọ. Ọ nọrọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ Caxias. N'oge a, a mara ọkwa na ọ bụ "Mkpọrọ nke akọ na uche nke afọ", 1964 site Amnesty International.[7] Dị ka Amnesty International si kwuo, "ọ gaghị ekwe omume ịchọta ihe atụ ka mma nke mmadụ, onye, na-etinye onwe ya n'ọrụ udo ma ọ dịghị mgbe ọ na-eme ma ọ bụ na-agbachitere iji ime ihe ike eme ihe, nọ n'okpuru obi ọjọọ nke steeti maka echiche na nkwenye ya". Amnesty International siri ọnwụ na ọ ga-enyocha ọnọdụ nke njide ya na ahụike ya ma tinye nrụgide na gọọmentị Estado Novo.[2][3]
Ịtọhapụ ya na ndụ ya
dezieSite na nkwado iwu sitere n'aka onye isi ala Portugal n'ọdịnihu, Mário Soares, a tọhapụrụ ya na July 1965 wee biri na Lisbon, na-arụ ọrụ dị ka dọkịta na Rua Manuel da Maia na, ruo oge ụfọdụ, na-ewe Aida Paula, onye ya na ya na-ekekọrịta otu ụlọ mkpọrọ. n'ụlọ mkpọrọ Caxias. Ọ ghọrọ onye ọsụ ụzọ n'ịkwalite ọgwụ mgbochi ọnụ na Portugal, na-arụ ụka na ụmụ nwanyị nwere ikike inwe agụụ mmekọahụ n'enwetaghị ntaramahụhụ site n'ịtụrụ ime. Nke a mere ka ndị ọchịchị na-enyo ya enyo ọzọ. N'otu aka ahụ, n'oge na-adịghị anya, ụlọ ya ghọrọ ebe nzukọ maka ndị na-emegide ọchịchị colonial. Ndị uwe ojii nzuzo na-enyocha ya mgbe niile ma enwere akụkọ na otu ụbọchị Gandra ji ọtụtụ ịzụ ahịa lọta n'ụlọ wee mee ka onye ọrụ ahụ kwenye n'èzí ọnụ ụzọ ya ka o buru ya gaa n'ụlọ elu nke anọ ya. Site na 1970, onye ọchịchị Kọmunist nke ọ nọworo nso n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, Fernanda de Paiva Tomás, binyere ya. [1] [3][6][8]
Mgbe Mgbanwe nke Carnation nke 25 Eprel 1974 kwaturu ọchịchị Estado Novo, ụlọ Gandra bụ ebe nzukọ nke mbụ mere iji hazie ihe ngosi mbụ mgbochi colonial na Lisbon. Ọ nọkwa na mbinye aka nke Agreement Alvor nke nyere Angola nnwere onwe na Portugal. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ laghachiri Angola, ya na Fernanda Tomás, iji kwado maka Ọrụ Ahụ Ike Mba nke Angola kwụụrụ onwe ya. Otú ọ dị, mbelata ahụ́ ike ya, bụ́ nke edema akpa ume kpatara, manyere ya ịlaghachi Portugal, na 1977.[1] [2] [3][6]
Julieta Gandra nwụrụ na 8 Ọktoba 2007, mgbe ọ dị afọ 90.
Ihe odide
dezie- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Maria Julieta Guimarães Gandra. Memorial aos presos e perseguidos políticos. Retrieved on 12 November 2020. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Memorial" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Maria. Julieta Gandra. Adelinotorres, ISEG, Lisbon. Retrieved on 12 November 2020. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "ISEG" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 Almeida. Julieta Gandra. Público. Retrieved on 13 November 2020. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Publico" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 4.0 4.1 Fifer. JULIETA GANDRA, 1917-2007. Pensar e falar Angola. Retrieved on 12 November 2020. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Fifer" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ (23 October 2008) "Julieta Gandra, 1917-2007" (in pt). Lusotopie 15 (2): 291–293. DOI:10.1163/17683084-01502033. ISSN 1768-3084. Retrieved on 12 November 2020.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Pato. Julieta Grando. Jornal Tornado. Retrieved on 13 November 2020. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Tornado" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Amnesty International Annual Report, 1964-65. Amnesty International. Retrieved on 12 November 2020.
- ↑ Andringa. Julieta Gandra. Caminhos da Memória. Retrieved on 13 November 2020.