Ikpe Luanda

Ikpe Luanda bụ ikpe e mere na Luanda, Angola, na June n'afọ 1976 n'oge Agha Obodo Angola . A mara ndị mercenaries iri na atọ nke ọdịda anyanwụ ikpe ma ọ bụ ogologo oge n'ụlọ mkpọrọ ma ọ bụ ogbugbu site na ndị na-agba égbè.

Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga

Angola enwetala nnwere onwe ya site na Portugal na 11 November 1975, mana obodo ọhụrụ ahụ mikpuru ozugbo n'ime agha obodo nwere akụkụ atọ. Ndị Soviet Union na Cuba kwadoro Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Ntọhapụ nke Angola (MPLA), ebe United States na ụfọdụ ndị ha na ya jikọrọ aka kwadoro National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA) na National Union for the Total Independence of Angola. UNITA).

Ndị agha MPLA jidere ndị agha iri na atọ na-alụ ọgụ maka FNLA – British itoolu, ndị America atọ na otu Irish - n'etiti ọnwa Febụwarị 1976.[1] Na Mee 26 ka ndị People's Revolutionary Court gbara ha akwụkwọ na Luanda. E boro ndị ikom ahụ ebubo ịrụ ọrụ dị ka ndị agha n’agha, mpụ agha, na mpụ megidere udo.[1][2]

Gọọmenti MPLA kpọrọ otu ndị na-ekiri mba ofesi ka ha bịa n'ikpe a. Ndị a gụnyere Jack Dromey, onye ọrụ otu ndị ahịa Britain nke mechara bụrụ onye omeiwu Labour Party, na Stephen Sedley, onye mechara bụrụ onye ọka ikpe UK High Court.[3]

Ikpe

Ikpe a mere site na 11 ruo 16 June. E nwere ndị ikpe ise. Onye isi oche onye ọka ikpe bụ Ernesto Teixeira da Silva, Attorney General nke Angola.[1] Ndị ọka ikpe ndị ọzọ bụ Director nke Television Angolan, ndị ọrụ agha abụọ na onye otu National Council of Women na Angola.[1] Mkpebi ikpe mara bụ nkwubi okwu mbụ; tupu ikpe a amalitela, Luis de Almeida, onye isi mgbasa ozi na nchekwa, kwuru na ndị a na-azara ọnụ bụ ndị ikpe mara na naanị ihe dị mkpa ka a chọpụta bụ ntaramahụhụ ole ha ga-enweta.[1] Edere ahịrịokwu ndị a na 28 June 1976:[1]

Ọnwụ site na ndị na-agba égbè:

Costas Georgiou (nke a na-akpọ "Colonel Tony Callan"), 24 (Cyprus/UK)
Andrew Gordon McKenzie, 25 (UK)
John Derek Barker, 34 (UK)
Daniel Francis Gearhart, 34 (US)

Afọ iri atọ a tụrụ mkpọrọ:

Michael Douglas Wiseman (UK)
Kevin John Marchant (UK)
James George Butler (UK)
Gustavo Marcelo Grillo, 27 (Argentina/US)

Afọ iri abụọ na anọ a tụrụ mkpọrọ:

John Lawlor (UK)
Colin Evans (UK)
Cecil Martin "Satch" Fortuin (South Africa/UK)

Afọ iri na isii a tụrụ mkpọrọ:

John Nammock (UK)
Gary Martin Acker, 21 (US)
Malcolm McIntyre (UK)

Ụfọdụ n’ime mkpebi ikpe ka a tụrụ anya, ọkachasị gbasara Callan; otu n'ime ndị ọrụ ibe ya kọwara ya dị ka "onye ogbu mmadụ, onye ji oge dị ukwuu na-egbu ndị ojii naanị maka ntụrụndụ".[1] Otú ọ dị, Gearhart rutere Angola nanị ụbọchị ole na ole tupu e jide ya; ndị ọka iwu na-agbachitere nyere ihe akaebe na ọ dịtụbeghị mgbe ọ gbara ogbunigwe, ma eleghị anya o sonyeghịkwa na ọgụ. Acker, onye bụbu onye ụgbọ mmiri, agbagbuola ya n'ụkwụ wee kpụrụ ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ n'ihi ọgụ mbụ o nwere n'ime ụbọchị ise ka ọ bịarutere obodo ahụ.[4] Onye isi ala Britain James Callaghan, Queen Elizabeth II, Onye isi ala Gerald Ford, na odeakwụkwọ nke steeti Henry Kissinger rịọrọ ka Onye isi ala Angola Agostinho Neto meere ụmụ nwoke ebere.[2][5] Agbanyeghị, Neto jụrụ itinye aka.[6]

"Mercenarism, ngwá ọrụ nke atụmatụ ime ihe ike nke imperialism ... ihe otiti nke kọntinent Afrịka na nnukwu egwu maka udo, nnwere onwe na nnwere onwe nke ndị mmadụ. Ọ dị mkpa ka a chụpụ omume nke mercenarism otu ugboro na maka mmadụ niile site na mbara ala anyị. Ọ dị ngwa na steeti niile na ndị na-ahụ udo n'anya na-etinye ikpe ziri ezi n'ọrụ ọ bụghị naanị n'aha ndị anyị nwụrụ n'ihi okwukwe kamakwa maka ọdịmma nke ndị mercenalism ọhụrụ nke Namibia, Zimbabwe na ndị ụwa niile dị njikere megide ha. "

Ndị uwe ojii MPLA gburu ndị ikom anọ a mara ikpe na 10 Julaị 1976. ^[1] Dị ka ndị Britain bụbu ndị na-akwụ ụgwọ Chris Dempster na Dave Tomkins si kwuo, ọ bụ naanị McKenzie ka e gburu ozugbo. Callan na Gearhart nwụrụ site na coup de grâce, ebe Barker, onye na-emerụghị ahụ ma o doro anya na ọ tụbọrọ, gbara ya égbè mgbe ọ tetara mgbe a na-ewepụ 'ahụ' ya n'elu ihe ndina.^[2]

Ihe si na ya pụta

A tọhapụrụ ndị America abụọ fọdụrụnụ, Grillo na Acker, na Nọvemba 1982 na mgbanwe ndị mkpọrọ nke Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ọchịchị United States rụrụ. ^[3] A tọhapụrụ ndị mkpọrọ Britain na Febụwarị 1984 mgbe ụlọ ọrụ British Foreign Office kwurịtara okwu. ^[4]

Hụkwa

Ndị na-akwụ ụgwọ n'agha obodo Angola

Ihe edeturu

Ihe ndị e dere n'akwụkwọ

↑ Hoover (1977). "The Laws of War and the Angolan Trial of Mercenaries: Death to the Dogs of War". Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law 9 (2).
↑ Dempster (1980). Fire Power. London: St Martin's Press. ISBN 9780312291150.
↑ "3 Held by Angola Return to U.S.", The New York Times, November 18, 1982.
↑ Angola. British mercenaries released after 8 years. Associated Press Archive.

Akwụkwọ

Burchett, Wilfred na Roebuck, Derek. Ndị akwụna nke Agha: Ndị akwụna Taa
[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Ndị agha nke ọdachi CNN Interactive
[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Na-achọ ndị iro: Akụkọ CIA
- Cohen Jr., Sylvester, Review of In Search of Enemies: A CIA story, The Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 17, Nke 2 (June 1979), peeji nke 342-344

Njikọ mpụga

Akụkọ BBC na Luanda Trial BBC N'ụbọchị a 11 June.
Ajụjụ ọnụ Dave Tomkins, onye bụbu onye agha
Angola: Death for War Oge, Time magazine, July 12, 1976 (a chọrọ ndebanye aha)

[Hoover-1] Hoover (1977). "The Laws of War and the Angolan Trial of Mercenaries: Death to the Dogs of War". Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law 9 (2).

[2] Dempster (1980). Fire Power. London: St Martin's Press. ISBN 9780312291150.

[3] "3 Held by Angola Return to U.S.", The New York Times, November 18, 1982.

[4] Angola. British mercenaries released after 8 years. Associated Press Archive.

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