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Iji osisi eme ihe na Naịjirịa

Iji osisi mmanụ eme ihe na Naijiria (n'aka ọzọ, iji nkụ eme ihe na Nigeria) bụ isi iyi ike sitere na ịcha na ọkụ ihe osisi dịka osisi na alaka; ọ dịla anya n'etiti ndị ime obodo na mgbe ụfọdụ ndị bi n'obodo mepere emepe. Na Naijiria, dị ka ọ dị n'ọtụtụ mba ndị ọzọ na-emepe emepe, akụkụ dị ukwuu nke ndị mmadụ enweghị ohere ọzọ maka ike ọkụ ọgbara ọhụrụ. N'ihi ya, ha na-adabere kpamkpam na mmanụ ọkụ biomass ọdịnala dị ka mkpofu ihe ọkụkụ na osisi iji mezuo ihe ndị bụ isi ike ha chọrọ, karịsịa maka ebumnuche isi nri ụlọ na azụmahịa. Ndabere a n'osisi mmanụ ụgbọala nwere ihe ọ pụtara maka igbutu osisi, ebe ọ bụ na a na-egbutu osisi na-adịghị adịgide adịgide maka mmanụ ọkụ na-enye aka na mbibi nke ọhịa na mfu nke ụdị ndụ dị iche iche. Ọchịchọ oke mmanụ ọkụ na etinye nnukwu nrụgide n'ihe ndị dị n'oké ọhịa, na eduga n'ibelata oke ọhịa na imebi usoro gburugburu ebe obibi siri ike. Ọzọkwa, igbukpọsị osisi na eme ka mgbanwe ihu igwe ka njọ site n'ịhapụ carbon dioxide, gas na ekpo ọkụ, n'ime ikuku.

Nkụ ọkụ

Ojiji e ji osisi mee ihe

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Akara nkụ / nkụ

A na enwetakarị osisi mmanụ ọkụ n'ụdị dị iche iche. A na erekarị osisi gbara gburugburu maka ebumnuche ụlọ, gụnyere n'ụlọ ahịa na ọkụ mepere emepe. N'aka nke ọzọ, a na ejikarị osisi ndị gbawara agbawa maka mkpa azụmahịa na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe. N'ime ime obodo, a naghị ere obere alaka na ihe ndị dị mkpa mana a na ejikarị eme mmanụ, ma ọ bụ ọnụ ala ma ọ bụ nweta n'efu. Ịmepụta osisi mmanụ ụgbọala na-achọkarị itinye ego ego ole na ole, yana ngwá ọrụ ndị dị ka anyụike ma ọ bụ mma bụ isi ihe a chọrọ. N'ọnọdụ ebe ọ dị mkpa iweta osisi buru ibu, enwere ike iji ụzọ dị ka mgbanaka mgbanaka ma ọ bụ ịgba ọkụ n'okpuru ala igbu osisi, na-ekwe ka ha kpoo tupu ejiri ya. Ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ ugbo na-ele osisi mmanụ ọkụ anya dị ka akụ dị ngwa ngwa nke na-adịghị achọ azụmahịa ego ọ bụla, na adaberekarị na ngwá ọrụ ugbo ha dị ugbu a maka nchịkọta ya.

A na eji osisi eme ihe na Naịjirịa maka ebumnuche dị iche iche n'ihi nnweta ya na ọnụ ahịa ya. Ndị a bụ ụfọdụ ojiji a na ejikarị osisi eme ihe na Naịjirịa:

  1. Isi nri: Mmanụ osisi na-eje ozi dị ka isi iyi nke ike maka isi nri n'ọtụtụ ezinụlọ na ụlọ ahịa gafee Naịjirịa. A na eji ya eme ihe na stovu ọdịnala ma ọ bụ na emeghe ọkụ iji kwadebe nri na nri na ekpo ọkụ.[1]
  2. Okpomọkụ: N'ógbè ndị oyi ma ọ bụ n'oge oyi, a na eji osisi eme ihe maka ebumnuche okpomọkụ. Ọ na enye okpomọkụ n'ụlọ ma nwee ike iji ya mee ihe na ọkụ ọkụ ma ọ bụ ngwaọrụ okpomọkụ ọdịnala.
  3. Obere ụlọ ọrụ na ọrụ aka: Obere ụlọ ahịa na ejikarị osisi eme ihe maka usoro mmepụta dị iche iche. Ihe atụ gụnyere ime achịcha na nhazi nri, ime ite, ime brik, na ịkpụ ihe.[2] N'ime ime obodo, a na eji osisi mmanụ eme ihe maka ọrụ aka dịka ịkpụ, ịkpụ osisi, na ịkpụ ihe ọdịnala.[3]
  4. Mmepụta icheku ọkụ: Mmanụ osisi bụkwa ihe dị mkpa maka mmepụta icheku. A na eji coal, nke sitere na carbonization nke osisi, maka isi nri, okpomọkụ, na usoro ụlọ ọrụ.[4][5]
  5. Ogige ọkụ, omenala na omume okpukpe: Mmanụ osisi na arụ ọrụ na omenala na omenala okpukpe na Naijiria. A na eji ya eme emume ọdịnala, emume, na emume okpukpe metụtara ọkụ.[6]

Mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke iji osisi eme ihe

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Ojiji a na-eji osisi eme ihe na Naijiria nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na gburugburu ebe obibi, nke gụnyere mgbukpọ ọhịa na ọnwụ nke usoro okike ọhịa, mmetọ ikuku, Mfu nke ụdị dị iche iche, mbuze ala na mmebi ala, mmebi nke ihe onwunwe mmiri, Mgbagwoju anya nke usoro okpomọkụ na nchegbu ahụike metụtara ya, yana inye aka na mgbanwe ihu igwe site na ikuku carbon.[7][8][9]

Mgbukpọ ọhịa na mbibi nke gburugburu ebe obibi ọhịa

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Mgbukpọ nke oké ọhịa
 
Ụmụ nwanyị Afrịka na-ebu nkụ

Ojiji a na-eji osisi na-agbanye ọkụ eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe na Naịjirịa emeela ka e gbuo ọhịa na mfu nke usoro okike ọhịa bara uru. Ka obodo na-adabere n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na nkụ maka isi nri, okpomọkụ, na mkpa ike ndị ọzọ, a na-ewepụ nnukwu ọhịa iji gboo mkpa na-arịwanye elu. Mgbukpọ a abụghị naanị na ọ na-emebi ebe obibi nke ọtụtụ ụdị osisi na anụmanụ kamakwa ọ na-ebelata ụdị dị iche iche nke mpaghara ahụ. Mfu nke oké ọhịa na-enyekwa aka na mbuze ala, mbelata mmiri, na mmụba nke ọdachi ndị sitere n'okike dịka idei mmiri.[10]

Mmetọ ikuku

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Ọkụ ọkụ nke osisi maka ike na-ewepụta mmetọ dị iche iche n'ime ikuku, na-eduga na mmetọ ikuku na nchegbu ahụike metụtara ya.[10] Ụzọ isi nri ọdịnala, dị ka ọkụ na-emeghe na stovu na-adịghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma, na-emepụta anwụrụ ọkụ dị elu na ihe ndị na-adịghị mma, nke nwere ike inwe mmetụta na-adịghị njọ na ahụike iku ume. Ogologo oge na-emetọ ikuku n'ime ụlọ site na ọkụ ọkụ osisi ejikọtara ya na ọrịa iku ume, gụnyere bronchitis na-adịghị ala ala, ụkwara ume ọkụ, na ọbụna ọrịa kansa akpa ume. Tụkwasị na nke a, ntọhapụ nke mmetọ na-enye aka na mmetọ ikuku n'èzí, na-emetụta ahụike na ọdịmma nke obodo.[11]

Mfu nke ụdị dị iche iche

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Nchịkọta osisi na-agụnyekarị iwepụ alaka na obere osisi n'oké ọhịa.[12][13] Nke a nwere ike iduga na mfu nke ebe obibi maka ụdị osisi na anụmanụ dị iche iche na-adabere na osisi ndị a maka ebe obibi, akwukwo, na isi nri. Mbelata nke ụdị dị iche iche nwere ike imebi usoro okike ma nwee mmetụta ọjọọ na-adịte aka.[14][15]

Mfu nke ụdị dị iche iche na-ezo aka na mbelata nke ụdị dịgasị iche iche nke osisi, anụmanụ, na microorganisms na otu ebe obibi ma ọ bụ gafee mbara ala dum.[16][17] Ọ bụ ihe dị mkpa gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi zuru ụwa ọnụ nke nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu maka usoro okike, ọdịmma mmadụ, na nkwado nke mbara ala.[18][19][20]

Biodiversity na-agụnye ngụkọta nke ọdịiche dị iche iche n'ụwa, gụnyere ọdịiche dị n'etiti mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, ọdịiche dị na ụdị, na ọdịiche dị gburugburu ebe obibi.[21] Ọ bụ ihe atụ nke akụ na ụba na mgbagwoju anya nke ndụ n'otu mpaghara. Mfu nke ụdị dị iche iche na-eme mgbe ụdị dị iche na-apụ n'anya ma ọ bụ mgbe ọnụ ọgụgụ ha na-agbadata na ọkwa dị ala.

E nwere ọtụtụ ihe na-akpata ọnwụ nke ụdị dị iche iche, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ nsonaazụ nke ọrụ mmadụ:

  1. Mbibi ebe obibi: Mgbanwe nke ebe obibi okike n'ime ala ugbo, obodo ukwu, ma ọ bụ mpaghara ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na-ebibi ụlọ na ihe onwunwe nke ọtụtụ ụdị na-adabere na ya.[22] Mgbukpọsị oké ọhịa, ịdọrọ mmiri, na iwepụ ala maka mmepe akụrụngwa bụ ihe atụ nke mbibi ebe obibi.
  2. Mmetọ: Mmetọ sitere na ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, ọrụ ugbo, na mkpofu na-ekwesịghị ekwesị nwere ike imerụ ikuku, mmiri, na ala, na-emetụta ahụike na ndụ nke ụdị dị iche iche. Ihe mmetọ nwere ike ịba ụba na usoro nri, na-akpata mmetụta na-emerụ ahụ na anụ ọhịa na ụmụ mmadụ.
  3. Mgbanwe ihu igwe: Mgbanwe nke okpomọkụ, usoro mmiri ozuzo, na ihe omume ihu igwe siri ike n'ihi mgbanwe ihu igwe nwere ike imebi usoro okike ma nwee mmetụta na-adịghị mma na ikike nke ụdị dị iche iche dị ndụ ma mụọ.[23][24] Mgbanwe ihu igwe nwere ike ịkpata mgbanwe na nkesa ụdị, mgbanwe na usoro ịkwaga, na mfu nke ebe obibi dị ka coral reefs na polar ice caps.
  4. Obebisiri ihe: Obebisị ihe onwunwe na-adịghị adịgide adịgide, dị ka igbubiga azụ, ahia anụ ọhịa iwu na-akwadoghị, na igbu osisi gabigara ókè, nwere ike imebi ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụdị ụfọdụ. Ijibiga ihe ókè na-emebi nguzozi gburugburu ebe obibi ma nwee ike iduga na mkpochapụ nke ụdị na mmebi nke gburugburu ebe obibi.
  5. Invasive Species: Ntinye nke ụdị ndị na-abụghị nke ala n'ime usoro okike nwere ike inwe mmetụta na-emebi emebi na osisi na anụmanụ. Ụdị ndị na-awakpo nwere ike imeri ụdị ala maka ihe onwunwe, mebie usoro nri okike, ma gbanwee ebe obibi, na-akpata mbelata ma ọ bụ mkpochapụ nke ụdị ala.

Mfu nke ụdị dị iche iche nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu maka gburugburu ebe obibi na ọdịmma mmadụ:

  1. Ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi: Biodiversity na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịnọgide na-arụsi ọrụ ike na nkwụsi ike nke gburugburu ebe obibi. Ụdị ọ bụla na-enye aka na usoro gburugburu ebe obibi dị mkpa dị ka cycling nke ihe oriri, pollination, mgbasa nke mkpụrụ, na nchịkwa ahụhụ. Mfu nke ụdị dị iche iche nwere ike imebi usoro ndị a, na-eduga na mmebi nke gburugburu ebe obibi na mbelata ike ịnagide mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi.
  2. Mmetụta akụ na ụba: Mfu nke ụdị dị iche iche nwere ike inwe mmetụta akụ na ụba siri ike. Ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ, dị ka ọrụ ugbo, ịkụ azụ, na ọgwụ, na-adabere na ụdị dị iche iche maka mmepụta na uru ha. Mfu nke ụdị dị mkpa ma ọ bụ ihe onwunwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nwere ike imebi ụlọ ọrụ ndị a ma duga na mfu akụ na ụba.

Mgbari ala na mmebi ala

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Iwepụ ahịhịa, ọkachasị osisi, n'ebe nwere ike ibute mmụba nke mbuze ala.[25] Osisi na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ime ka ala kwụsie ike, belata mmetụta nke mmiri ozuzo n'ala, na igbochi mbuze. Iwepụ osisi maka osisi ọkụ nwere ike ime ka ọdịdị ala dị ala, belata uto, na mmụba nke erosion.[26]

Mmepụta ihe nke ọrụ ugbo, nkwụsi ike nke gburugburu ebe obibi, na mmepe na-adịgide adịgide niile na-emetụta mbuze ala na mmebi ala.[27] Ike okike dị ka ifufe, mmiri, ma ọ bụ ọrụ mmadụ nwere ike ime ka a wepụ ụmụ irighiri ala, buru ha, ma tinye ha n'ebe ọzọ.[28] Echiche nke mmebi ala na-ezo aka n'ọtụtụ mmebi na ogo na mmepụta nke ala.[29][30]

Ihe na-akpata mbuze ala na mmebi ala

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  1. Mmiri erosion: Ụdị erosion a na-eme mgbe mmiri ozuzo, mmiri na-asọ asọ, na mmiri na-agbapụta ma na-eburu ihe ndị dị n'ala. Ihe ndị dị ka ndagwurugwu, ọdịdị ala, mkpuchi ahịhịa, na oke mmiri ozuzo na-emetụta ya. Ịzụbiga anụ ókè, igbuchapụ ọhịa, na omume nchịkwa ala na-ekwesịghị ekwesị na-eme ka mmiri na-agbada.[31]
  2. Mgbasa ikuku: Mgbasa ifufe na-agụnye mwepụ, njem, na itinye ihe ndị dị n'ala site na ifufe. Ọ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na mpaghara kpọrọ nkụ na mpaghara kpọrọ ọkara nke nwere obere ahịhịa. Ihe ndị dị ka ọdịdị ala, ọsọ ifufe, na omume iji ala eme ihe na-emetụta mbuze ifufe. Omume ugbo na-adịghị adịgide adịgide, ọzara, na nsogbu ala na enye aka na mbuze ifufe.[32]
  3. Nchịkọta ala: Ojiji gabigara ókè nke ígwè ọrụ ugbo, nlekọta ala na ekwesịghị ekwesị, na ịta nri siri ike nwere ike iduga na mkpakọ ala. Ala ndị dị nro belatara ohere oghere, na akpata mbelata mmiri na abanye, mbelata mgbọrọgwụ, na mmụba nke mmiri, na eduga na mbuze na mmebi.
  4. Mgbukpọsị oké ọhịa: Oké ọhịa na arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'igbochi mbuze na ịnọgide na enwe nkwụsi ike. Mgbukpọsị ọhịa maka ọrụ ugbo, igbutu osisi, ma ọ bụ ime obodo na ewepụ ihe mkpuchi ahịhịa na echebe, na ekpughe ala maka ihe na eme ka mmiri ozuzo na ifufe.[33]
  5. Ọrụ ugbo na adịghị adịgide adịgide: Omume ugbo na'adịghị mma, dị ka usoro ịkọ ugbo na ọ bụghị nke ọma, monocropping, iji agrochemicals eme ihe gabigara ókè, na usoro nchekwa ala na ezughị oke, na enye aka na mbuze na mmebi ala.

Mmetụta nke mbuze ala na mmebi ala

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  1. Mbelata mmepụta ọrụ ugbo: Mgbawa na mmebi nwere ike iduga na mfu nke ala dị n'elu, ihe oriri dị mkpa, na ihe ndị dị ndụ, na akpata mbelata nke ala na mmepụta ọrụ. Ọ na emetụta ihe ọkụkụ, nchekwa nri, na ụzọ ndị ọrụ ugbo si ebi ndụ.
  2. Mmetọ mmiri: Mmiri na agbapụta site na ala na emebi emebi na emetọ mmiri, na eme ka mmiri ghara ịdị mma na gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri. Ọ pụkwara iduga n'ịbawanye sedimentation na tankị, na ebelata ikike nchekwa[34]
  3. Ọzara: Mmebi ala, ọkachasị na mpaghara kpọrọ nkụ na nke ọkara kpọrọ nkụ, nwere ike inye aka na ọzara, mgbasawanye nke ebe ọzara, na mfu nke ala na emepụta ihe. Ọ nwere mmetụta siri ike na gburugburu ebe obibi, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, na akụ na ụba.[35]
  4. Mfu nke Biodiversity: Mgbari ala na mmebi nwere ike ịkpata mbibi ebe obibi na nkwarụ, na eduga na mbibi nke osisi na anụmanụ. Ọ na emebi ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi ma belata ike ịnagide mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi.

Mgbanwe ihu igwe na ikuku carbon

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Ojiji a na eji osisi eme ihe na-enye aka na mgbanwe ihu igwe site na ntọhapụ nke carbon na ikuku. Mgbe a na ere osisi ọkụ, a na ewepụta carbon dioxide (CO2), gas na ekpo ọkụ. Usoro ọkụ ahụ na ezughị ezu ma ghara ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma, na eduga na mmepụta nke gas ndị ọzọ na ekpo ọkụ dị ka methane (CH4) na nitrous oxide (N2O) Mgbasa ozi ndị a na enye aka na mmetụta na ekwo ọkụ, na ejide okpomọkụ na ikuku ma na akpata okpomọkụ ụwa.[36][37] Mmụba nke gas na ekpo ọkụ na ikuku na enye aka na mgbanwe ihu igwe, na akpata mmetụta ọjọọ dị ka ịrị elu okpomọkụ, mgbanwe ihu igwe na ịrị elu nke oke osimiri.[38][39]

Mgbanwe nke gburugburu ebe obibi

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Iwepụ osisi na esi n'oké ọhịa apụta nwere ike imebi usoro okike dị n'ógbè ahụ, gụnyere cycling nke ihe na edozi ahụ, pollination, na mgbasa nke mkpụrụ. Osisi na arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịnọgide na enwe nguzozi gburugburu ebe obibi na ịkwado ndụ nke ọtụtụ ụdị. Iwepụ osisi na enweghị omume na adịgide adịgide nwere ike ịkpaghasị usoro gburugburu ebe obibi ndị a.

Mgbukpọ nke mmiri

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Nchịkọta osisi na-agụnyekarị nchịkọta osisi nwụrụ anwụ, nke nwere ike ịgụnye alaka na osisi dara ada a hụrụ n'akụkụ mmiri.[40] Iwepụ ihe ndị a n'ógbè ndị dị n'akụkụ osimiri nwere ike imebi mmiri na asọba, na emetụta usoro okike mmiri ma na-ebelata mmiri maka obodo ndị dị n"ógbè ahụ.[41]

Nzọụkwụ Nchekwa na Iweghachi

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  1. Nchekwa Tillage: Omume ndị dị ka obere ọrụ ugbo, enweghị ọrụ ugbo na oghere na enyere aka belata mbuze ala site n'ịnọgide na enwe ihe ọkụkụ fọdụrụ n'elu ala, na eme ka mmiri na abanye n'ime ala, ma na akwalite mkpokọta ihe ndị dị n'ala.
  2. Ọrụ ugbo gburugburu: Ịkụ ihe ọkụkụ n'akụkụ ndagwurugwu na ebelata mmiri na agbada, na ebepụ erosion. Ọ na agụnye iwu ihe mgbochi ma ọ bụ ala iji jide ihe na adịghị n'ime ala ma jide mmiri.[42]
  3. Agroforestry: Ịjikọta osisi na ihe ọkụkụ ma ọ bụ usoro anụ ụlọ nwere ike imeziwanye ọdịdị ala, mụbaa ihe ndị dị n'ime ya, ma nye ikuku iji belata ikuku.
  4. Nweghachi nke ala mebiri emebi: Iweghachi ala mebiri emeri site na iweghachi osisi, ịghachite ahịhịa, na usoro imeziwanye ala nwere ike inyere aka ịlụso mbuze ọgụ ma kwalite omume iji ala eme ihe.[43] Ọ dị oke mkpa itinye usoro ndị a n'ọrụ n'ụzọ buru ibu, kwalite usoro nchịkwa ala na adịgide adịgide, ma mee ka a mara banyere mkpa nchekwa ala dị iji belata mbuze ala na mmebi ala.

Atụmatụ gọọmentị na atụmatụ iji belata ojiji a na eji osisi eme ihe

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Gọọmentị Naijiria etinyela iwu na atụmatụ dị iche iche iji belata ojiji osisi, na edozi nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya metụtara ojiji ya. Mgbalị ndị a na achọ ichekwa ọhịa, melite arụmọrụ ike, na mgbanwe gaa na isi mmalite ike ọzọ.

Usoro nchedo na njikwa ọhịa

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Iji dozie mgbukpọ ọhịa na mfu nke gburugburu ebe obibi nke ọhịa kpatara site na iji osisi eme ihe, gọọmentị Naijiria etinyela usoro nchekwa na njikwa ọhịa, dị ka National Forest Policy. E webatara Iwu Ọhịa Mba maka iji ihe ndị dị n'oké ọhịa Naịjirịa mee ihe n'oge ememe ncheta nke Ụbọchị Ọhịa nke Mba Nile na 2022. A malitere iwu ahụ na Abuja, isi obodo Naịjirịa.[44] Atụmatụ ndị ọzọ gụnyere ịmepụta ebe echedoro, ogige ntụrụndụ mba, na ebe nchekwa ọhịa iji chekwaa ihe onwunwe ọhịa bara uru.[45] Gọọmentị na arụkọ ọrụ na obodo ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ, Òtù Ndị Na abụghị nke Gọọmentụ (NGOs), na ndị ọzọ nwere mmasị iji mepụta atụmatụ nchịkwa ọhịa na adịgide adịgide, na akwalite omume owuwe ihe ubi dị mma na atụmatụ iweghachi osisi. Site n'ịmanye iwu na ịkwalite mmata banyere mkpa nchekwa ọhịa dị, gọọmentị na agba mbọ ichebe iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe na ụdị dị iche iche nke ọhịa Naịjirịa.[46]

Ịkwalite teknụzụ isi nri dị irè

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Isi nri dị ọcha na nke na-adịgide adịgide site na iji stove biogas

Nkwalite nke teknụzụ isi nri dị irè bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke mbọ gọọmentị na agba iji dozie nchegbu gburugburu ebe obibi na ahụike metụtara iji osisi eme ihe. Ụzọ isi nri ọdịnala, dị ka ọkụ na emeghe na stovu, adịghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma ma na enye aka na nnukwu anwụrụ ọkụ na mmetọ ikuku n'ime ụlọ.[10] Gọọmentị na-akwalite nnabata na nkesa nke teknụzụ nri ndị a dị irè site na mkpọsa mmata, enyemaka, na mmekorita ya na NGO na ụlọ ọrụ ndị nwe onwe ha. N'October 5, 2021, Gọọmentị etiti nke Naijiria sonyeere ndị agha na ndị isi na etinye aka iji hụ na mmejuputa nke ọma nke National Determined Contributions (NDCs) iji kwalite nnabata nke teknụzụ nri dị ọcha na nke dị irè na mba ahụ dum.[47]

Ebe ndị ọzọ na enye ike na mgbanwe site na osisi na agbanye ọkụ

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N'ịghọta mkpa ọ dị ịhapụ osisi na-agbanye ọkụ dị ka isi iyi nke ike, gọọmentị Naijiria na-akwalite ojiji nke isi iyi ike ọzọ. Nke a na agụnye ịkwalite nkwenye nke teknụzụ ike dị ọcha na nke a na eme ka ọ dị ọhụrụ dịka ike anyanwụ, ike ifufe, na gas.[48] N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2022, Naịjirịa wepụtara atụmatụ mgbanwe ike ya dị ka ihe akaebe maka nraranye ya iji nweta nnọpụiche carbon, kpochapụ ịda ogbenye ike, na ịkwalite mmepe akụ na ụba. Atụmatụ ahụ gụnyere ngalaba ndị dị mkpa dị ka ike, isi nri, mmanụ na gas, njem, na ụlọ ọrụ. Onye isi ala Yemi Osinbajo, ya na ndị ọzọ na etinye aka na ngalaba ike, kpughere atụmatụ ahụ, nke na akọwa ụzọ Naịjirịa na aga n'ihu iji nweta ikuku efu site na 2060.[49] Site n'ịgbasa ngwakọta ike na ibelata ịdabere na osisi mmanụ, gọọmentị na ezube ibelata mgbukpọ ọhịa, imeziwanye ikuku, ma nye aka na mbọ iji belata mgbanwe ihu igwe.[50]

Ọganihu maka usoro ike na adịgide adịgide na Naịjirịa

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Atụmanya ọdịnihu maka omume ike na Naijiria na eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na agbanwe gaa na ụzọ ndị ọzọ na adịgide adịgide, na ezube idozi nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, na akụ na ụba metụtara iji osisi eme ihe. A na eme mgbalị iji kwalite isi mmalite ike dị ọcha, melite arụmọrụ ike, na ịkwalite omume na adịgide adịgide na mba ahụ.[50][11]

Iji hụ na ọdịnihu na adịgide adịgide, ọ dịkwa mkpa ibute ụzọ na nlekọta ọhịa na adịru adịgide na mbọ nchekwa. Nke a na agụnye itinye n'ọrụ iwu na ụkpụrụ siri ike iji gbochie igbu osisi n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị, mgbukpọ ọhịa, na mmebi nke usoro okike ọhịa.[51] Site n'ịkwalite omume ọhịa dị mma na nke na adịgide adịgide, nke gụnyere ma ọ bụghị nanị, omume owuwe ihe ubi dị mma, atụmatụ ime ka osisi dịghachi mma, Naịjirịa nwere ike ichebe ihe onwunwe ọhịa ya bara uru, chekwaa ụdị dị iche iche, ma belata mmetụta ọjọọ nke iji osisi eme ihe.[52][53]

Mmekọrịta obodo, agụmakwụkwọ, na mmemme mmata dị oke mkpa maka ịkwalite ọdịbendị nke nchekwa ọhịa na ojiji na adịgide adịgide. Green Vision for Community Development Initiative (GVCDI), otu Non-Governmental Organization (NGO), nyere ọzụzụ nye ndị otu obodo na Cross Rivers steeti na usoro nchedo ọhịa iji lụso mgbukpọ ọhịa ọgụ.[54] N'afọ 1981, obodo Ekuri dị na Naijiria, n'onwe ha chepụtara atụmatụ nchịkwa ọhịa obodo. Ebumnuche ha bụ iji hụ na echekwara ihe nketa ha, na-akwado ihe oriri, na akwalite mmepe obodo, na ebelata ịda ogbenye, ma na egbochi nsonaazụ ọjọọ nke obodo ndị ọzọ tụfuru ọhịa ha. A mụrụ atụmatụ a site na mkpali dị n'ime obodo na nlele anya, na enweghị mmetụta ọ bụla dị n'èzí.[55]

Otu n'ime ebe ndị dị mkpa maka mgbanwe ike na adịgide adịgide na Naịjirịa bụ ịkwalite isi mmalite ike na agbanwe agbanwe. Gọọmentị, na mmekorita ya na ụlọ ọrụ ndị nwe onwe ha na ndị mmekọ mba ụwa, na-etinye ego na akụrụngwa ike na agbanwe agbanwe.[47] Isi iyi ndị a na enye ohere dị ukwuu iji mee ka ngwakọta ike dị iche iche, belata gas na ekpo ọkụ, ma nye ohere ịnweta ike dị ọcha na nke dị ọnụ ala, ọkachasị n'ime ime obodo.[49]

N'otu oge na mgbanwe gaa na ike naagbanwe agbanwe, ịkwalite arụmọrụ ike bụ akụkụ ọzọ dị mkpa nke omume ike na-adịgide adịgide. Imeziwanye arụmọrụ ike na ngalaba ndị dị ka ebe obibi, azụmahịa, ọrụ ugbo, na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe nwere ike inye aka belata mkpa ike na imeziwanye ojiji nke ihe onwunwe. Nke a na agụnye ịkwalite ngwa ndị na arụ ọrụ nke ọma, imewe ụlọ na ụkpụrụ mkpuchi, na mmejuputa usoro njikwa ike. Site n'ịnakwere teknụzụ na omume ndị na arụ ọrụ nke ọma, Naịjirịa nwere ike belata ihe mkpofu ike, belata ọnụahịa ike, ma belata mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi metụtara iji ike eme ihe.[56]

Hụkwa

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Ihe odide

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  1. ↑ Matemilola (2019-01-01). "An Analysis of the Impacts of Bioenergy Development on Food Security in Nigeria: Challenges and Prospects" (in en). Environmental and Climate Technologies 23 (1): 64–83. DOI:10.2478/rtuect-2019-0005. ISSN 2255-8837. 
  2. ↑ Sola (2017-02-13). "The environmental, socioeconomic, and health impacts of woodfuel value chains in Sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic map". Environmental Evidence 6 (1): 4. DOI:10.1186/s13750-017-0082-2. ISSN 2047-2382. 
  3. ↑ Morgan (1978). "Development and the fuelwood situation in Nigeria". GeoJournal 2 (5). DOI:10.1007/bf00156221. ISSN 0343-2521. 
  4. ↑ Wood energy. www.fao.org. Retrieved on 2023-05-21.
  5. ↑ Wood (1985). "Fuelwood and Charcoal Use in Developing Countries". Annual Review of Energy 10 (1): 407–429. DOI:10.1146/annurev.eg.10.110185.002203. ISSN 0362-1626. 
  6. ↑ Akintan (2018). "Culture, tradition, and taboo: Understanding the social shaping of fuel choices and cooking practices in Nigeria" (in en). Energy Research & Social Science 40: 14–22. DOI:10.1016/j.erss.2017.11.019. 
  7. ↑ Schramm (July 1989). Environmental Management and Economic Development. The World Bank. DOI:10.1596/0-8018-3950-5. ISBN 978-0-8018-3950-4. 
  8. ↑ Alhassan (2022-03-31). "Wood Fuel Producers' Insight on the Environmental Effects of Their Activities in Ghana". Journal of Sustainable Forestry 42 (6): 607–623. DOI:10.1080/10549811.2022.2053162. ISSN 1054-9811. 
  9. ↑ Nwaka (2020-07-26). "Determinants of household fuel choices among Nigerian family heads: are there gender-differentiated impacts?". Environmental Science and Pollution Research 27 (34): 42656–42669. DOI:10.1007/s11356-020-09554-x. ISSN 0944-1344. PMID 32712942. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Ayodeji (2020-11-04). Nigeria's trees suffer as firewood replaces 'expensive' clean cook fuel (en-US). The Energy Intelligence. Retrieved on 2023-05-21.
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  13. ↑ Abbot (1999). "A history of change: causes of woodland decline in a protected area in Malawi". Journal of Applied Ecology 36 (3): 422–433. DOI:10.1046/j.1365-2664.1999.00413.x. ISSN 0021-8901. 
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  15. ↑ Isbell (2013). "Nutrient enrichment, biodiversity loss, and consequent declines in ecosystem productivity". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110 (29): 11911–11916. DOI:10.1073/pnas.1310880110. ISSN 0027-8424. PMID 23818582. 
  16. ↑ Gardi (2013-03-12). "An estimate of potential threats levels to soil biodiversity in EU". Global Change Biology 19 (5): 1538–1548. DOI:10.1111/gcb.12159. ISSN 1354-1013. PMID 23505125. 
  17. ↑ Rawat (2015-12-15). "Biodiversity: Concept, threats and conservation". Environment Conservation Journal 16 (3): 19–28. DOI:10.36953/ecj.2015.16303. ISSN 0972-3099. 
  18. ↑ Wood (2017-02-28). Sustainable Tourism on a Finite Planet. DOI:10.4324/9781315439808. ISBN 9781315439808. 
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  20. ↑ (2005) The wealth of the poor managing ecosystems to fight poverty : world resources 2005 / World Resources Institute.. Afghanistan Centre at Kabul University. DOI:10.29171/azu_acku_ge170_w434_2005. 
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  23. ↑ HELLMANN (June 2008). "Five Potential Consequences of Climate Change for Invasive Species". Conservation Biology 22 (3): 534–543. DOI:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.00951.x. ISSN 0888-8892. PMID 18577082. 
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  25. ↑ Papanastasis (2015-03-19). "Comparative Assessment of Goods and Services Provided by Grazing Regulation and Reforestation in Degraded Mediterranean Rangelands". Land Degradation & Development 28 (4): 1178–1187. DOI:10.1002/ldr.2368. ISSN 1085-3278. 
  26. ↑ Simmonds (1984). "Plant Research and Agroforestry. Edited by P. A. Huxley. Nairobi, Kenya: International Council for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF) (1983), pp. 617, US$15.00 (plus postage).". Experimental Agriculture 20 (4): 346. DOI:10.1017/s0014479700018081. ISSN 0014-4797. 
  27. ↑ Pimentel (February 2006). "Soil Erosion: A Food and Environmental Threat". Environment, Development and Sustainability 8 (1): 119–137. DOI:10.1007/s10668-005-1262-8. ISSN 1387-585X. 
  28. ↑ Potter (2005). Mud and Mudstones. DOI:10.1007/b138571. ISBN 978-3-540-22157-9. 
  29. ↑ Shakesby (May 2002). "Handbook for the field assessment of land degradation, edited by M. Stocking and N. Murnaghan. Earthscan, London, 2001. ISBN 1 85383 831 4, £25.00 (paperback), xiii+169 pp". Land Degradation & Development 13 (3): 271–272. DOI:10.1002/ldr.496. ISSN 1085-3278. 
  30. ↑ Osman (2014). Soil Degradation, Conservation and Remediation. DOI:10.1007/978-94-007-7590-9. ISBN 978-94-007-7589-3. 
  31. ↑ Coulter (April 2004). "World Agriculture: Towards 2015/2030. An FAO Perspective. Edited by J. Bruinsma. Rome: FAO and London: Earthscan (2003), pp. 432, £35.00 Paperback. ISBN 92-5-104835-5". Experimental Agriculture 40 (2): 269. DOI:10.1017/s0014479704211796. ISSN 0014-4797. 
  32. ↑ Coulter (April 2004). "World Agriculture: Towards 2015/2030. An FAO Perspective. Edited by J. Bruinsma. Rome: FAO and London: Earthscan (2003), pp. 432, £35.00 Paperback. ISBN 92-5-104835-5". Experimental Agriculture 40 (2): 269. DOI:10.1017/s0014479704211796. ISSN 0014-4797. 
  33. ↑ García-Ruiz (2013-06-03). "ZACHAR, O., 1982. Soil erosion. Elsevier, 547 pp., Amsterdam". Cuadernos de Investigación Geográfica 10: 219–220. DOI:10.18172/cig.1094. ISSN 1697-9540. 
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  35. ↑ Emadodin (2019-08-07). "Drought and Desertification in Iran". Hydrology 6 (3): 66. DOI:10.3390/hydrology6030066. ISSN 2306-5338. 
  36. ↑ Borisade (2020-11-06). "An Appraisal of Household Cooking Fuel Consumption and their Carbon related Emission in Zaria Metropolis, Nigeria" (in en). FUTY Journal of the Environment 14 (1): 50–59. ISSN 1597-8826. 
  37. ↑ Nwafor. How clean cooking helps the climate (en). www.bbc.com. Retrieved on 2023-05-21.
  38. ↑ Isaac (2021-05-26). Why FG Should Discourage Use Of Firewood – Eleri (en-US). Science Nigeria. Retrieved on 2023-05-21.
  39. ↑ 9. IMPLICATIONS OF WOODFUEL USE FOR GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS. www.fao.org. Retrieved on 2023-05-21.
  40. ↑ Lattimore (2009). "Environmental factors in woodfuel production: Opportunities, risks, and criteria and indicators for sustainable practices". Biomass and Bioenergy 33 (10): 1321–1342. DOI:10.1016/j.biombioe.2009.06.005. ISSN 0961-9534. 
  41. ↑ Castello (2015-12-23). "Large‐scale degradation of Amazonian freshwater ecosystems". Global Change Biology 22 (3): 990–1007. DOI:10.1111/gcb.13173. ISSN 1354-1013. PMID 26700407. 
  42. ↑ Coulter (April 2004). "World Agriculture: Towards 2015/2030. An FAO Perspective. Edited by J. Bruinsma. Rome: FAO and London: Earthscan (2003), pp. 432, £35.00 Paperback. ISBN 92-5-104835-5". Experimental Agriculture 40 (2): 269. DOI:10.1017/s0014479704211796. ISSN 0014-4797. 
  43. ↑ Marques (2016-02-20). "Multifaceted Impacts of Sustainable Land Management in Drylands: A Review". Sustainability 8 (2): 177. DOI:10.3390/su8020177. ISSN 2071-1050. 
  44. ↑ Nliam (2022-04-08). Nigeria launches National Forest Policy (en-US). Voice of Nigeria. Retrieved on 2023-05-21.
  45. ↑ Hyman (1993-01-01). "Forestry policies and programmes for fuelwood supply in Northern Nigeria" (in en). Land Use Policy 10 (1): 26–43. DOI:10.1016/0264-8377(93)90028-9. ISSN 0264-8377. 
  46. ↑ Ozor (2008-05-13). "Community Strategies For The Conservation And Preservation Of Forest Resources In Nsukka Agricultural Zone Of Nigeria". Agro-Science 7 (1). DOI:10.4314/as.v7i1.1580. ISSN 1119-7455. 
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 Simire (2021-10-05). Govt collaborates with stakeholders to promote clean, efficient cooking technologies – Minister (en-US). EnviroNews Nigeria. Retrieved on 2023-05-21.Simire, Michael (2021-10-05). "Govt collaborates with stakeholders to promote clean, efficient cooking technologies – Minister". EnviroNews Nigeria. Retrieved 2023-05-21.
  48. ↑ Is Nigeria Ready for Low-carbon Energy Transition? – THISDAYLIVE. www.thisdaylive.com. Retrieved on 2023-05-21.
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 Tackling the Challenges of Nigeria's Energy Transition Plan – THISDAYLIVE. www.thisdaylive.com. Retrieved on 2023-05-21."Tackling the Challenges of Nigeria's Energy Transition Plan – THISDAYLIVE". www.thisdaylive.com. Retrieved 2023-05-21.
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 Eweka (2022-07-29). "Energy Landscape and Renewable Energy Resources in Nigeria: A Review" (in en). Energies 15 (15): 5514. DOI:10.3390/en15155514. ISSN 1996-1073. 
  51. ↑ Okunlola (2015-08-12). "Sustainable management of the Nigerian forests for poverty alleviation". Journal of Agriculture, Forestry and the Social Sciences 12 (1): 176. DOI:10.4314/joafss.v12i1.19. ISSN 1597-0906. 
  52. ↑ Ogana (2022-06-22). "Joint Forest Management: A Potential Option for Restoring Degraded Forest Reserves in Nigeria". Forestist. DOI:10.5152/forestist.2022.22006. ISSN 2602-4039. 
  53. ↑ Hall (1991). "Trees of Nigeria". Forest Ecology and Management 44 (2–4): 292–293. DOI:10.1016/0378-1127(91)90016-o. ISSN 0378-1127. 
  54. ↑ Group empowers community on forest protection (en-US). The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News (2021-05-06). Archived from the original on 2023-05-21. Retrieved on 2023-05-21.
  55. ↑ Nigera: A unique example of community based forest management at the Ekuri community | World Rainforest Movement (en). www.wrm.org.uy. Retrieved on 2023-05-21.
  56. ↑ Oyedepo (2012). "Energy and sustainable development in Nigeria: the way forward" (in en). Energy, Sustainability and Society 2 (1). DOI:10.1186/2192-0567-2-15. ISSN 2192-0567. 

Njikọ mpụga

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Templeeti:DeforestationTempleeti:FirelightingTempleeti:Wood products

Ewepụtara na https://ig.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iji_osisi_eme_ihe_na_Naịjirịa&oldid=175671