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Ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ na mgbanwe ihu igwe

usoro maka ikwado mgbanwe ihu igwe

Ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ na mgbanwe ihu igwe bụ usoro echiche na nke iwu nke a na-amụ, na'okpuru ya, ma na -esote ihe ndị Ruuru Mmadụ nke mba ụwa na mmekọrịta ha na okpomọkụ ụwa.[1] Gọọmentị, òtù United Nations, ndị na-ahụ maka ikike mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi, na ndị ọkà mmụta ejirila usoro ahụ mee ihe iji duzie iwu mba na nke mba ụwa gbasara mgbanwe ihu igwe n'okpuru United Naciones Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) na isi ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ nke ụwa.[2][3][4] N'afọ 2022 Working Group II nke IPCC tụrụ aro na "ikpe ziri ezi nke ihu igwe gụnyere ikpe ziri aga nke jikọtara mmepe na ikike mmadụ iji nweta usoro dabeere na ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ maka idozi mgbanwe ihu ọha".[5]

Ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ na mgbanwe ihu igwe

Nnyocha ikike mmadụ na mgbanwe ihu igwe na-elekwasị anya na nsonaazụ ndị a na-atụ anya ya ga-ebute ụmụ mmadụ metụtara ihe egwu gburugburu ụwa nke gụnyere ịrị elu nke oke osimiri, ọzara, okpomoku na-abawanye, ihe omume ihu igwe dị oke egwu, na mgbanwe na oke mmiri ozuzo, yana mmegharị na mbelata nke gọọmentị na-eme maka ihe omume ndị ahụ nwere ike ịgụnye ikike mmadụ ma ọ bụ nchebe iwu metụtara. Ọtụtụ usoro iwu maka mgbanwe ihu igwe na-eji ikike maka gburugburu ebe obibi dị mma, ikike ndị ọzọ metụtara ma ọ bụ usoro iwu gburugburu ebe obibi na-eme ngwa ngwa, dị ka ikike nke okike, ịkwado maka ihe ọhụrụ ma ọ bụ nke gọọmentị na ndị na-eme ihe nkiri chọrọ, site na nkwado ikpe ziri ezi nke ihu igwe na ikpe ihu igwe. ..

Na 8 Ọktoba 2021, UN Human Rights Council weputara mkpebi nke na-akwado ikike mmadụ inwe ebe nchekwa, dị ọcha, ahụike na nke ga-adigide - mkpebi 48/13..[6][7]

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

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Onye na-akwado Inuit, Sheila Watt-Cloutier tinyere akwụkwọ mkpesa na Inter-American Commission on Human Rights

Na 2005, onye na-akwado Inuit Sheila Watt-Cloutier gbara akwụkwọ na Inter-American Commission on Human Rights na-achọ enyemaka "site na mmebi ikike mmadụ sitere na mmetụta nke okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ na mgbanwe ihu igwe nke omume na mwepu nke United States kpatara."[8] Ajụrụ arịrịọ a, mana Kọmịshọn ahụ kpọrọ oku wee nụ akaebe gbasara mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ikike mmadụ na mgbanwe ihu igwe sitere n'aka ndị nnọchi anya Inuit na 2007..[9]

N'otu afọ ahụ, nkwupụta Malé na Human Dimension of Global Climate Change "kwuru n'ụzọ doro anya (na nke mbụ na nkwekọrịta mba ụwa) na 'mgbanwe ihu igwe nwere mmetụta doro anya na ozugbo maka ịnụ ụtọ ikike mmadụ zuru oke' ma kpọkuo usoro ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ nke United Nations iji dozie okwu ahụ ngwa ngwa.".[10][11]

N'afọ sochirinụ, UN Human Rights Council (HRC) ji otu olu nakweere Mkpebi 7/23, n'ịghọta na "mgbanwe ihu igwe na-ebute ndị mmadụ na obodo gburugburu ụwa egwu ozugbo ma nwee mmetụta maka ịnụ ụtọ ikike mmadụ zuru oke," na-ekwuputa Charter nke United Nations, Nkwupụta Ụwa Nile Maka Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ, Ọgbụgba Ndụ Mba Nile na Akụ na ụba, Social na Cultural Rights, na Ọgbụgba Ndụ Mba Nile Maka ikike obodo na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị..[12] HRC kwupụtaghachiri ma gbasaa nkwupụta ndị a na mkpebi 10/4 nke 25 Machị 2009 na 18/22 nke 30 Septemba 2011.[13]

N'afọ 2009, Ọfịs nke Kọmishọna Ukwu nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu maka Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ (OHCHR) wepụtara nyocha nyocha nke na-achọpụta ikike ụfọdụ na ndị otu ndị mmadụ nwere ike imetụta nsogbu ihu igwe.[14] Akụkọ ahụ sitere na ntinye nke ihe dị ka mba 30 yana ụlọ ọrụ iri nke United Nations na ọtụtụ òtù ndị ọzọ.[15] Akụkọ ahụ gosipụtara ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ, esemokwu na ihe ize ndụ nchekwa yana ikike ndị nwe obodo, ụmụ nwanyị, na ụmụaka dị ka nnukwu nchegbu.[16]

N'afọ 2010, Nzukọ nke Ndị otu UNFCCC mepụtara asụsụ HRC na-akọwa mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ikike mmadụ na mgbanwe ihu igwe na akụkọ ya na 2010 United Nations Climate Change Conference na Cancun, Mexico. Akụkọ banyere nsonaazụ nke Nzukọ ahụ mesiri ike na "Ndị otu kwesịrị, n'omume niile metụtara mgbanwe ihu igwe, ịkwanyere ikike mmadụ ùgwù".

Afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya ahụla mmata nke njikọ dị n'etiti ikike mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi, ma enwere ọtụtụ ajụjụ gbasara mmekọrịta dị na ha. N'ihi ya, na 2012 HRC guzobere iwu maka ọrụ ikike mmadụ metụtara ịnụ ụtọ ebe dị nchebe, dị ọcha, ahụike na nke na-adịgide adịgide.[17] Akụkọ mbido nke onye ọkachamara a họpụtara n'onwe ya, John H. Knox, gara n"ihu kwuo na ọ dị mkpa ka e nwee ihe kachasị mkpa nʼinye nghọta doro anya maka itinye n "ọrụ ọrụ ndị ruuru mmadụ metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi".

N'afọ 2014, mmadụ iri asaa na asatọ niile nọ n'ime ndị United Nations Special Procedures Mandate Holders wepụtara nkwupụta jikọrọ aka na Human Rights Day na-akpọ ka steeti tinye ọrụ ha dị ugbu a n"okpuru usoro ikike mmadụ n-abanye na mkparịta ụka mgbanwe ihu igwe.[18] Nke a ga-enwe mmetụta nke iwebata ikike nke ndị mgbanwe ihu igwe metụtara n'ihu usoro nzaghachi niile.

Ka ọ na-erule n'ọnwa Machị afọ 2015, e nwere onye na - Rapporteur pụrụ iche ugbu a na ikike mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi, ndọtị nke ikike nke onye bụbu ọkachamara nwere onwe ya na ọrụ ndị ruuru mmadụ metụtara ịnụ ụtọ ikike maka ebe dị nchebe, dị ọcha, ahụike na nke na'akwụsi ike.[19] Na-eduga na 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference na Paris, Special Rapporteur gwara steeti na ha kwesịrị ijide n'aka na ọrụ ha na-ahụ maka ikike mmadụ gụnyere echiche kwesịrị ekwesị maka mgbanwe ihu igwe mgbe ha kwurịtara nkwekọrịta n"ọdịnihu.[20]

Nkwekọrịta Paris, dị ka a nabatara na 12 Disemba 2015 na Nzukọ nke Ndị otu, bụ ihe kachasị mkpa na-egosi mmata banyere mmekọrịta dị n'etiti mgbanwe ihu igwe na ikike mmadụ. Nkwekọrịta Paris bụ nkwekọrịta ihu igwe mbụ iji kweta mkpa nke ikike mmadụ, na-ekwu:[21]

Ndị otu kwesịrị, mgbe ha na-eme ihe iji dozie mgbanwe ihu igwe, kwanyere ùgwù, kwalite ma tụlee ọrụ ha dị iche iche gbasara ikike mmadụ, ikike ahụike, ihe ndị ruuru ụmụ amaala, obodo, ndị mbịarambịa, ụmụaka, mmadụ nwere nkwarụ na ndị nọ n'ọnọdụ ndị na'ihe ize ndụ na ikike mmepe, yana nha nhata nwoke na nwanyị, inye ụmụ nwanyị ike na nha anya n"etiti ọgbọ.

Iwu ikike mmadụ na mgbanwe ihu igwe

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Mgbanwe ihu igwe na-ebute ọ bụghị naanị mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi, kamakwa ọ na-emetụta akụkụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze, akụ na ụba, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, omenala na iwu nke ọha mmadụ gburugburu ụwa. HRC ekwuputala na ọrụ ndị ruuru mmadụ nwere ikike ime ka amụma mba ụwa na nke mba sie ike na mpaghara mgbanwe ihu igwe.[13] Nkwupụta Stockholm nke 1972 nyere ihe ndabere maka nkọwa zuru oke nke ikike mmadụ maka ogo gburugburu ebe obibi.[22]

A naghị etinye nchedo gburugburu ebe obibi na nkwekọrịta ikike mmadụ. Kama nke ahụ, nchedo gburugburu ebe obibi sitere na ikike ndị nkwekọrịta ndị ahụ na-echebe, dị ka ikike ndụ, nri, mmiri na ahụike.[23] N'ịga n'ihu, iwu ikike mmadụ n"ihe gbasara ime iwu mgbanwe ihu igwe nwere ike inye aka guzobe ụkpụrụ kachasị nta nke ikike ụmụ mmadụ bụ isi nke enwere ike ịnakwere na usoro mbelata na mgbanwe nke mba ụwa na nke obodo. Ọnọdụ ihu igwe nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ bụ ọnọdụ nke ihe omume ụwa, mgbe ọ bụ naanị ndị ọgaranya nwere ike ịgbanahụ nsonaazụ mgbanwe ihu ọha.[24][25] Dị ka Philip Alston, onye ọkachamara UN, si kwuo, okpomọkụ ụwa ga-emebi ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na ọchịchị iwu, na mgbakwunye na ikike mmadụ bụ isi na ndụ.[25]

N'afọ 2021 na nnọkọ nke iri anọ na asatọ ya, Kansụl Na-ahụ Maka Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ nakweere Mkpebi 13: Ikike mmadụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi dị ọcha, dị mma ma na-adịgide adịgide.

Ụkpụrụ Oslo nke Global Climate Change Obligations maka steeti na ụlọ ọrụ dabere, n'akụkụ ụfọdụ, na iwu ikike mmadụ. N'okpuru ụkpụrụ Oslo, ma steeti ma ụlọ ọrụ nwere ibu ọrụ iji hụ na okpomọkụ ụwa na-ejedebe na 2 degrees Celsius.

Ikike ndị ometụtara

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Ọtụtụ nkwupụta mba ụwa banyere ikike mmadụ na mgbanwe ihu igwe emesi ike mmetụta ọjọọ nke mgbanwe ọnọdụ ihu ọha nwere ike inwe na ikike ndụ, nri, mmiri, ahụike, ụlọ, mmepe, na mkpebi onwe onye.[26][27] A na-edepụta ikike ndị a na nkwekọrịta ndị isi nke iwu ikike mmadụ nke mba ụwa, ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụghị ndị otu HRC niile ma ọ dị na UNFCCC bụ ndị bịanyere aka na mgbakọ ndị ahụ.

Ikike nke ndụ

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A na-echebe ikike ndụ site na Nkeji edemede 6 nke ICCPR ebe mmadụ ọ bụla nwere ikike ebumpụta ụwa nke ndụ.[28] Ikike nke ndụ nwere njikọ na-enweghị mgbagha na mmezu nke ikike ndị ọzọ. Enwere ma mmetụta a tụrụ anya ya ma hụ ya nke mgbanwe ihu igwe ga-enwe na ikike ndụ. Akụkọ nyocha nke anọ nke Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) tụrụ anya mmụba nke ndị na-ata ahụhụ site na ọnwụ na mmerụ ahụ sitere na mmadu nke idei mmiri, oké ifufe, okpomọkụ, ọkụ na ụkọ mmiri ozuzo.[29] Mgbanwe ihu igwe ga-emetụta ikike ndụ site na mmụba nke agụụ na nsogbu na-edozi ahụ na ọrịa metụtara uto na mmepe ụmụaka, ọrịa iku ume na ozone dị n'ala.[29] Mmiri na-arị elu bụ otu n'ime mmetụta nke mgbanwe ihu igwe, nke sitere na mmiri na'okpomọkụ na ice na na ọ na - agbaze. Ịtụle ịrị elu nke oke osimiri bụ ihe mgbagwoju anya, agbanyeghị IPCC atụwo atụmatụ mmụba nke ịdị elu mmiri zuru ụwa ọnụ n'etiti 0.44m na 0.74m site na 2100.[30][31] Maka agwaetiti ndị dị ala dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri dị ka Male', na Maldives, ịrị elu nke oke osimiri nke 0.5 mita ga-ekpuchi pasent 15 nke agwa mmiri ahụ site na 2025, na idei mmiri ọkara ya site.[23] Dị ka pasent 42 nke ndị bi na ya bi n'ime 100m n"ime ụsọ oké osimiri, ọbụlagodi idei mmiri nwere ike ịkpata mmiri, mmerụ ahụ na ọnwụ.

Mmetụta ndị a hụrụ bụ ndị ikike ndụ egbochilarị ikike nke ndụ. Enwere ihe isi ike n'ịmụ mmetụta nke mgbanwe ihu igwe n"onwe ya n-ihi nsogbu nke oke; a na-atụle mgbanwe ọnọdụ ihu ọha na iri afọ.[31] Enwere ihe karịrị pasent 95 ohere na mgbanwe ihu igwe sitere n'aka mmadụ ji okpukpu anọ mee ka ihe ize ndụ nke oke okpomọkụ na Europe n"afọ iri 1998 ruo 2008.[32] Enwere ohere nke pasent 75 na oke okpomọkụ nke 2003 na Europe sitere na mgbanwe ihu igwe.[31] Na ndabere a, ọnụọgụ ọnwụ karịrị akarị site na ihe omume a dekọrọ na ọnwụ 15,000 na France naanị.[33]

Ikike inweta nri

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Ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri US na-ekesa nri site na nzukọ na'enweghị uru Kids Against Hunger nye ndị bi na La Gonave, Haiti, 2010.

Nke a sitere na Nkeji edemede nke Abụọ nke ICESCR ebe mba ndị sonyere na ọgbụgba ndụ ahụ ga-eme ka ihe onwunwe ha dịnụ dịkwuo ukwuu iji nweta ikike nri zuru oke. Mgbanwe ihu igwe ga-emetụta ogidi anọ niile nke nchekwa nri; nnweta, ohere, ojiji na nkwụsi ike. Akụkọ nke afọ 2008 nke Special Rapporteur dere banyere ikike nri kwuru na ụzọ ụwa si eto nri ga-esi nwee mgbanwe dị egwu iji merie ọnụ ọgụgụ na-arịwanye elu na mmetụta nke mgbanwe ihu igwe, ka ọ na'izere ọdịda gburugburu ebe obibi.[34] Nkwekọrịta Paris na-amata ihe kachasị mkpa nke ijide n'aka na nchekwa nri na ụfọdụ adịghị ike nke usoro mmepụta nri maka mmetụta ọjọọ nke mgbanwe ihu igwe.[35] Nkeji edemede nke 2 na-akpọ maka ime mgbanwe na mmetụta ọjọọ nke mgbanwe ihu igwe na mbelata nke ikuku na ikuku ikuku n'ụzọ na'adịghị etinye mmepụta nri n"ihe ize ndụ.[35] Akụkọ nyocha nke anọ nke IPCC na-ekwu na mmepụta nri ga-abawanye n'etiti na latitudes dị elu na mmụba okpomọkụ nke dị n"etiti 1 ° na 3 °C, agbanyeghị na Latitudes ndị dị ala, a na'ebelata mmepe ihe ọkụkụ nke na - na, nke gafere ihe ize ndụ nke enweghị nri na mpaghara ndị dara ogbenye nʼụwa.[31] Usoro mmepe nke United Nations na-eme atụmatụ na nde mmadụ 600 ọzọ ga-enwe nsogbu na nri na ụba n'ihi mgbanwe ihu igwe.[36] Nke a nwere ike inwe mmetụta na-ebibi ihe na mpaghara Sahara Africa.[37]

Ikike inweta mmiri

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Nwa nwoke na-aṅụ mmiri site na pọmpụ na ọrụ mmiri NEWAH WASH na Puware Shikhar, Udayapur District, Nepal.

Kọmitii na-ahụ maka ikike akụ na ụba, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ọdịbendị (CESCR) na'ekwu na ikike mmiri abụghị naanị ọnọdụ dị mkpa maka ndụ, kamakwa na ọ nwere njikọ chiri anya na ihe ndị ọzọ, dị ka; ụlọ, ọnọdụ ahụike, ogo ndụ zuru oke, na iwu nri.[38] The Stern Review na-ekwu na ndị mmadụ ga-enwe mmetụta nke mgbanwe ihu igwe nke ukwuu site na mgbanwe na usoro nkesa mmiri gburugburu ụwa.[39] Mpaghara ndị ahụ na-enwetala ọnọdụ ọkọchị ga-enwe mbelata ọzọ na mmiri, na ọtụtụ (ma ọ bụghị ha niile) ụdị ihu igwe na'ebu amụma ruo pasent 30 na mbeba kwa afọ na Mediterranean Basin, akụkụ nke ndịda Africa na South America maka ịrị elu okpomọkụ ụwa 2 °C, yana pasent ịrị anọ ruo pasent ịrị ịse maka mmụba 4 ° C.[1] Akụkọ nyocha nke ise nke IPCC na-ekwu na ihe ize ndụ metụtara mmiri dị ọcha na'ụzọ dị ịrịba ama site na mmụba nke gas na - na mgbanwe ihu igwe na narị afọ nke 21 nke a na na[35]

Ikike inweta ahụike

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Onye ọrịa ịba, Nyangaton, Ethiopia.

Akụkụ nke 12 nke ICESCR na-akọwa "ikike maka ụkpụrụ kachasị elu nke ahụike na nke uche". Ọtụtụ iwu mba na-echebe ikike ahụike n'ụzọ ụfọdụ, a na'echekwa ya n"ọtụtụ mba ndị ọzọ na mpaghara.[40] Mgbanwe ihu igwe ga-eme ka ọdịiche dị n'etiti ndị ọgaranya na ndị ogbenye n"akụkụ dị iche iche nke ụwa dịkwuo elu. Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa (WHO) na-eme atụmatụ na kemgbe afọ 1970, mgbanwe ihu igwe na'ihi ọnwụ 150,000 kwa afọ site na mmụba nke mgbasa nke afọ ọsịsa, ịba na nsogbu nri na ụba karịsịa n'Africa na mpaghara ndị ọzọ na - emepe.[1] Naanị mmụba 1 °C na okpomọkụ ụwa site na ọkwa tupu ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe nwere ike okpukpu abụọ nke ọnwụ kwa afọ site n'ịgbanwe ihu igwe (dị ka WHO si kwuo).[39]

Ikike maka ebe dị nchebe, dị ọcha, ahụike na nke na-adịgide adịgide

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Osisi ndị a na-enye udo nke ịma mma na ikuku oxygen na gburugburu ebe obibi anyị

N'abalị asatọ n'ọnwa Ọktoba n"afọ 2021, Kansụl Na-ahụ Maka Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ nke UN wepụtara mkpebi nke na-ekweta na ikike mmadụ nwere maka gburugburu ebe obibi dị nchebe, dị ọcha, nke dị mma na nke a na'akwụsịghị akwụsị.[6][7]

Okwu ndị a kapịrị ọnụ

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Ịkwaga ebe ọzọ

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Mbugharị ọnọdụ ihu igwe nwere ike ịkpata bụ ugbu a otu n'ime ihe mgbagha na-akpata na mgbanwe ihu igwe. Nnyocha na-egosi na mgbanwe ihu igwe nwere ike ịmepụta ihe dị ka nde mmadụ 50 ruo 200 ọhụrụ ndị a chụpụrụ n'ime obodo na ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ mba ụwa n'afọ 2100.[41] "Mega-deltas" na Eshia, Africa, na obere agwaetiti nọ n'ihe ize ndụ dị elu nke idei mmiri na oké ifufe, nke ga-akpata nnukwu ọpụpụ nke ndị bi n"ógbè ahụ.[42] Mgbanwe ihu igwe na-akpata ịkwaga ga-emetụta ma ọ bụ mebie ụkpụrụ ikike mmadụ nke mba ụwa.

Ikpe ziri ezi nke ihu igwe

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  Enwere mkparịta ụka dị mkpa gbasara echiche nke ikpe ziri ezi ihu igwe maka onye mbịarambịa gburugburu ebe obibi ma ọ bụ 'onye gbara ọsọ ndụ ihu ọma'. Echiche a na-ezube imejupụta oghere dị na ngalaba iwu na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị maka ọtụtụ nde mmadụ na ha enweghị ike ịnata nchebe iwu mba ụwa dịka isi iyi a nke ịkwaga ka na iwu mpaghara na nke mba.[43] Enweghị nkọwa a kwadoro ugbu a maka onye a ga-ahazi dị ka onye gbara ọsọ ndụ ihu igwe n'ihi na edebeghị ya na iwu mba ụwa. N'afọ 2014, Siego Alesana hapụrụ obere agwaetiti na-emepe emepe nke Tuvalu n'ihi ejighị n"aka nke mmetụta ọjọọ nke mgbanwe ihu igwe.[44] Tuvalu dị naanị 4.6m n'elu oke osimiri ma na-eche ihe ize ndụ na nso nso nke oke mmiri na'ịdị elu. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-ekwu maka mmetụta nke mgbanwe ihu igwe maka Alesana na ezinụlọ ya, ikpe ahụ dabere n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na ebumnuche enyemaka. Otú ọ dị, Ụlọikpe Na-ahụ Maka Mgbasa Ozi na Nchebe kwuru na mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi nke mgbanwe ihu igwe kpatara bụ ihe dị na ndụ na Tuvalu.[44] Ọ bụ ezie na mkpebi a adabereghị na mmetụta nke mgbanwe ihu igwe nke na-apụtaghị na a tụleghị ihe ndị metụtara mgbanwe ọnọdụ ihu ọha.[45]

Òtù Mba Nile maka Migration ewepụtala nkọwa ọrụ nke ndị na-akwaga gburugburu ebe obibi:[46]

Ndị na-akwaga gburugburu ebe obibi bụ ndị mmadụ ma ọ bụ ìgwè ndị, karịsịa n'ihi ihe ndị metụtara mgbanwe mberede maọ bụ nke na'ihu na gburugburu ụlọ nke metụtara ndụ ha ma Ọ bụ ọnọdụ ibi ndụ, a manyere ha ịhapụ ụlọ ha, ma o bụ họrọ ime ya, nwa oge ma bụ na njedebe, na ndị na - na onye na na

Ruo mgbe enwere nkọwa iwu kwadoro nke ihe mejupụtara onye na-akwaga gburugburu ebe obibi, ọ ga-esiri ike maka ezi ikpe ziri ezi ọ bụla. Echiche nke ikpe ziri ezi nke ihu igwe ga-ahụ ikike mmadụ niile n'ụzọ doro anya iji nọgide na-enwe ụkpụrụ ndị bụ isi n"ihu mmetụta ndị a na'amaghị ama nke mgbanwe ihu ọha ga'emepụta.[43]

Esemokwu

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International Peacebuilding NGO International Alert na-akpọ mba 46 ebe mmetụta mgbanwe ihu igwe (gụnyere ụkọ mmiri, mfu nke ala a na'akọ ugbo, ihe omume ihu ọha siri ike, oge uto dị mkpirikpi, na ice na - agbaze) nwere ike imekọrịta ihe na akụ na ụba, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, yana ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị iji mepụta "ihe ize ndụ dị elu nke esemokwu ime ihe ike".[47]

Ndị obodo

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Na-amalite ọkụ site n'aka, ndị San na Botswana.

Ndị obodo nwere ọnọdụ pụrụ iche mgbe a bịara na mkparịta ụka banyere mmetụta mgbanwe ihu igwe ga-enwe na ndị mmadụ. Ọtụtụ ụmụ amaala na-ebi ndụ ndụ, nke na ya na'aka nke ya, na a na -akpaghasị ya nke ukwuu mgbe ọ bịara na mmetụta nke mgbanwe ihu igwe. N'ọtụtụ mba, iwu obodo dị iche na itinye n'ọrụ na ụmụ amaala karịa ndị ọzọ bi na ya, nke na-eme ka ihe ngwọta iwu ọ bụla dị mgbagwoju anya.[48] Mgbanwe ihu igwe na-emetụta ụmụ amaala n'ụzọ dị iche ọ bụghị naanị n"ihi njikọ anụ ahụ na nke ime mmụọ ha na ala na mmiri, kamakwa nʼihi na ha nwere ihe ọmụma pụrụ iche gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi na ọdịnala nke enwere ike iji chọta usoro kachasị mma nke mmetụta ndị ahụ.[49]

Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ nke UN achọpụtala ikike nke ụmụ amaala dị ka ndị na-emetụta mmetụta nke mgbanwe ihu igwe.[50][51] N'ihi mgbanwe ihu igwe, a na-eyi ndụ na ọdịbendị nke ụmụ amaala egwu n'ụwa niile na North America, Europe, Latin America. Ihe dị ka nde mmadụ 370 na-emetụta.[52]

Ikike ụmụaka

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Ihe omume na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru ụmụaka

Ndị na-eme nchọpụta na Overseas Development Institute chọpụtara na ụmụaka nọ na South Asia nwere ike ịbụ ndị na'ihe ize ndụ karịsịa maka mmebi nke ikike mmadụ na ọdachi metụtara ihu igwe. Ihe ndị a nwere ike ịgụnye ime ihe ike dabere na nwoke na nwanyị, ọrụ ụmụaka, nkewa ezinụlọ na ihe mgbochi maka mmepe na mmụta ha. Ndị na-eme nchọpụta na a naghị elekwasị anya na ikike ụmụaka na iwu iji belata ihe ize ndụ ọdachi ma ọ bụ ime mgbanwe ihu igwe nakwa na usoro mgbanwe mgbanwe ọnọdụ ihu ọha ga-edozi ntinye aka iji dozie akụkụ dị oke mkpa nke ikike nwata, ọkachasị nchedo ụmụaka.[53]

Ọganihu

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N'ibu n'uche na ọtụtụ ụmụ amaala ụwa kasị daa ogbenye na-adabere kpọmkwem na gburugburu ebe obibi maka ihe niile ma ọ bụ akụkụ nke ihe ha na-eme kwa ụbọchị, ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ mmepe mba ụwa na-ahụ mgbanwe ihu igwe na mmepe dịka "njikọ na-enweghị atụ.".[54][55]

Hụkwa

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Edensibia

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 (2010) in Stephen Humphreys: Human rights and climate change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-511-76998-6. OCLC 652432164. 
  2. ↑ New UN Report Details Link between Climate Change and Human Rights (en). UN Environment (2017-10-05). Retrieved on 2022-03-20.
  3. ↑ Report of the Human Rights Council on its thirty-first session. Advance unedited version. Human Rights Council (2016-07-22). Retrieved on 2022-08-17.
  4. ↑ Rajamani (2019-06-26). "Integrating Human Rights in the Paris Climate Architecture: Contest, Context, and Consequence". Climate Law 9 (3): 180–201. DOI:10.1163/18786561-00903003. ISSN 1878-6553. 
  5. ↑ AR6 Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability — IPCC. Retrieved on 2022-03-20.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 The right to a clean and healthy environment: 6 things you need to know. UN News (15 October 2021). Retrieved on 3 November 2021.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 a/hrc/48/l.23/rev.1. undocs.org. Retrieved on 9 November 2021.
  8. ↑ Petition to the Inter American Commission on Human Rights Seeking Relief from Violations Resulting from Global Warming Caused by Acts and Omissions of the United States. Inuit Circumpolar Council (7 December 2005). Archived from the original on 5 June 2013. Retrieved on 25 April 2012.
  9. ↑ Sieg. "At International Commission, Inuit Want to See Change in U.S. Policy on Global Warming", 2 March 2007. Retrieved on 25 April 2012.
  10. ↑ Limon (2009). "HUMAN RIGHTS AND CLIMATE CHANGE: CONSTRUCTING A CASE FOR POLITICAL ACTION". Harvard Environmental Law Review 33 (2): 439–476. Retrieved on 25 April 2012. 
  11. ↑ Malé Declaration on the Human Dimension of Global Climate Change. Center for International Environmental Law (14 November 2007).
  12. ↑ UNHRC Resolution 7/23, Human rights and climate change. Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (28 March 2008).
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 UNHRC Resolution 10/4, Human rights and climate change. Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (25 March 2009).
  14. ↑ Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on the relationship between climate change and human rights. United Nations (15 January 2009). Archived from the original on October 12, 2011. Retrieved on 25 April 2012.
  15. ↑ OHCHR study on the relationship between climate change and human rights: Submissions and reference documents received. Retrieved on 25 April 2012.
  16. ↑ See Report. United Nations. Archived from the original on October 12, 2011. Retrieved on 2012-04-25., n.8, at 15-22.
  17. ↑ UNHRC Resolution 19/10, Human rights and the environment. United Nations (19 April 2012). Archived from the original on 18 October 2023. Retrieved on 29 May 2023.
  18. ↑ Statement of the United Nations Special Procedures Mandate Holders on the occasion of the Human Rights Day Geneva, 10 December 2014 (en-US). Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. Retrieved on 2017-09-05.
  19. ↑ UNHRC Resolution 28/11, Human rights and the environment. United Nations (7 April 2015). Archived from the original on 18 October 2023. Retrieved on 29 May 2023.
  20. ↑ COP21: "States' human rights obligations encompass climate change" – UN expert (en-US). Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. Retrieved on 2017-09-05.
  21. ↑ Adoption of the Paris Agreement. UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (12 December 2015).
  22. ↑ Birnie (2009). International law and the environment, Boyle, Alan E., Redgwell, Catherine., 3rd, Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198764229. OCLC 271647969. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 McInerney-Lankford (2011). Human rights and climate change: a review of the international legal dimensions. Washington, DC: World Bank. ISBN 9780821387207. OCLC 724352139. 
  24. ↑ "'Climate apartheid': UN expert says human rights may not survive", the Guardian, 25 June 2019. Retrieved on 28 August 2022. (in en)
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 "World faces 'climate apartheid' risk, 120 more million in poverty: UN expert", UN News, 25 June 2019. Retrieved on 28 August 2022. (in en)
  26. ↑ See Malé Declaration, n.4; UNHRC Resolution 18/22, n.7; A/HRC/10/61, n.8; FCCC/CP/2010/7/Add.1, n.10.
  27. ↑ Human rights, climate change and cross-border displacement (en-US). Universal Rights Group. Retrieved on 2016-02-10.
  28. ↑ International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (23 March 1976).
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on the relationship between climate change and human rights. Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (15 January 2009).
  30. ↑ What is the definition of global mean sea level (GMSL) and its rate? (en). CU Sea Level Research Group. University of Colorado. Archived from the original on 2017-12-11. Retrieved on 2017-10-15.
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 31.3 (2007) in Rajendra K. Pachauri: Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, etal. Geneva: IPCC. 
  32. ↑ Christidis (2012-02-01). "Human activity and anomalously warm seasons in Europe" (in en). International Journal of Climatology 32 (2): 225–239. DOI:10.1002/joc.2262. ISSN 1097-0088. 
  33. ↑ Fouillet (2006). "Excess mortality related to the August 2003 heat wave in France" (in en). International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 80 (1): 16–24. DOI:10.1007/s00420-006-0089-4. ISSN 0340-0131. PMID 16523319. 
  34. ↑ De Schutter (8 September 2008). Report of the Special Rapporteur on the right to food; Building resilience: a human rights framework for world food and nutrition security. Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights.
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 (2014) in R.K. Pachauri: Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 
  36. ↑ (2007) "Fighting climate change: Human solidarity in a divided world". Human Development Report. Retrieved on 2017-09-06. 
  37. ↑ (2007) in M.L. Parry: Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press. 
  38. ↑ General Comment No. 15: The Right to Water (Arts. 11 and 12 of the Covenant). Refworld (20 January 2003).
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 (2006-12-01) "The Stern Review on the Economic Effects of Climate Change" (in en). Population and Development Review 32 (4): 793–798. DOI:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2006.00153.x. ISSN 1728-4457. 
  40. ↑ McInerney-Lankford (2011). Human Rights and Climate Change: A Review of the International Legal Dimensions. World Bank Publications. ISBN 9780821387207. 
  41. ↑ Docherty (2009). "Confronting a Rising Tide: A Proposal for a Convention on Climage Change Refugees". Harvard Environmental Law Review 33: 349–403. Retrieved on 25 April 2012. 
  42. ↑ "Displacement Caused by the Effects of Climate Change: Who Will Be Affected and What Are the Gaps in the Normative Framework for Their Protection? | Brookings Institution", Brookings, 2017-02-16. Retrieved on 2017-02-16. (in en-US)
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 Manou (2017-05-12). Climate change, migration and human rights law and policy perspectives. ISBN 9781317222330. OCLC 987699915. 
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 AD (Tuvalu ). New Zealand Legal Information Institute (4 June 2014). Retrieved on 2017-10-15.
  45. ↑ "Climate refugees" revisited: a closer look at the Tuvalu decision. Vernon Rive. Archived from the original on 2017-10-04. Retrieved on 2017-10-15.
  46. ↑ "Definitional Issues", International Organization for Migration, 2015-01-29. Retrieved on 2017-09-09. (in en)
  47. ↑ Smith (November 2007). "A Climate of Conflict: The links between climate change, peace and war". International Alert. 
  48. ↑ (2013) in Abate, Randall: Climate change and Indigenous peoples: the search for legal remedies. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. ISBN 9781783474172. OCLC 811732784. 
  49. ↑ Gerrard (2008). "Climate change and human rights: issues and opportunities for Indigenous peoples". University of New South Wales Law Journal 31. 
  50. ↑ Climate change and indigenous peoples. www.ohchr.org. Retrieved on 2021-01-12.
  51. ↑ Hampson (13 July 2004). The Human Rights Situation of Indigenous Peoples in States and Territories Threatened With Extinction for Environmental Reason. Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights.
  52. ↑ Williams (2012-05-01). "The impact of climate change on indigenous people – the implications for the cultural, spiritual, economic and legal rights of indigenous people". The International Journal of Human Rights 16 (4): 648–688. DOI:10.1080/13642987.2011.632135. ISSN 1364-2987. 
  53. ↑ Climate extremes and child rights in South Asia: a neglected priority. Archived from the original on 2013-11-06. Retrieved on 2021-01-12.
  54. ↑ Integrating Climate Change into Development. U.S. Agency for International Development (November 2008). Archived from the original on 2009-06-30.
  55. ↑ Khoday (7 May 2007). "Climate Change and the Right to Development. Himalayan Glacial Melting and the Future of Development on the Tibetan Plateau". Human Development Report Office Occasional Paper. Retrieved on 26 April 2012. 

Njikọ mpụga

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Ewepụtara na https://ig.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ihe_ndị_ruuru_mmadụ_na_mgbanwe_ihu_igwe&oldid=194580