Ihe mkpofu siri ike nke obodo

Ihe mkpọfu siri ike nke ime obodo ( MSW ), nke a na-akpọ ịhụnanya ma ọ bụ ihe mkpofu na mba United Steeti na ihe mkpofu na Britain, bụ ụdị mkpọfu nke nwere ihe ndị na-adị kwa ụbọchị nke ọha na eze na-atụfu. . " Ihe mkpofu" ike ike na-ezo aka kpọmkwem n'ihe mkpofu nri, dị ka ebe a na-ekpofu mmiri; A na-anakọta abụọ ha mgbe ụfọdụ iche. Na European Union, semantic bụ 'ihe mkpofu obodo agwa agwa,' nyere koodu mkpofu 20 03 01 na katalọgụ ihe mkpofu nke mba European. N'agbanyeghị na mkpofu ahụ nwere ike isite n'ọtụtụ ebe na-achọ ihe ịmụta ya na obodo, ọrụ omenala nke ndị obodo na-achị na ijikwa ụdị mkpofu ndị a a Aha 'municipal' etymology

Ihe mejupụtara

Ngwakọta mkpofu siri ike nke ime obodo na-adịgasị iche site na obodo gaa n'obodo, [1] ọ na-iche nke ukwuu ka oge na-aga. N'ime ime obodo nwere usoro mkpọfu mgbanaka emepụtara nke ọma, iyi a na-ekpofu mmiri na-amị ihe mkpofu na-adịghị ike ọgwụgwụ. Na anụ nke ụtụtụ nke iri abụọ, ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ụlọ pacenti iri ise nà atọ na UK nwere ash si na ọkụ ọkụ. [2] N'ebe ndị mepere emepe na- nnukwu nnukwu ọrụ ihe, ọ na-agụnye ihe mkpofu nri, mkpọfu, mkpọfu ụlọ, arrịa rọba na ihe nkwakọ ngwaahịa, na ihe mkpofu siri ike ndị sitere na ebe obibi, azụmahịa, ụlọ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ ihe. [3] Ọtụtụ nke mkpọfu siri ike nke ime obodo njikọ gụnyere mkpofu ụlọ, mkpọfu ugbo, ọgwụ, ihe mkpofu redioactive ma ọ bụ sludge akụrụngwa . [4] Ebe na-anakọta mkpofu na ime obodo n'ime mpaghara. Okwu mkpọfu ihe ike ihe mkpọmebe site na isi ihe ezinaụlọ nwere ihe na-ekewapụ iche ma ọ bụ zipu maka nhazi. [5] Enwere ike kewaa ihe mkpofu n'ụzọ dị iche iche, mana ndepụta ndị a na-ahọpụta anya nhazi ọkwa:

Ihe mkpofu biodegradable : nri na ihe mkpofu kichin, ahịhịa ndụ ndụ ndụ, akwụkwọ (ọtụtụ nwere ike ịmegharị ya, ọ bụ ezie na enwere ike wepu ihe ọkụkụ siri ike compost ^[1] ).
Ihe eji emeghari : akwukwo, kaadiboodu, iko, karama, ite, tin cans, aluminum cans, aluminum foil, metals, ụfọdụ plastics, textiles, uwe, taya, batrị, wdg.
Ihe mkpofu inert : ihe owuwu na mkpotu, unyi, okwute, irighiri ihe
Eletrọnịkị na ihe mkpofu ( WEEE ) - ngwa eletriki, ọkụ ọkụ, igwe ịsa ákwà, TV, kọmputa, ihuenyo, ekwentị mkpanaaka, mkpuchi mkpuchi, ese, wdg.
Ihe mkpofu ihe mejupụtara: uwe mkpofu, Tetra Pack nri na ihe ọ drinkụ drinkụ katọn, plastik lara n'iyi dị ka ihe egwuregwu ụmụaka na arịa ụlọ rọba
Ihe mkpofu dị ize ndụ gụnyere ọtụtụ agba, kemịkalụ, taya, batrị, bọlbụ ọkụ, ngwa eletriki, oriọna fluorescent, ite ikuku ikuku, na fatịlaịza
Ihe mkpofu na-egbu egbu gụnyere pesticides, herbicides, na fungicides
Ihe mkpofu biomedical, ọgwụ ogwu mebiela, wdg.

Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ihe mkpofu siri ike nke ime obodo na China bụ pacenti iri ise nà ise mara iteghete ihe fọdụrụ nri, akwụkwọ pacenti asatọ mara atọ, plastik dị pacenti iri na otu màrà abụọ, akwa dị pacenti atọ mara abụọ, ahịhịa osisi dị pacenti abụọ mara iteghete, roba pacenti ụma asatọ, na pacenti iri na asatọ na uma anọ na-abụghị combustible. ^[2]

Akụkụ nke njikwa mkpofu siri ike

Akpụkpọ anụ iji nakọta akwụkwọ, aluminom, iko, karama PET na ihe mkpofu a na-apụghị imeri eme

Ndị ọrụ mkpofu siri ike nke ime obodo nwere ihe anọ: ime ihe ihe, mkpọfu, na ihe mkpofu na ike site n'ọkụ. [3] Enweghị otu ụzọ a ga-esi tinye na njikwa nke iyi niile, ya mere ndị na-eje ozi Nchebe gburugburu ebe obibi, ụlọ ọrụ etiti United States, nkeji usoro nhazi ọkwa maka mkpofu siri ike nke ime obodo. [4] Ọchịchọ usoro mkpofu bụ ọkwa a na nyere iwu site na usoro ndabere na nke ndabere mma na ụlọ mma gburugburu ebe obibi ha: Mbelata isi iyi na iji ígwè; imegharị ma ọ bụ composting; ike mgbake ; ndabere na mkpofu ^[3]

Nchịkọta

Ihe na-arụ ọrụ nke nchịkọta na-agụnye ọ bụghị nanị nchịkọta nke ihe mkpofu siri ike na ihe ndị a na-emegharịghachi, kamakwa ịkwaga ihe ndị a, mgbe nchịkọta, na ebe a na-ekpochapụ ụgbọ ala nchịkọta. Ebe a nwere ike ịbụ ebe a na-ahazi ihe, ebe a na-ebufe ma ọ bụ ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa.

Ijikwa ihe mkpofu na nkewa, nchekwa na nhazi na isi iyi

Ijikwa ihe mkpofu na nkewa gụnyere mmemme metụtara njikwa mkpofu ruo mgbe etinyere ihe mkpofu n'ime akpa nchekwa maka nchịkọta. Ijikwa na-agụnye mmegharị nke arịa ndị a na-ebu ibu ruo n'ókè nchịkọta. Ikewapụ ụdị ihe mkpofu dị iche iche bụ nzọụkwụ dị mkpa na njikwa na nchekwa nke ihe mkpofu siri ike na isi iyi nchịkọta.

Nkewa na nhazi na ngbanwe nke ihe mkpofu siri ike

Ụdị ihe eji eme ihe na ihe eji eme ihe ugbu a maka mgbake nke ihe mkpofu nke kewapụrụ na isi mmalite gụnyere nchịkọta kerbside, nkwụsịtụ, na ebe ịzụrụ azụ. Nkewa na nhazi nke ihe mkpofu nke kewapụrụ na isi iyi na nkewa nke ihe mkpofu na-emekọ ihe na-emekarị na ebe a na-eweghachi ihe, ebe a na-ebufe, ụlọ ọkụ ọkụ, na ụlọ ọrụ ọgwụgwọ.

Nyefee na ibufe

Nke a mmewere gụnyere isi nzọụkwụ abụọ. Nke mbụ, a na-ebufe ihe mkpofu site na obere ụgbọ ala nnakọta gaa na akụrụngwa ibu ibu. A na-ebuga ihe mkpofu ahụ, na-emekarị n'ebe dị anya, gaa ebe nhazi ma ọ bụ ikpofu.

mkpofu

Taa, mkpọfu mkpọfu site na ndochi ala ma ọ bụ ịgbasa ala bụ ihe zie mma nke mkpọfu siri ike niile, ma ọ bụ ihe mkpofu ebe obibi ana ụzọ ma bufee ya ụzọ na ebe a na-ekpofu mgbalị, ihe ndị na-agba na mgba mgbake ( MRFs), ihe na combustion nke ihe mkpofu siri ike, compost, ma ọ bụ ihe ndị ọzọ sitere na ụlọ ọrụ nhazi ihe mkpofu siri ike dị iche iche. Ebe a na-edebe ihe ọcha nke ọgbara ọhụrụ ihe mkpofu; ọ bụ ụlọ arụrụ arụ ọrụ nke a na-eji ekpofu ihe mkpọfu siri ike n'ala n'ịkọ ka ọ dị njọ ma ọ bụ ihe egwu nye ndị nsogbu ma ọ bụ nchekwa, dị ka nsogbu ụmụ na mmetọ nke mmiri dị n' 'ime ala .

Ijikwa ọzọ

N'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, òtù gburugburu ebe obibi, dị ka Freegle ma ọ bụ The Freecycle Network, na-enweta ewu ewu maka ihe ha na-eji ihe n'Ịntanet. Netwọk ndị a na-enye ndị n'ọnụ zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ihe ndị a na-achọghị nke a ga-atụfu ma ọ bụghị ya, maka ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu na ndị na-ahụ maka itinye ego ma ọ bụ me ike. Ya mere, ọrụ ịntanetị na-echeghị echere-narịlị mmetọ akwụkwọ na-akụ na-enye onyinye.

Ngwunye ala

A na-ihe mkpọfu ala site na nchekwa ala. Ụzọ ikpofu ala na-adịgasị iche, na-emekarị ọ na-agụnye ikpofu ihe mkpọfu n'ime ebe a kara aka, na- nchekwa oghere ma ọ bụ n' watch. Mgbe a tụfuru ihe mkpofu, a na-akpa ya na nnukwu igwe. Mgbe cell mkpofu juru eju, a na-eji mpempe plastik mechie ya ma otu n'ọtụtụ ụkwụ unyi. Nke a bụ ụzọ a na-esi ekpofu ihe na United States n'ihi ọnụ ala dị ala na mụrụra ala ejighi ya na North America. A na-hazi ebe nchekwa ala na US site na nchekwa nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi, nke na-akwado abụ na-akwado Iwu nchekwa ihe, dị ka mmetụta liners na mkpuchi mmiri nke ala. [4] Nke a bụ n'ihi na ngwunye ala na-ebute ihe egwu nke mmetọ ma nwee ike imetọ mmiri dị n'ime ala. Ndị ọrụ mkpofu na-ekpuchi ihe omume ama nke mmetọ nke ọma, ọ na-esikwa ike ịhụ ihe àmà ọ llala. Ọtụtụ, a na-eji nnukwu ihe ma ọ bụ akara na-ezobe mkpọmkpọ ebe mkpofu agbata gbara gburugburu. A na-efesa nnukwu ihe na-ekpochapụ ihe na-esi asụsụ kemịkalụ n'ikuku gbara gburugburu ebe a na-ekpofu iji zoo ihe nke agụ na-ere n'ime ụlọ ọrụ ahụ.. ^[4]

Ọgbọ ike

Ihe mkpofu siri ike nke ime obodo na-ahụ nnukwu methane, ikuku ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ. [4] [5] Otú ọ dị, ihe asụsụ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 90% nke methane ndị nwere ike iguzogide site na iji dị iche iche. a. ^[5] ^[6]

^[7]mgbochi, mgbochi ike iji ihe mkpọfu siri ike nke ime obodo akwado ume n'ihi egwu lipid dị n'ime ya. Enwere ike elele ọtụtụ MSW ka ọ ume dị ọcha ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụrụ na ọnọdụ ike ma jiri ihe lipids mee ihe. [6] E Damela ọtụtụ mgbakwunye na-eme ka nhazi nke MSW maka ụgbọ ike dị ọcha ma bụrụ nke akụ na-ahụ mgbe ọ kpọla, okude gas na-ekpo ọkụ, ọkụ ọkụ, pyrolysis, gasification, na plasma arc gasification . ^[8]

Ọ bụ ebe na ụlọ ọrụ mkpofu ochie na-anọ ọtụtụ ihe mmetọ, ụzọ iwu na nso a na kpàtọ belbelụ a nke ukwuu. Iwu United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) n'afọ 1995 na 2000 n'okpuru Iwu Clean Air ejirila ihe ụgwọ ụlọ 99 n'okpuru ọkwa 1990 beta kaadị nke dioxins sitere na ihe mkpofu na ike ike . nsogbu. [8] EPA kwuru na mmelite ndị a n'afọ 2003, na-ekwu maka mkpofu-ike dị ka isi iyi ike "na obere obere gburugburu ebe obibi ọzọ ihe nke nta ka ọ bụrụ isi iyi ọkụ ọkụ ọkụ"

Hụkwa

Udi: Ihe mkpofu site na obodo
Garbology (ọmụmụ ihe mkpofu na ahịhịa ọgbara ọhụrụ)
Ndepụta nke mkpọghe njikwa mkpofu
MSW/LFG (ihe mkpofu siri ike nke obodo na gas na-ejuputa )
Methanol mmanụ # Akụkọ ihe mere eme na mmepụta
Mmiri mmiri
Ijikwa mkpofu
Mbelata mkpofu
Azụmahịa mkpofu zuru ụwa ọnụ

Ntụaka

↑ Organics -Green Bin. Christchurch City Council. Retrieved on 19 March 2016.
↑ Zhou (August 2014). "An overview of characteristics of municipal solid waste fuel in China: Physical, chemical composition and heating value" (in en). Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 36: 107–122. DOI:10.1016/j.rser.2014.04.024.
↑ US EPA (22 September 2015). Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts and Figures. US EPA.
↑ Rogers (2006). Gone Tomorrow: The Hidden Life of Garbage. New York: The New Press. ISBN 9781595581204.
↑ Hoy (17 November 2023). "Curbing global solid waste emissions toward net-zero warming futures" (in en). Science 382 (6672): 797.
↑ Webber (17 November 2023). "Solid waste, a lever for decarbonization" (in en). Science 382 (6672): 762.
↑ Environmental and Energy Study Institute Issue Brief.
↑ Agaton (2020-10-01). "Economic analysis of waste-to-energy investment in the Philippines: A real options approach" (in en). Applied Energy 275: 115265. DOI:10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.115265. ISSN 0306-2619.

Ọgụgụ ọzọ

Vergara (2012). "Municipal Solid Waste and the Environment: A Global Perspective". Annual Review of Environment and Resources 37: 277–309. DOI:10.1146/annurev-environ-050511-122532.
Kumar (22 March 2016). "Characterization of municipal solid waste in high-altitude sub-tropical regions". Environmental Technology 37 (20): 2627–2637. DOI:10.1080/09593330.2016.1158322. PMID 26915419.

[1] Organics -Green Bin. Christchurch City Council. Retrieved on 19 March 2016.

[2] Zhou (August 2014). "An overview of characteristics of municipal solid waste fuel in China: Physical, chemical composition and heating value" (in en). Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 36: 107–122. DOI:10.1016/j.rser.2014.04.024.

[3] US EPA (22 September 2015). Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts and Figures. US EPA.

[4] Rogers (2006). Gone Tomorrow: The Hidden Life of Garbage. New York: The New Press. ISBN 9781595581204.

[science2023curbing-5] Hoy (17 November 2023). "Curbing global solid waste emissions toward net-zero warming futures" (in en). Science 382 (6672): 797.

[science2023solidwaste-6] Webber (17 November 2023). "Solid waste, a lever for decarbonization" (in en). Science 382 (6672): 762.

[7] Environmental and Energy Study Institute Issue Brief.

[8] Agaton (2020-10-01). "Economic analysis of waste-to-energy investment in the Philippines: A real options approach" (in en). Applied Energy 275: 115265. DOI:10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.115265. ISSN 0306-2619.

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