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Ihe a na-esi n'ọkụ

 

Ihe a na-esi n'ọkụ

Breed broiler bụ ọkụkọ ọ bụla ( Gallus gallus domesticus ) nke a na-azụ ma zụlite kpọmkwem maka mmepụta anụ. Ọtụtụ broilers azụmahịa na-erute ibu igbu ọchụ n'agbata izu anọ na isii, ọ bụ ezie na ụdị ndị na-eto eto ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-erute ibu ogbugbu n'ihe dịka izu iri na anọ. Broilers a na-ahụkarị nwere nku ọcha yana akpụkpọ na-acha odo odo. A na-ejikwa broiler ma ọ bụ mgbe ụfọdụ broiler-fryer mgbe ụfọdụ na-ezo aka kpọmkwem na ọkụkọ ndị na-erubeghị kilogram 2.0 (4+1⁄2 lb), ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị na-esi nri buru ibu.[1] 

N'ihi nhọrọ dị ukwuu nke ozuzu maka ntolite ngwa ngwa na ọrụ ugbo na-eji na-akwado nke a, broilers na-enwe ike ịnweta ọtụtụ nchegbu ọdịmma, karịsịa ọkpụkpụ ọkpụkpụ na arụghị ọrụ nke ọma, ọnya akpụkpọ na anya na ọnọdụ obi mgbagha. A ghaghị ịtụle njikwa ikuku, ụlọ, njupụta ngwaahịa na usoro ime ụlọ mgbe niile iji kwado ọdịmma nke ìgwè atụrụ ahụ. Osisi ozuzu (broiler-breeders) na-eto eto ma na-enwekwa nchegbu ọdịmma nke ha metụtara nkụda mmụọ nke mkpali nri dị elu na mbelata ọnụ. A na-akụ broilers dị ka ìgwè atụrụ ndị na-enwe mmekọahụ na nnukwu ụlọ n'okpuru ọnọdụ siri ike.

Ịzụlite n'oge a

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Vidio nke ọkụkọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ dịrị njikere igbu n'ugbo ọkụkọ nke oge a

Tupu e nwee ụdị anụ a na-ere ahịa n'oge a, broilers na-abụkarị ụmụ ọkụkọ ụmụ nwoke ndị a na-achụ n'ìgwè atụrụ. Ọmụmụ ọmụmụ malitere na 1916. Magazin maka ụlọ ọrụ anụ ọkụkọ dị n'oge a. A na-emepụta ọkụkọ dị iche iche nke a kpụkọrọ akpụkọ site n'aka nwoke nke ụdị Cornish nwere ara abụọ, na nwanyị nke ogologo, nnukwu ọkpụkpụ nke Plymouth Rocks. E webatara mbọ mbụ a n'obere anụ anụ na 1930 wee bụrụ nke a na-achị na 1960s. Ndị mbụ crossbreed nwere nsogbu nke ọmụmụ dị ala, uto na-adịghị ngwa na ọrịa ọrịa..

Ndị na-agbaze anụ nke oge a adịla nnọọ iche na Cornish / Rock crossbreeds. Dị ka ihe atụ, Donald Shaver (nke bụbu onye na-azụ ụdị na-emepụta àkwá) malitere ịnakọta anụ na-amụ nwa maka mmemme na 1950. E wezụga ụdị ndị a na-ahụkarị, a gụnyere Cornish Game, Plymouth Rock, New Hampshire, Langshans, Jersey Black Giant, na Brahmas. A zụrụ akara nwanyị na-acha ọcha n'aka Cobb. A malitere usoro ịzụlite zuru oke na 1958, na mbupu azụmahịa na Canada na US na 1959 na Europe na 1963. [2] Dị ka ihe atụ nke abụọ, Shaver chepụtara ihe na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na 1973. Mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ahụ dabeere na atụmatụ ịzụlite nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ maka akwa àkwá, nke e mepụtara n'etiti afọ 1960. Ihe isi ike na-eche ndị na-azụ anụ na-acha anụnụ anụnụ ihu bụ na ọkụkọ ga-acha ọcha site na afọ igbu egbu. Mgbe afọ iri na abụọ gasịrị, e nwetara mmekọahụ na-enweghị imebi àgwà akụ na ụba.[2]

Mkpụrụ ndụ e ji aka mee

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Insemination artificial bụ usoro nke a na-etinye spermatozoa n'ime ụzọ ọmụmụ nke nwanyị.[3] Insemination artificial na-enye ọtụtụ uru metụtara ọmụmụ na ụlọ ọrụ ọkụkọ. A họrọla ụdị Broiler kpọmkwem maka uto, na-eme ka ha mepụta nnukwu uru ahụ, nke na-egbochi ma belata mmekọrịta okike.[4] Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke sperm e mepụtara ma tinye n'ime usoro ọmụmụ nke ọkụkọ nwere ike ịbụ nke a kpaara ókè n'ihi nke a. Tụkwasị na nke a, enwere ike belata agụụ mmekọahụ nke ụmụ nwoke n'ozuzu ya n'ihi nhọrọ uto.[5] Insemination artificial emeela ka ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ ugbo tinye mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ahọpụtara n'ime ngwaahịa ha, na-eme ka àgwà mkpụrụ ndụ ihe ubi ha dịkwuo mma.[6]

Nchịkọta afọ bụ usoro a na-ejikarị eme ihe maka nchịkọta ọbara ọcha.[4] N'oge usoro a, a na-egbochi oke ọkụkọ ma na-emetụ mpaghara azụ dị n'akụkụ ọdụ na n'azụ nku. A na-eme nke a n'ụzọ dị nro mana ngwa ngwa. N'ime obere oge, nwoke kwesịrị inweta erection nke phallus. Ozugbo nke a mere, a na-agbanye cloaca ma na-anakọta ọbara ọcha site na papilla mpụga nke vas deferens.[7]

N'oge insemination artificial, a na-etinye ọbara ọcha n'ime akụkụ ahụ nwanyị site na ntanye plastik. Iji tinye ọbara ọcha ebe a, a na-etinye oghere nke akụkụ ahụ nwanyị site na cloaca. A na-eme nke a site na itinye nrụgide n'afọ nke ọkụkọ. A na-etinye ngwá ọrụ nwere ọbara ọcha site na 2-4 cm n'ime oghere oghere.  Ka a na-etinye ọbara ọcha, a na-ewepụta nrụgide a na-emetụta n'afọ ọkụkọ n'otu oge.[4] Onye na-eme usoro a na-ejikarị otu aka na-agagharị ma na-eduzi ábụ́bà ọdụ, mgbe ọ na-eji aka nke ọzọ etinye ngwá ọrụ na ọbara ọcha n'ime akụkụ ahụ nwanyị.[7]

Ihe ndị dị ndụ n'ozuzu

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Modern commercial broilers, for example, Cornish crosses and Cornish-Rocks,[Tinye edensibịa] are artificially selected and bred for large-scale, efficient meat production. They are noted for having very fast growth rates, a high feed conversion ratio, and low levels of activity. Modern commercial broilers are bred to reach a slaughter-weight of about Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Convert/data' not found. in only 5 to 7 weeks.[8][9] As a consequence, the behaviour and physiology of broilers reared for meat are those of immature birds, rather than adults. Slow growing free-range and organic strains have been developed which reach slaughter-weight at 12 to 16 weeks of age.

Ụdị broilers nwere ábụ́bà ọcha na akpụkpọ ahụ na-acha odo odo. Nnyocha mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na nso nso a kpughere na e webatara mkpụrụ ndụ ihe ndụ ihe nkesa maka akpụkpọ ahụ na-acha odo odo n'ime nnụnụ ụlọ site na ngwakọta ya na Nnụnụ ọhịa na-acha ntụ ntụ (G. sonneratii ). Obe nke oge a dịkwa mma maka mmepụta anụ n'ihi na ha enweghị "ntutu" nke ọtụtụ ụdị nwere nke a ga-ewepụ site na ịṅụ abụ mgbe ha wepụsịrị ozu ahụ.

Omume

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Omume ndị na-agba ọsọ na-agbanwe site na gburugburu ebe obibi, ma na-agbanwekwa ka afọ na ịdị arọ nke ndị na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na-abawanye ngwa ngwa. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọrụ nke ndị na-azụlite n'èzí na mbụ karịa ndị na-etolite n'ime ụlọ, mana site na izu isii, ọ na-ebelata na ọkwa yiri ya n'ìgwè niile.[10] Otu nnyocha ahụ na-egosi na n'ìgwè ndị dị n'èzí, n'ụzọ dị ịtụnanya, a na-ejighị ohere na ihe ndị ọzọ dị ka perches mee ihe - a tụrụ aro na isi ihe kpatara nke a bụ adịghị ike ụkwụ dịka pasent 80 nke nnụnụ nwere nsogbu a na-ahụ anya na izu asaa. Enweghị ihe akaebe nke mbelata mkpali iji gbasaa omume, dịka, dịka ọmụmaatụ, ịpị ala nọgidere na ọkwa dị elu n'ime ìgwè ndị dị n'èzí n'ihi na omume a nwekwara ike ime site n'ọnọdụ ndina kama iguzo ọtọ.

Ịtụle ugboro ole omume mmekọahụ niile na-egosi mbelata dị ukwuu na afọ, na-egosi na agụụ mmekọahụ na-ebelata. Mbelata nke agụụ mmekọahụ ezughi iji kọwaa mbelata ọmụmụ n'ime oke ehi dị arọ na izu 58 ma eleghị anya ọ bụ nsonaazụ nke nnukwu ibu ma ọ bụ ọdịdị nke ụmụ nwoke n'afọ a na-emetụta n'ụzọ ụfọdụ na nnyefe nke ọbara ọcha n'oge mmekọahụ nke yiri ka ọ dị mma.[11]

Ntụgharị nri na nri

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Ụmụ ọkụkọ na-eri ihe niile ma na-enye ndị na-eri anụ n'oge a nri pụrụ iche nke protein dị elu, nke a na-enyekarị site na usoro nri na-arụ ọrụ n'onwe ya. A na-ejikọta nke a na ọnọdụ ọkụ aka iji kpalie iri nri na uto ma si otú a na-achọ ịdị arọ nke ahụ.

Na US, nkezi Ntụgharị nri (FCR) nke ihe na-ere nri bụ 1.91 kilogram nke nri kwa kilogram nke ịdị arọ na 2011, ọganihu site na 4.70 na 1925.[12] Canada nwere FCR nke 1.72 . [13] Ugbo ọkụkọ na-ere ahịa na New Zealand edekọla ọkụkọ ọkụkọ kachasị mma n'ụwa FCR na 1.38 .[14] microbiome nke broiler nwekwara mmetụta dị ukwuu na mgbakwunye na nri nnụnụ na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na FCR n'ozuzu.[15]

Nsogbu ọdịmma

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Ụmụ ọkụkọ ndị nwere otu ụbọchị na-abịa ka a tọhapụ ha ma tinye ha n'ụlọ nkwakọba ihe

Nhọrọ aka emeela ka mmụba dị ukwuu na ọsọ nke ndị na-ere ọkụ na-etolite ma na-eru oke igbu egbu.[16] Nhọrọ na ịzụlite maka uto ngwa ngwa pụtara na enwere ọdịiche na-akpata mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa n'etiti akụkụ ahụ na-enye ike nke broiler na akụkụ ya na-eri ike.[9] Uto ngwa ngwa nwere ike ibute nsogbu metabolic dịka ọrịa ọnwụ mberede na ascites.[16] Ịzụlite maka mmụba nke uru ara na-emetụta ụzọ ọkụkọ si aga ije ma na-etinye nrụgide ndị ọzọ n'úkwù na ụkwụ ha.[9] Enwere ọtụtụ nsogbu ọkpụkpụ n'ime ndị na-agba ọsọ, ọkachasị na usoro locomotory.[16] Nsogbu ụkwụ ndị a na-emebi ikike locomotor nke nnụnụ, nnụnụ ndị nwere nkwarụ na-etinye oge ka ukwuu n'ịrahụ ụra ma na-ehi ụra.[17] A na-ejikọta mmụba nke enweghị ọrụ na mmụba na dermatitis nke oge ka ukwuu na-emetụ ammonia n'ime ụmụ ọkụkọ.[16] A na-edekarị ndị na-ere nri n'ebe dị elu.[9] Nke a nwere ike belata nri na uto.[16] Ọnọdụ nchịkwa (àgwà, okpomọkụ na iru mmiri) dị mkpa karịa njupụta.[18] Ọtụtụ ndị na-egbu egbu na-anwụ n'oge usoro nke ijide, nkwakọba na ibugharị.[9]

Mmepụta ụwa na ojiji

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Nchịkọta oriri ọkụkọ maka onye ọ bụla na 2012

Mmepụta azụmahịa nke ọkụkọ na-eri anụ bụ usoro mmepụta ihe dị elu. E nwere ngalaba abụọ dị mkpa: (1) ịzụlite nnụnụ maka oriri na (2) ịzụlite nne na nna maka ịzụlite nn nnụnụ anụ. Akụkọ e mere n'afọ 2005 kwuru na a na-emepụta ihe dị ka ijeri ọkụkọ 5.9 maka iri kwa afọ na European Union.  Mmepụta anụ ọkụkọ n'ìgwè bụ ụlọ ọrụ zuru ụwa ọnụ ma n'oge ahụ, ọ bụ naanị ụlọ ọrụ abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ na-azụ anụ na-enye ihe dị ka 90% nke ndị na-azụ ehi n'ụwa. Ọnụ ọgụgụ anụ ọkụkọ a na-emepụta n'ụwa fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ijeri 47 na 2004; n'ime ndị a, a na-arụpụta ihe dịka 19% na US, 15% na China, 13% na EU25 na 11% na Brazil.[9] 

Iri nri nke brilers karịrị nke anụ ehi na mba ndị mepere emepe, na ọchịchọ na-arị elu na Eshia.[mkpa mmelite] [19] N'ụwa niile, e mepụtara nde tọn 86.6 nke anụ ọkụkọ na 2014, na site na 2018 , atụmatụ zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ụmụ ọkụkọ ọkụkọ ọkụ eletrik bụ ihe dịka ijeri 23. [20]  

Mmetụta nke mgbanwe ihu igwe

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Hụkwa

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  • Obi ọjọọ a na-emeso ụmụ anụmanụ
  • Sayensị ọdịmma anụmanụ
  • Nne ọkụkọ
  • Ụtụ isi ọkụkọ
  • Ọrụ inye anụmanụ nri
  • Nri mbụ
  • Ịzụ anụmanụ
  • Ịkpa ọkụkọ
  • Nnụnụ nke echi
  • Ayam Kampong

Ebem si dee

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  1. ↑ Gerrard (January 7, 2019). What Are the Main Types of Chicken?. The Spruce Eats. Retrieved on June 16, 2020.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Smith (2010). The History of Shaver Breeding Farms. Hendrix Genetics. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved on 31 December 2013.
  3. ↑ Senger (2012). Pathways to Pregnancy and Parturition. Redmond: Current Conceptions Inc. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 (2000) "Storage of Poultry Semen". Animal Reproduction Science 62 (1–3): 213–232. DOI:10.1016/s0378-4320(00)00160-3. PMID 10924826. 
  5. ↑ (1993-05-01) "The Relationship Between Body Weight and Reproductive Efficiency in Meat-Type Chickens" (in en). Poultry Science 72 (5): 912–922. DOI:10.3382/ps.0720912. ISSN 0032-5791. 
  6. ↑ (2003-01-15) "Artificial insemination: the state of the art". Theriogenology 59 (2): 571–584. DOI:10.1016/S0093-691X(02)01241-4. PMID 12499005. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 (2009) "Implementing artificial insemination as an effective tool for ex situ conservation of endangered avian species". Theriogenology 71 (1): 200–213. DOI:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2008.09.019. PMID 19004491. 
  8. ↑ Poultry Industry Frequently Asked Questions Provided by the U.S. Poultry & Egg Association. U.S. Poultry & Egg Association. Retrieved on June 21, 2012.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Turner (2005). The Welfare of Broiler Chickens in the European Union. Compassion in World Farming Trust. Retrieved on November 16, 2014.
  10. ↑ (1994) "Comparison of the behaviour of broiler chickens in indoor and free-range environments". Animal Welfare 3 (3): 179–192. DOI:10.1017/S0962728600016833. 
  11. ↑ (1990) "Sexual behaviour and fertility in broiler breeder domestic fowl". Applied Animal Behaviour Science 26 (3): 201–213. DOI:10.1016/0168-1591(90)90137-3. 
  12. ↑ U.S. Broiler Performance. National Chicken Council. Retrieved on August 1, 2019.
  13. ↑ Ontario Canada FCR. Small Flock Poultry Farmers of Canada (2013-08-21). Retrieved on May 29, 2015.
  14. ↑ NZ FCR Broiler Performance. Watt AgGate (August 27, 2012). Retrieved on May 29, 2015.
  15. ↑ Host genetics and gut microbiota contribute to feed efficiency in chickens. DOI:10.21203/rs.3.rs-967786/v1. Retrieved on 2023-11-16.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 (2006) "Welfare of broilers: A review". World's Poultry Science Journal 62 (3): 455–466. DOI:10.1017/s0043933906001085. 
  17. ↑ Vestergaard, K.S. (1999). "Relationships between leg disorders and changes in behaviour of broiler chickens". Veterinary Record 144 (8): 205–209. DOI:10.1136/vr.144.8.205. PMID 10097343. 
  18. ↑ (2004) "Chicken welfare is influenced more by housing conditions than by stocking density". Nature 427 (6972): 342–344. DOI:10.1038/nature02226. PMID 14737165. 
  19. ↑ Meat Atlas 2014 – Facts and figures about the animals we eat, p. 41, pdf
  20. ↑ (December 2018) "The broiler chicken as a signal of human reconfigured biosphere". Royal Society Open Science 5 (12): 180325. DOI:10.1098/rsos.180325. PMID 30662712. 
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