Wikipedia

Ịkpa ọkụkọ

  Ịzụ anụ ọkụkọ bụ ụdị ịzụ anụmanụ nke na-azụ ụmụ nnụnụ dị ka ọkụkọ, ọbọgwụ, turkey na geese iji mepụta anụ ma ọ bụ akwa maka nri. A na-akọ anụ ọkụkọ - nke ka ukwuu n'ọkụkọ - n'ọtụtụ dị ukwuu. A na-egbu ihe karịrị ijeri ọkụkọ iri isii maka oriri kwa afọ. A na-akpọ ọkụkọ a zụlitere maka akwa dị ka oyi akwa, ebe a na-akpọ ọkụkọ a zụlitere maka anụ ọkụkọ.[2]

Ebe nchekwa ụlọ maka ọkụkọ [1]

Na United States, nzukọ mba na-ahụ maka mmepụta ọkụkọ bụ Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Na UK, nzukọ mba ahụ bụ Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Gburugburu Ebe Obibi, Nri na Mmekọrịta Ime Obodo (DEFRA).

Ugbo ọkụkọ na South Africa, na-egosi ala ojii n'ihu mgbe a chịkwara ọkụ iji kpalie uto ọhụrụ nke ahịhịa na-edozi ahụ

Ihe siri ike na ihe ọzọ

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Templeeti:Pie chartDị ka World Watch Institute si kwuo, pasent 74 nke anụ ọkụkọ dị n'ụwa, na pasent 68 nke àkwá ka a na-emepụta nke ọma. Otu uzo ozo maka ugbo okuko siri ike bu oru ugbo n'efu site n'iji nju ahia di ala. Ndị na-emepụta anụ ọkụkọ na-ejikarị ọgwụ ndị obodo kwadoro, dị ka ọgwụ nje, na nri ma ọ bụ mmiri ọṅụṅụ, iji gwọọ ọrịa ma ọ bụ igbochi ọrịa. Ụfọdụ ọgwụ FDA kwadoro ka akwadokwara maka iji nri emelitere emelitere.[3]

Nnụnụ ọkụkọ

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Ụlọ ọkụkọ ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọkụkọ bụ ụlọ ebe a na-echekwa ọkụkọ ma ọ bụ anụ ufe ndị ọzọ na nchekwa. Enwere ike inwe igbe akwụ na perch n'ime ụlọ ahụ. Enwere esemokwu ogologo oge maka mkpa bụ isi maka ụlọ ọkụkọ. Otu nkà ihe ọmụma, nke a maara dị ka "ụlọ akwụkwọ ikuku ọhụrụ" bụ na ọkụkọ na-esikarị ike mana enwere ike iweta ya site na njide, àgwà ikuku na-adịghị mma na ọchịchịrị, ya mere ọ dị mkpa maka ikuku ikuku ma ọ bụ oghere mepere emepe na ọnọdụ dị ka n'èzí. ọbụna n'oge oyi. Agbanyeghị, ndị ọzọ na-edobe ọkụkọ kwenyere na ha na-enwekarị ọrịa na ihu igwe dị n'èzí ma chọọ ebe a na-achịkwa gburugburu ebe obibi. Nke a ebutela ụdị ụlọ abụọ maka ọkụkọ: ụlọ ikuku ọhụrụ nwere oghere sara mbara na ọ dịghị ihe ọzọ karịa waya waya n'etiti ọkụkọ na ihu igwe (ọbụlagodi na Northern winters), ma ọ bụ ụlọ mechiri emechi nwere ọnụ ụzọ, windo na oghere nke nwere ike mechie ọtụtụ ikuku..[4]

Ụmụ ọkụkọ na-eyi àkwá

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Ọkụkọ ọkụkọ nke azụmahịa na-amalitekarị ịtinye àkwá na izu 16-21, n'agbanyeghị na mmepụta nke nta nke nta na-agbada ngwa ngwa mgbe ọ dị ihe dị ka izu iri abụọ na ise. Nke a pụtara na n'ọtụtụ mba, ka ọ na-erule ihe dị ka izu iri asaa na abụọ, a na-ewere ìgwè anụ ụlọ dị ka ndị na-adịghị ike akụ na ụba, a na-egbukwa ha mgbe ha nwechara ihe dị ka ọnwa 12, n'agbanyeghị na ọkụkọ ga-adị ndụ ruo afọ 6 ma ọ bụ karịa. Na mba ụfọdụ, a na-amanye ọkụkọ ka ọ na-agba ume ịtinye akwa..

A na-achịkwa ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi na-akpaghị aka na sistemụ ịkwa akwa. Dị ka ihe atụ, na oge nke ìhè na-adọ na ibido na-abawanye na-akpali mmalite nke egg-ịtọ na 16-20 izu nke afọ na mgbe ahụ na-eṅomi okpomọkụ ụbọchị ogologo nke na-akpali ọkụkọ na-anọgide na-ịtọ akwa n'afọ nile; na-emekarị, mmepụta akwa na-apụta nanị n'ime ọnwa okpomọkụ. Ụfọdụ ụdị ọkụkọ ndị a na-ere ahịa nwere ike ịmị ihe karịrị àkwá 300 kwa afọ.[5]

Ịga n'ihu

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Nwa ọkụkọ na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla na Ishwarganj Upazila, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
 
Nnụnụ na-ere ahịa n'efu na Scottish Borders
 
A na-enye ọkụkọ ndị a na-anọghị n'èzí nri
 
Ụlọ ọkụkọ na Ghana

Ịkpa anụ ọkụkọ n'efu na-enye ọkụkọ ohere ịgagharị n'efu ruo oge ụfọdụ n'ụbọchị, n'agbanyeghị na a na-anọkarị ha n'ụlọ awụsa n'abalị iji chebe ha pụọ ​​​​na ndị na-eri anụ ma ọ bụ na-edebe ha n'ime ụlọ ma ọ bụrụ na ihu igwe dị njọ. Na UK, Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) na-ekwu na ọkụkọ na-enweghị ohere ga-enwe ohere ịnweta ikuku na-emeghe n'oge ọ dịkarịa ala ọkara nke ndụ ya. N'adịghị ka ọ dị na United States, nkọwa a na-emetụtakwa ọkụkọ na-edina akwa n'efu. European Union na-achịkwa ụkpụrụ ịzụ ahịa maka ịkwa akwa akwa nke na-akọwapụta ọnọdụ kacha nta maka àkwá na-enweghị ohere na "ọkụkọ na-aga n'ihu n'ehihie iji na-agba ọsọ ikuku, ma e wezụga n'ihe gbasara mgbochi nwa oge nke ndị ọrụ nlekọta ahụike nyere". RSPCA "ụkpụrụ ọdịmma maka ịtọ ọkụkọ na pullets" na-egosi na ọnụego ngwaahịa agaghị agafe 1,000 nnụnụ kwa hectare (10 m2 kwa hen) nke nso dị na mpaghara kacha nta nke ndò / ebe nchekwa 8 m2 kwa 1,000 hens ga-enyerịrị.

Ịkpa anụ n'efu nke ọkụkọ na-eyi àkwá na-abawanye òkè ya n'ahịa. Ọnụ ọgụgụ DEFRA na-egosi na 45% nke àkwá e mepụtara na UK n'afọ 2010 niile bụ n'efu, 5% e mepụtara n'usoro ụlọ nkwakọba ihe na 50% site na ụlọ. Nke a na-eji ya tụnyere 41% ịbụ n'efu na 2009.[6]

Ala kwesịrị ekwesị chọrọ mmiri zuru oke iji belata ikpuru na coccidial oocysts, nchebe kwesịrị ekwesị pụọ na ifufe, ikuku dị mma, ịnweta na nchebe pụọ na anụ ndị na-eri ibe ha. Okpomọkụ, oyi ma ọ bụ mmiri nwere ike imerụ ụmụ anụmanụ na mmepụta ha.[7] Ndị ọrụ ugbo na-enweghị ihe mgbochi nwere obere njikwa karịa ndị ọrụ ugbo nwere ụlọ na nri ọkụkọ ha na-eri, nke nwere ike iduga na mmepụta ihe a na-apụghị ịdabere na ya, ọ bụ ezie na nri mgbakwunye na-ebelata ejighị n'aka a.[8] N'ugbo ụfọdụ, enwere ike iji nsị sitere na anụ ọkụkọ na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla mee ihe iji baara ihe ọkụkụ uru.[9]

Uru dị n'ịkụkọ anụ ọkụkọ n'efu maka ịtọ ọkụkọ gụnyere ohere maka akparamagwa eke dị ka ịhịa aka n'ahụ, ịhịa aka n'ahụ, nri nri na mmega ahụ n'èzí..[10]

Ma ọrụ ugbo siri ike na nke na-anaghị akwụ ụgwọ nwere nchegbu maka ọdịmma anụmanụ. Iri anụ mmadụ, nku nku na ikuku ikuku nwere ike bụrụ ihe a na-ahụkarị, na-eme ka ụfọdụ ndị ọrụ ugbo jiri mkpụcha beak dị ka ihe mgbochi, n'agbanyeghị na ibelata ọnụ ahịa ngwaahịa ga-ewepụ nsogbu ndị a. Ọrịa nwere ike na-emekarị na ụmụ anụmanụ na-adịghị ike nke anụ. Achọpụtala sistemu Barn nwere ọdịmma nnụnụ kacha njọ. Na Ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia, enweghị njikwa ọrịa na ọrụ ugbo efu ejikọtala na ntiwapụ nke influenza Avian..

Ịgba ọsọ n'efu

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Kama idebe ha n'ime ụlọ, ọkụkọ na-agba ọsọ n'efu na-agagharị n'ime ogige a kpọchiri akpọchi. Ụdị ụlọ a na-enyekwa uru maka ọkụkọ, gụnyere igbe akwukwo na oghere ndị na-adịkarị n'ala nke ụlọ nkwakọba ihe. Ọtụtụ ndị kwenyere na ụdị ụlọ a dị mma maka nnụnụ karịa usoro ụlọ ọ bụla, mana ọ nwekwara ọghọm ya. N'ihi mmụba nke ọrụ nke nnụnụ, ọkwa uzuzu na-arị elu na ogo ikuku na-ebelata. Mgbe ikuku na-ada, mmepụta na-ada ka nke a na-emebi ahụike na ọdịmma nke nnụnụ na ndị na-elekọta ha.[11]

Organic

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Na usoro organic na US, njikwa organic na-amalite site na nhọrọ nke anụ ụlọ ma kwesị ịmalite "ọ bụghị mgbe ụbọchị nke abụọ nke ndụ gasịrị".[12] Mmepụta anụ ọkụkọ na-achọ nlekọta anụ ahụ na nri na-edozi ahụ, nlekọta ahụike mgbochi, ọnọdụ ndụ, njikwa / nhazi, na idebe ihe.[12] Ụkpụrụ nke Soil Association nke a na-eji eme ihe iji kwado ìgwè anụmanụ na UK, na-egosi ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu n'èzí nke 1,000 nnụnụ kwa hekta na ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị nke ọkụkọ 2,000 n'ụlọ ọkụkọ ọ bụla.[13] Na UK, a naghị edozi nne ọkụkọ na-eyi àkwá mgbe niile.

Ịrụ ụlọ

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Ọ bụ ezie na a na-enwekarị mgbagwoju anya na ọrụ ugbo n'efu, ịdding bụ n'ezie ụzọ dị iche iche nke a na-ejikọta ọnụ ụlọ na ebe a gbara ogige n'èzí mgbe a na-azụ anụ ọkụkọ. Ihe dị iche bụ na anụ ọkụkọ nwere onwe ya bụ nke enweghị mgbidi kpamkpam, ma ọ bụ ngere ahụ dị anya nke na ọ naghị enwe mmetụta na nnwere onwe imegharị ha. Yarding bụ usoro a na-ejikarị obere ugbo na North Eastern U.S. A na-ahapụ nnụnụ ndị a kwa ụbọchị site na ọnụ ụlọ ma ọ bụ coops. Ọkụkọ ọkụkọ na-edina àkwá n'ala ụlọ coop ma ọ bụ na nkata ma ọ bụrụ na onye ọrụ ugbo nyere ya. Usoro ịzụ nwa nwere ike gbagwojuru anya ma ọ bụrụ na ejiri ya na oke ọkpa, ọkachasị n'ihi omume ike ha..

 
Ugbo ọkụkọ
 
Ugbo ọkụkọ na-eji ụlọ batrị na India

Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ọkụkọ dị n'ọtụtụ mba na-anọ n'ụlọ batrị, n'agbanyeghị na European Union Council Directive 1999/74/EC amachibidoro ọnụ ụlọ batrị a na-emekarị na steeti EU malite na Jenụwarị 2012. N'ihe dị ka Eprel 1, 2017, ọ nweghị oghere batrị ọhụrụ nwere ike ime. a ga-etinye na Canada. Ndị ọrụ ugbo ga-agarịrị n'ebe obibi bara ụba ma ọ bụ jiri usoro na-enweghị ụlọ. N'afọ 2016, ndị na-akụ akwa nke Canada kwupụtara na ndị ọrụ ugbo akwa nke mba ahụ ga-esi na usoro ụlọ obibi ọkụkọ (ụlọ batrị) na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla na-emekarị ka ọ bụrụ 2036. Ndị a bụ obere oghere, nke a na-ejikarị ígwè eme ihe na usoro ọgbara ọhụrụ, ụlọ. 3 ruo 8 nne. A na-eji ígwè siri ike ma ọ bụ ntupu rụọ mgbidi ahụ, a na-ejikwa eriri waya sịrị elu ala iji mee ka nsị dapụta na àkwá ga-abata na eriri na-ebu akwa. A na-enyekarị mmiri site n'usoro n'elu ọnụ ọnụ ọnụ, nri dị n'ime ebe a na-esi mmiri dị n'ihu ọnụ ụlọ a na-ejupụta n'oge oge site na usoro igwe.

A na-ahazi ụlọ batrị n'ahịrị dị ogologo dị ka ọtụtụ ọkwa, na-enwekarị ụlọ azụ azụ (ya mere okwu ahụ). N'ime otu ụlọ nkwakọba ihe, enwere ike ịnwe ọtụtụ okpukpu nwere ụlọ batrị nke pụtara na otu ụlọ nkwari akụ nwere ike ịnwe iri puku ọkụkọ. A na-ejikarị ike ọkụ dị ala (dịka 10 lux) iji belata ịta ábụ́bà na ịta ájá. Uru nke ụlọ batrị gụnyere nlekọta dị mfe maka nnụnụ, a na-ewepụ àkwá a na-etinye n'ala (nke dị oke ọnụ iji chịkọta), àkwá dị ọcha karị, a na'ozuzu, a na na-achọ obere nri iji mepụta àkwá, a na - ewepụ ụmụ ọkụkọ, enwere ike itinye ọtụtụ ọkụkọ n'ime ụlọ, a na a na-agwọkwa ihe ndị dị n'ime n'ime, a na ndị ọrụ na-achọ n'ozuzu ha.

N'ugbo ndị na-eji ụlọ maka mmepụta àkwá, enwere nnụnụ ndị ọzọ na mpaghara ọ bụla; nke a na-enye ohere maka mmepụta ihe ka ukwuu na ọnụahịa nri dị ala. Oghere dị n'ala na-aga n'elu site na 300 cm2 kwa ọkụkọ.  Ụkpụrụ EU na 2 chọrọ ma ọ dịkarịa ala 550 cm2 kwa ọkụkọ.  Na US, aro nke United Egg Producers na-atụ ugbu a bụ 67 ruo 86 in2 (430 ruo 560 cm2) kwa nnụnụ.  A na-akọwakarị ohere dị maka ọkụkọ batrị dị ka ihe na-erughị nha nke akwụkwọ A4 (62 cm2). [14]  Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-ahụ maka ọdịmma anụmanụ akatọwo ụlọ batrị n'ihi na ha anaghị enye ọkụkọ ohere zuru ezu iji guzoro, gaa ije, kụọ nku ha, ma ọ bụ mee akwụ́, a na-ewerekwa ya n'ọtụtụ ebe na ọkụkọ na-ata ahụhụ site na ike ọgwụgwụ na nkụda mmụọ site n'enweghị ike ime omume ndị a.[15] Nke a nwere ike iduga n'ọtụtụ Omume na-adịghị mma, ụfọdụ n'ime ha na-emerụ ọkụkọ ma ọ bụ cagemates ha.

Ụlọ nkwakọba ihe

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  N'afọ 1999, European Union Council Directive 1999/74/EC [16] machibidoro ụlọ batrị maka ịtụrụ ọkụkọ na European Union site na Jenụwarị 1, 2012; a machibidoro ha iwu na mba ndị ọzọ gụnyere Switzerland. N'ịzaghachi mmachibido iwu ndị a, mmepe nke usoro ụlọ ahịa ụlọ ọrụ malitere na 1980s. Ụlọ nkwakọba ihe, mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akpọ 'enriched' ma ọ bụ 'modified' ụlọ nkwakọwa ihe, bụ ụlọ nkwakọrọ maka nne ọkụkọ na-eyi àkwá nke e mere iji kwe ka nne ọkụkọ rụọ "omume okike" ha ka ha na-ejigide uru akụ na ụba na nke ịkpa anụ, yana inye ụfọdụ uru ọdịmma nke usoro ndị na-abụghị ụlọ. E webatara ọtụtụ ihe ndị e mere n'ụlọ ndị e ji ụlọ rụọ n'ihi na nyocha na sayensị ọdịmma anụmanụ egosila na ha bara uru maka ọkụkọ. Na UK, DEFRA "Code for the Welfare of Laying Hens" na-ekwu na ụlọ ndị e nyere ụlọ kwesịrị inye ọ dịkarịa ala 750 cm2 nke ebe ụlọ maka ọkụkọ ọ bụla, 600 cm2 nke kwesịrị iji ya mee ihe; ịdị elu nke ụlọ ahụ ma e wezụga nke ahụ n'elu ebe a ga-eji mee ihe kwesịrị ịbụ ọ dịkarịrị 2 cm n'ebe ọ bụla ma ọ dịghị ụlọ kwesịrị inwe ngụkọta nke na-erughị 2000 cm2.[17]     Na mgbakwunye, ụlọ ndị a na-etinye n'ụlọ kwesịrị inye akwụ́, ihe mkpofu nke ga-eme ka ịta na ịta ahụ nwee ike, ebe kwesịrị ekwesị na-enye ohere ọ dịkarịa ala 15 cm kwa ọkụkọ, ngwaọrụ na-eme ka mbọ dị mkpirikpi, na ebe a na-eri nri nke enwere ike iji ya mee ihe n'enweghị mgbochi na-enye 12 cm kwa ọkụ.   Ụlọ nkwakọba ihe (Enriched) na-enye ọkụkọ ohere karịa ụlọ nkwakọwa batrị nkịtị, ka nnụnụ ọ bụla wee gbasaa nku ha n'emetụghị ibe ha aka ma ọ bụrụ na achọrọ. A na-enyekwa enrichment dị ka igbe akwukwo, perches, na ebe ịsa ahụ uzuzu ka nnụnụ wee nwee ike ịrụ ọrụ ha dị ka akwukwo akwukwo dị ka a ga-asị na ha nọ n'èzí.

Ịbawanye ọgaranya n'ịtọ ụlọ ọkụkọ na-emecha mee ka ọkpụkpụ dị mma.[18] Nke a bụ n'ihi mmụba nke ọrụ n'ime ọkụkọ site na ohere ọzọ na enrichment nyere na usoro ụlọ.

Ọ bụ ezie na usoro ụlọ bara ọgaranya nwere uru ya dị ka mbelata ime ihe ike megide ibe ha na àkwá dị ọcha, ụdị àkwá nke oge a na-enwekarị ọrịa osteoporosis nke na-eme ka usoro ọkpụkpụ ọkụkọ ghara ịdị ike. N'oge mmepụta àkwá, a na-ebufe calcium buru ibu site na ọkpụkpụ iji mepụta mkpokoro àkwá. Ọ bụ ezie na ọkwa calcium nri zuru ezu, ịmịkọrọ calcium nri ezughị mgbe niile, nyere ike nke mmepụta, iji mejupụta calcium ọkpụkpụ zuru oke. Nke a nwere ike ibute mmụba nke ọkpụkpụ gbajiri agbaji, ọkachasị mgbe a na-ewepụ ọkụkọ n'ụlọ na njedebe nke ịtụrụ. Osteoporosis nwere ike igbochi site na usoro ụlọ na-enweghị ụlọ, dịka ha gosipụtara na ha nwere mmetụta bara uru na usoro ọkpụkpụ nke ọkụkọ ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị dị na usoro ụlọ.[19]

Mba ndị dị ka Austria, Belgium ma ọ bụ Germany na-eme atụmatụ ịmachibido ụlọ ndị a na-etinye n'ụlọ ruo n'afọ 2025 na mgbakwunye na ụlọ ndị a machibidoro iwu.[20]

Ụmụ ọkụkọ na-emepụta anụ - usoro ịzụ anụ

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Ndị na-ere nri n'ụlọ mmepụta

Ihe ndị na-esi ísì ụtọ n'ime ụlọ

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A na-azụkarị anụ ọkụkọ, nke a na-akpọkarị broilers, n'ala dị ka ịkpụcha osisi, mkpokoro ahụekere, na mkpokoro osikapa, n'ime ụlọ n'ụlọ na-achịkwa ihu igwe. N'okpuru usoro ọrụ ugbo nke oge a, anụ ọkụkọ a zụlitere n'ime ụlọ na-eru arọ igbu egbu na izu 5 ruo 9, ebe ọ bụ na a zụpụtara ha iji mee ya. N'izu mbụ nke ndụ broiler, ọ nwere ike itolite ruo pasent 300 nke ogo ahụ ya. Onye na-ere nri nke dị izu itoolu na-ebu ihe karịrị kilogram anọ n'ịdị arọ.  Na izu itoolu, ọkụkọ ga-adị ihe dị ka pound 7 (3.2 kilogram) na ọkụkọ ga na-adị ihe dịka pound 12 (5.5 kilogram), na-enwe nkezi pound itoolu (4 kilogram).   

A naghị azụlite ndị na-agba ịnyịnya n'ime ụlọ. A na-azụlite ha n'ime nnukwu ụlọ mepere emepe a maara dị ka ụlọ na-eto eto. Onye ọrụ ugbo na-anata nnụnụ site na ebe a na-amụ ụmụ mgbe ọ dị otu ụbọchị. Uto na-agụnye izu 5 ruo 9 dabere na oke osisi na-egbu egbu chọrọ ka ọkụkọ bụrụ. A na-etinye ụlọ ndị a na usoro igwe iji nye nnụnụ nri na mmiri. Ha nwere usoro ikuku na ihe na-ekpo ọkụ nke na-arụ ọrụ dịka ọ dị mkpa. A na-ekpuchi ala ụlọ ahụ na ihe ndina nke nwere ụyọkọ osisi, osikapa, ma ọ bụ mkpokoro ahụekere. N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, enwere ike ịzụlite ha n'elu ahịhịa kpọrọ nkụ ma ọ bụ compost. N'ihi na ihe ndina kpọrọ nkụ na-enyere aka ịnọgide na-enwe ahụike ìgwè atụrụ, ọtụtụ ụlọ ndị a na-ere n'ime ala nwere usoro ịgba mmiri ("ndị na-aṅụ mmiri") nke na-ebelata nsị.[21]

Idebe nnụnụ n'ime ụlọ na-echebe ha pụọ n'aka ndị na-eri ibe ha dị ka hawks na foxes. A na-eji mgbidi ákwà mgbochi eme ụlọ ụfọdụ, nke a pụrụ ịfụkọta na ihu igwe dị mma iji nabata ìhè na ikuku dị ọcha. Ọtụtụ ụlọ ndị e wuru n'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya nwere "mkpịsị ikuku," nke otu ndị na-akwado ya na-adọta ikuku dị ọcha n'ụlọ ahụ.[21]

Dị ka omenala si dị, ìgwè anụmanụ na-acha anụnụ anụnụ nwere ihe dị ka nnụnụ 20,000 n'ụlọ na-acha odo odo nke dị mita 400 / 500 n'ogologo na mita 40 / 50 n'obosara, si otú a na-enye ihe dị ka ụzọ asatọ n'ụzọ iri nke square ụkwụ kwa nnụnụ. Kansụl maka Sayensị na Teknụzụ Ọrụ Ugbo (CAST) na-ekwu na ohere kacha nta bụ ọkara square ụkwụ kwa nnụnụ. Ụlọ ndị ọzọ nke oge a na-abụkarị ndị buru ibu ma nwee ọtụtụ nnụnụ, mana ohere ala ka na-egbo mkpa nnụnụ. Ka nnụnụ ahụ na-etolite, a na-etinye ụmụ ọkụkọ ole na ole n'ụlọ ọ bụla, iji nye nnụnụ buru ibu ohere ka ukwuu kwa square ụkwụ.[21]

N'ihi na ndị na-eto eto na-etolitebeghị, ha na-egosipụta obere omume ime ihe ike.[21]

Nri ọkụkọ na-agụnye ọka na nri soybean na mgbakwunye nke vitamin na mineral dị mkpa. Enweghị homonụ ma ọ bụ steroid a na-ekwe ka ọ zụlite ọkụkọ.[21][22]

Nsogbu na ịkpa anụ n'ime ụlọ

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N'ime nnukwu ebe a na-etinye ihe n'ime mmiri, ikuku nwere ike imerụ ammonia site na nsị. N'ọnọdụ a, onye ọrụ ugbo ga-agba ọsọ karịa ndị na-akwado ya iji weta ikuku dị ọcha. Ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị, nke a nwere ike imebi anya ọkụkọ na usoro iku ume ma nwee ike ịkpata ọkụ na-egbu mgbu na ụkwụ ha (nke a na-akpọ ọkụ ọkụ) yana blisters na ụkwụ ha. Ndị na-eto eto maka uto ngwa ngwa nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke nkwarụ ụkwụ na-etolite n'ihi na nnukwu uru ahụ ara ha na-akpata mgbagwoju anya na ụkwụ na pelvis na-eto ngwa ngwa, na-eduga na ha na-enwekarị ike ịkwado ịdị arọ ahụ ha. N'ọnọdụ ebe ọkụkọ na-enwe nkwarụ ma ghara ịga ije, ndị ọrụ ugbo ga-abanye ma wepụ ha. N'ihi ihe isi ike ha na-agagharị, ọkụkọ ahụ enweghị ike ịgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi ha iji zere okpomọkụ, oyi, ma ọ bụ unyi dịka ha ga-eme n'ọnọdụ okike. Ibu a gbakwunyere na oke mmadụ na-etinye nsogbu n'obi ha na akpa ume ha, nke nwere ike iduga na Ascites. Na UK, ihe ruru nde iri na itoolu na-anwụ n'ụlọ ha site na nkụchi obi kwa afọ. N'oké okpomọkụ, ọ bụrụ na ike agwụ agwụ aghụghọ, ọkụkọ 20,000 nwere ike ịnwụ n'oge dị mkpirikpi. N'ime ezigbo uto, onye ọrụ ugbo kwesịrị ire n'etiti 92% na 96% nke ìgwè atụrụ ha, na 1.80 na 2.0 nri ntụgharị. Mgbe ọ zụchara nnụnụ ahụ, onye ọrụ ugbo ahụ ga-ehicha ma kwadebe maka ìgwè atụrụ ọzọ. Onye ọrụ ugbo kwesịrị ịba ụba 4 ruo 5 n'afọ.[23]

Ime ụlọ nwere ọdịmma dị elu

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N'ime usoro "ọdịmma dị elu", a na-edebe ọkụkọ n'ime ụlọ mana enwere ohere ka ukwuu (ihe dị ka nnụnụ 14 ruo 16 kwa square mita). [24] Ha nwere gburugburu ebe obibi bara ọgaranya dịka ọmụmaatụ na ọkụ okike ma ọ bụ ụgbụ ahịhịa nke na-agba ume ịchọ nri na ịnọ. Ụmụ ọkụkọ na-eto ngwa ngwa ma na-adịru izu abụọ karịa nnụnụ a na-azụ nke ọma. Uru nke usoro ọdịmma dị elu n'ime ụlọ bụ mbelata uto, obere mkpakọ na ohere maka omume okike.[10]Otu ihe atụ nke mmepụta ime ụlọ na mmepụta ọdịmma dị elu bụ ọkọlọtọ Better Chicken Commitment.[25]

Ndị na-ere nri n'efu

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Turkeys na-ata ahịhịa n'ugbo

A na-azụlite ndị na-agba ọsọ n'efu n'okpuru ọnọdụ yiri nke ọkụkọ na-eyi àkwá n'efu. Ụdị ndị ahụ na-eto ngwa ngwa karịa ndị a na-eji maka ịzụlite n'ime ụlọ ma na-erute ibu igbu egbu n'ihe dị ka izu 8. Na EU, ọkụkọ ọ bụla ga-enwerịrị otu square mita nke ohere n'èzí.[10] Uru nke ịzụ anụ ọkụkọ n'efu gụnyere ohere maka omume okike dị ka ịta, ịta, ịchọ nri na mmega ahụ n'èzí. N'ihi na ha na-eji nwayọọ ma nwee ohere maka mmega ahụ, ndị na-agba ọsọ na-enwekarị ahụike ụkwụ na obi ka mma.[10]

Ihe ndị e ji esi nri

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A na-azụlite ọkụkọ ndị na-eri anụ n'okpuru ọnọdụ yiri nke ndị na-ere anụ n'efu mana na-enwe ihe mgbochi na ojiji a na-eri ma ọ bụ ọgwụ ndị dị na mmiri, ihe mgbakwunye nri ndị ọzọ na amino acid. Ụdị ndị a na-eji nwayọọ na-eto, ụdị ọdịnala ndị ọzọ ma na-eru oke igbu egbu n'ihe dị ka izu 12.[26] Ha nwere ohere buru ibu n'èzí (ọ dịkarịa ala square mita 2 na mgbe ụfọdụ ruo square mita 10 kwa nnụnụ). [27] Ụkpụrụ nke Soil Association na-egosi ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu n'èzí nke nnụnụ 2,500 kwa hekta na ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị nke 1,000 broilers kwa ụlọ ọkụkọ.[13]

Nsogbu

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Mmeso obi ọjọọ

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Ụlọ batrị
 
Ụmụ ọkụkọ e ji gwongworo buru

Òtù ndị na-ahụ maka ọdịmma anụmanụ akatọwo ụlọ ọrụ ọkụkọ ugboro ugboro maka itinye aka n'omume ha na-ekwusi ike na ọ bụ omume obi ọjọọ. Ọtụtụ ndị na-akwado ikike ụmụ anụmanụ na-emegide igbu ọkụkọ maka nri, "ọnọdụ ugbo" nke a na-azụlite ha, ụzọ njem, na igbu ọchụ. Animal Outlook (nke bụbu Compassion Over Killing) na ìgwè ndị ọzọ emeela nyocha nzuzo ugboro ugboro na ugbo ọkụkọ na ebe a na-egbu anụ nke ha na-ekwu na ọ na-akwado nkwupụta obi ọjọọ ha.[28]

Omume a na-emekarị n'etiti ebe a na-amụ ụmụ ọkụkọ bụ igbu ụmụ ọkụkọ ọhụrụ ebe ọ bụ na ha anaghị amụ nwa ma ha anaghị eto ngwa ngwa iji baa uru maka anụ. E nwere atụmatụ iji mebie àkwá tupu a mụọ ụmụ ọkụkọ, site na iji mkpebi mmekọahụ "in-ovo".[29]

A na-ejikarị ọkụkọ atụ egwu tupu e gbuo ya site na iji carbon dioxide ma ọ bụ ọkụ eletrik na mmiri. Ụzọ ndị ọzọ a ga-eji mee ihe bụ nrụgide ikuku dị ala na inert gas asphyxiation.[30]

Ịkpụcha ọnụ

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A na-eme ka nne ọkụkọ na-eyi àkwá na 1 ụbọchị iji belata mmetụta na-emebi ihe nke ime ihe ike, ịta ábụ́bà na iri mmadụ. Nnyocha sayensị egosila na ịkpụ ọnụ nwere ike ịkpata ihe mgbu siri ike na nke na-adịghị ala ala.[31][32][33][34][35][36] Nnukwu ịkpụ ọnụ, ma ọ bụ ịkpụ ọnụ nnụnụ n'oge agadi, nwere ike ịkpata ihe mgbu na-adịghị ala ala. N'ịgbaso mkpụmkpụ ọnụ nke nne ọkụkọ toro eto ma ọ bụ okenye, nociceptors dị n'ọnụ na-egosi usoro na-adịghị mma nke nkwụsị akwara, na-egosi ihe mgbu dị egwu. [31] [37][38][39]

Neuromas, ụyọkọ ụyọkọ nke ụyọkọ axon na-eme ka ọ dị ọhụrụ, [40] a na-ahụ na ogwe ọnụ nnụnụ a gwọrọ na izu 5 ma ọ bụ karịa na nnụnụ ndị a gwọrọ nke ukwuu. [41] A na-ejikọta neuromas na ihe mgbu na-adịghị mma n'ime mmadụ ndị nwere nkwarụ ma ya mere ejikọta ya na ihe mgbochi na-adịghị ala ala n'ime nnụnụ ndị a na-akpụ ọnụ. Ọ bụrụ na ịkpụ ọnụ dị njọ n'ihi usoro na-ekwesịghị ekwesị ma ọ bụ mee ya na nnụnụ ndị toro eto, neuromas ga-anọgide na-egosi na nnụisi ndị toro eto a na-akpụ ọnụ na-enwe Ihe mgbu na-adịghị ala ala, ọ bụ ezie na arụrịta ụka banyere nke a.[42]

Ụmụ ọkụkọ ndị a na-akpụchasị ọnụ na-ebu ụzọ na-ata obere karịa ụmụ ọkụkọ ndị na-akpịghị akpụ, nke onye na-ahụ maka omume anụmanụ Temple Grandin na-ekwu na ọ na-echebe onwe ya pụọ na ihe mgbu.[43] Onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru ụmụ anụmanụ, Peter Singer, na-azọrọ na usoro a dị njọ n'ihi na ọnụ dị nro, ụfọdụ na-ewere omume a na-emekarị nke ịkpụ ha n'enweghị anesthesia dị ka omume obi ọjọọ.[44] Ụfọdụ n'ime ụlọ ọrụ ọkụkọ na-ekwu na igbu ọnụ anaghị egbu mgbu ebe ndị ọzọ na-ekwu ete usoro ahụ na-akpata ihe mgbu na obi erughị ala, ma na-ebelata ikike iri nri ma ọ bụ ịṅụ mmanya. [44] [45][46]

Ọgwụ mgbochi nje

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A na-eji ọgwụ nje eme ihe n'ịkpa ọkụkọ n'ọtụtụ ebe kemgbe 1951, mgbe Food and Drug Administration (FDA) kwadoro iji ha eme ihe. Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị achọpụtala na ọkụkọ na-enye ọgwụ nje na-eto ngwa ngwa karịa ndị na-achịkwa.[47] Ụmụ ọkụkọ na-eyi àkwá ndị ọzọ ma nwee ọnwụ dị ala na obere ọrịa. N'elu nchọpụta a, ndị ọrụ ugbo gbanwere site na protein anụmanụ dị oke ọnụ gaa na ọgwụ nje dị ọnụ ala na B12. Ụmụ ọkụkọ na-eruzi ibu ahịa ha n'ụzọ dị ngwa na ọnụahịa dị ala. Site na ọnụ ọgụgụ na-arịwanye elu na ọchịchọ ka ukwuu maka ndị ọrụ ugbo, ọgwụ nje yiri ka ọ bụ ụzọ dị mma ma dị ọnụ ala iji mụbaa mmepụta nke ọkụkọ. Kemgbe nchọpụta a, a na-ejikarị ọgwụ nje eme ihe na mmepụta ọkụkọ, mana n'oge na-adịbeghị anya ọ bụ isiokwu arụmụka nke abụọ na egwu nke nje bacteria na-eguzogide.[48]

Arsenic

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Nri ọkụkọ nwere ike ịgụnye roxarsone ma ọ bụ nitarsone, ọgwụ arsenical antimicrobial nke na-akwalite uto. Roxarsone jiri ya mee ihe dị ka ihe mbido broiler site na ihe dị ka 70% nke ndị na-akụ broiler n'etiti 1995 na 2000.[49] Ọgwụ ndị ahụ akpatawo esemokwu n'ihi na o nwere arsenic, nke na-egbu ụmụ mmadụ nke ukwuu. Enwere ike ibufe arsenic a site na ịgba ọsọ site na ogige ọkụkọ. Nnyocha nke afọ 2004 nke magazin US Consumer Reports kọrọ na "enweghị arsenic a na-achọpụta na samples nke uru ahụ anyị" mana chọpụtara na "A ole na ole n'ime samples ọkụkọ anyị nwere ego nke dịka ụkpụrụ EPA si dị nwere ike ịkpata nsogbu nke akwara n'ime nwatakịrị na-eri 2 ounces nke imeju e siri esi kwa izu ma ọ bụ n'ime okenye na-eri 5.5 ounces kwa izu. "The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Otú ọ dị, bụ, bụ nzukọ na-ahụ maka ịchịkwa nri na America, na ihe niile a nwalere "karịa ala karịa... a kwadoro".

 
Roxarsone, ihe arsenic na-ese okwu nke a na-eji dị ka ihe na-edozi ahụ maka ọkụkọ.

Hormone na-eto eto

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Ojiji nke hormone na mmepụta ọkụkọ bụ iwu na-akwadoghị na United States. [22] [50][51] N'otu aka ahụ, ọ dịghị anụ ọkụkọ maka ire ere na Australia a na-enye homonụ.[52] Ọtụtụ nnyocha sayensị edekọla eziokwu ahụ bụ na ọkụkọ na-eto ngwa ngwa n'ihi na a zụlitere ha ime otú ahụ, ọ bụghị n'ihi homonụ na-eto eto.[53][54]

Ọrịa ogbu na nkwonkwo

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Dị ka Consumer Reports si kwuo, "nde 1.1 ma ọ bụ karịa ndị America [na-arịa] ọrịa kwa afọ site na ọkụkọ na-adịghị esi nri, nke na-adịghị mma. " Nnyocha USDA chọpụtara E. coli (Biotype I) na 99% nke ọkụkọ supermarket, nsonaazụ nke igbu ọkụkọ abụghị usoro na-adịghị amị mkpụrụ. [55][are] Otú ọ dị, otu nnyocha ahụ na-egosikwa na ụdị E. coli a chọtara bụ mgbe niile ụdị na-adịghị egbu egbu, ọ dịghịkwa ọkụkọ nwere ọ bụla n'ime patenogenic O157:H7 serotype.[55] Ọtụtụ n'ime ọkụkọ ndị a, kwa, nwere ọkwa dị ala nke mmetọ.[56]

Mkpụrụ ahụ na-esi n'ozu ahụ na-agbapụta ruo mgbe evisceration stage, na eviscerations stage n'onwe ya na-enye ohere maka ime ozu ahụ ịnata nje bacteria nke eriri afọ. (Akpụkpọ ahụ nke ozu ahụ na-emekwa nke ọma, mana akpụkpọ ahụ na-egosi ihe mgbochi ka mma maka nje bacteria ma na-eru okpomọkụ dị elu n'oge isi nri.) Tupu 1950, nke a nwere n'ụzọ dị ukwuu site na ịghara ịkpụ ozu ahụ n'oge igbu ọchụ, na-eme ka nke a dị ngwa ruo mgbe a na-ere ya ma ọ bụ n'ụlọ. Nke a nyere nje bacteria eriri afọ ohere dị ala iji biri n'anụ a na-eri eri. Mmepe nke "ihe na-esi nri dị njikere" n'afọ ndị 1950 gbakwunyere ịdị mfe mgbe ọ na-ewebata ihe ize ndụ, n'okpuru echiche na friji site na njedebe ruo na njedebe na isi nri zuru oke ga-enye nchebe zuru oke. Enwere ike igbu E. coli site na oge nri kwesịrị ekwesị, mana a ka nwere ihe ize ndụ ụfọdụ metụtara ya, na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ebe niile na ọkụkọ a na-azụ ahịa na-enye ụfọdụ nsogbu. A tụwo aro irradiation dị ka ụzọ isi mee ka anụ ọkụkọ ghara ịdị ọcha mgbe e gbusịrị ya.

Nje bacteria aerobic a hụrụ n'ụlọ ọkụkọ nwere ike ịgụnye ọ bụghị naanị E. coli, kamakwa Staphylococcus, Pseudomona, Micrococcus na ndị ọzọ. Ihe ndị a nwere ike inye aka na uzuzu nke na-akpatakarị nsogbu na usoro iku ume nke ọkụkọ na ụmụ mmadụ na-arụ ọrụ na gburugburu ebe obibi. Ọ bụrụ na ọnụọgụ nje bacteria na mmiri ọṅụṅụ ọkụkọ ruru ọkwa dị elu, ọ nwere ike ịkpata afọ ọsịsa nje bacteria nke nwere ike ibute nsị ọbara ma ọ bụrụ na nje bacteria ahụ gbasara site na eriri afọ mebiri emebi.[57]

Salmonella nwekwara ike ịbụ nrụgide na mmepụta ọkụkọ. A na-enyocha otú o si akpata ọrịa n'ụzọ zuru ezu.[58]

Influenza nnụnụ

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Enwekwara ihe ize ndụ na ọnọdụ ndị mmadụ jupụtara n'ugbo ọkụkọ ga-eme ka influenza avian (ụmụ nnụnụ) gbasaa ngwa ngwa. Otu nkwupụta mgbasa ozi nke United Nations na-ekwu, sị: "Gọọmentị, ndị ọchịchị obodo na ụlọ ọrụ mba ụwa kwesịrị iwere ọrụ dị ukwuu n'ịlụso ọrụ nke ọrụ ugbo, azụmahịa na ọkụkọ dị ndụ, na ahịa anụ ọhịa nke na-enye ọnọdụ dị mma maka nje ahụ ịgbasa ma gbanwee n'ụdị dị ize ndụ karị..."[59]

Ọrịa akpụkpọ ahụ

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Ọtụtụ ọnọdụ dermatitis dị ịrịba ama na ọkụkọ karịsịa gangrenous dermatitis. GD sitere na Clostridium septicum, <i id="mwAcs">Clostridium perfringens</i> ụdị A, Clostridium sordellii, Clostridium novyi, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus xylosus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Pasteurella multocida, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis, Proteus spp., Bacillus spp., Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, na <i id="mwAeU">Gallibacterium anatis</i> var. <i id="mwAeY">haemolytica</i>. Beemer et al. 1970 chọtara Rhodotorula mucilaginosa na-akpata dermatitis na ọkụkọ ndị na-agbagwoju anya na GD.[60]

Ịrụ nke ọma

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Ịkpa ọkụkọ n'ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ na-adabere n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na nri protein dị elu nke sitere na soybeans; na European Union soybean na-achịkwa protein maka nri anụmanụ, [61] ụlọ ọrụ ọkụkọ bụ onye kachasị eri nri dị otú ahụ. A ghaghị inye ọkụkọ kilogram abụọ nke ọka iji mepụta 1 kilogram nke ibu, [62] nke dị obere karịa nke achọrọ maka anụ ezì ma ọ bụ anụ ehi. [63]  Otú ọ dị, maka gram ọ bụla nke protein a na-eri, ọkụkọ na-emepụta naanị 0.33 g nke protein a ga-eri eri.[64]

Ihe ndị metụtara akụ na ụba

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Mgbanwe na ọnụahịa ngwaahịa maka nri ọkụkọ nwere mmetụta kpọmkwem na ọnụahịa nke ịme azụmahịa na ụlọ ọrụ ọkụkọ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ịrị elu dị ịrịba ama na ọnụahịa ọka na United States nwere ike itinye nrụgide akụ na ụba dị ukwuu na nnukwu ọrụ ugbo ọkụkọ.[65]

Nchịkwa ihe mkpofu, nsị

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Àkwá n'ala mgbe ihe mberede mere na Interstate 59 na Alabama, July 1972

Mmepụta ọkụkọ chọrọ njikwa nsị mgbe niile, na n'ọtụtụ akụkụ nke ụwa, ọrụ mmepụta, ọkachasị ọrụ buru ibu, kwesịrị ịgbaso ụkpụrụ na nchebe gburugburu ebe obibi. N'adịghị ka nsị anụ na-enye nwa ara, nsị na nsị na-apụta n'ụmụ ọkụkọ (na nnụnụ niile) dị ka nsị jikọtara ọnụ, nsonaazụ ya dịkwa mmiri ma dị elu na nitrogen.

Enwere ike ịchịkwa ihe mkpofu mmiri, kpọrọ nkụ ma ọ bụ site na njikọta ụfọdụ. A na-eji njikwa mmiri eme ihe karịsịa na ọrụ batrị, ebe a na-eji mmiri na-asọ asọ mgbe niile ma ọ bụ mgbe ụfọdụ na-egbochi ihe mkpofu. A na-ejikwa mmiri eme ihe iji hichaa ala gburugburu ebe a na-anọ eme akwụ́ ndị dị iche na oghere. Nchịkwa mmiri na-ezo aka karịsịa na Ihe mkpofu kpọrọ nkụ dị ka ntụ nke a na-ewepụ dị ka ọ dị mkpa. Mmiri kpọrọ nkụ nwekwara ike ịgụnye ebe ahịhịa na-amịkọrọ nsị site n'ala na ahịhịhịa dị ugbu a, mana ọ dị mkpa ka a nyochaa ya nke ọma ka ọ ghara imeri ikike ala ma mee ka ọ bụrụ na ọ na-agbada na nsogbu mmetọ ndị ọzọ.

A na-eji mmiri na ihe mkpofu kpọrọ nkụ eme ihe dị ka fatịlaịza, mana mmiri na-esi ísì ụtọ siri ike ibubata ma na-ejikarị ya eme ihe n'ógbè, ebe nke ikpeazụ dị mfe ikesa n'ọtụtụ na n'ime nkwakọ ngwaahịa azụmahịa.

Ọnwụ

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Ọnwụ bụ ihe a na-atụle kwa ụbọchị maka ndị ọrụ ugbo ọkụkọ, a ghaghịkwa ịchụpụ ozu iji belata mgbasa nke ọrịa na mgbasa nke ụmụ ahụhụ. E nwere ụzọ dịgasị iche iche e si efunahụ ya, nke a na-ahụkarị bụ ili, composting, ọkụ ọkụ, na nsụgharị. Nchegbu gburugburu ebe obibi gbara nke ọ bụla n'ime usoro ndị a gburugburu na-emetụta mmetọ ihe oriri n'ime ala na Mmiri dị n'okpuru ala - n'ihi nchegbu ndị a, n'ọtụtụ mba na US na-achịkwa ma ọ bụ na-egbochi omume nke ili ozu.[66] Ndị ọrụ ugbo nwere ike iwu ụlọ ọrụ nke ha maka composting, ma ọ bụ zụta ngwá ọrụ iji malite ọkụ ma ọ bụ nchekwa maka ntụgharị.[67]

Composting na-enye ojiji dị nchebe na nke bara uru maka ihe ndị dị ndụ, ebe njikwa kwesịrị ekwesị nke ebe composting na-egbochi ísì na ọnụnọ nke ụmụ ahụhụ.[68] Incineration na-enye usoro mkpofu ngwa ngwa, mana ọ na-eji ike mmanụ ma si otú a na-eweta ọnụahịa dịgasị iche iche.[69] Rendering nwere uru nke ijikwa ya na saịtị, na iji freezers nwere ike iwepụ mgbasa nke pathogens na nchekwa na-echere nnweta. Òtù gọọmentị, dị ka USDA, nwere ike inye ndị ọrụ ugbo enyemaka ego na-achọ ịmalite iji ihe ngwọta ọnwụ na-adịghị mma na gburugburu ebe obibi.[70]

Ịchụ nta

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Na mmepụta nke North America, ndị na-eri ibe ha bụ:[71][72]

  • Coyote
  • Nkịta ọhịa, ọkachasị nkịta ọhịa na-acha ọbara ọbara
  • bobcatNkịta ọhịa
  • Mustelids
    • weasels, ọkachasị weasel kacha nta na weasel ogologo-tailedweasel nwere ọdụ ogologo
  • nnụnụ na-eri anụ
    • Hawks, ọkachasị red-tailed, red-shouldered, na Cooper's hawkHawk nke Cooper
    • owls, karịsịa nnukwu owls nwere mpiNnukwu nnụnụ nwere mpi
  • raccoon
  • opossum nke VirginiaVirginia opossum
  • skunks
  • ụmụ oke
  • agwọ, ọkachasị agwọ òké
  • nkịta na nwamba

Ahụike na nchekwa ndị ọrụ

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Maka afọ 2013, e mere atụmatụ na 1.59 nke ọrịa metụtara ọrụ kwa 100 ndị ọrụ anụ na ọkụkọ zuru oke na United States, ma e jiri ya tụnyere 0.36 maka ndị ọrụ na-emepụta ihe n'ozuzu.[73] A na-ejikọta mmerụ ahụ na mmegharị ugboro ugboro, ọnọdụ na-adịghị mma, na okpomọkụ oyi. A na-akọ ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ọrịa carpal tunnel na nsogbu ndị ọzọ nke uru ahụ na ọkpụkpụ. Chemicals na-egbu nje na nje bacteria na-efe efe na-akpata ọrịa iku ume, mmeghachi omume na-adịghị mma, afọ ọsịsa, na ọrịa akpụkpọ ahụ.[74]

E gosipụtara ụlọ anụ ọkụkọ nwere mmetụta ọjọọ na ahụike iku ume nke ndị ọrụ, sitere na ụkwara ruo na bronchitis na-adịghị ala ala. A na-ekpughere ndị na-arụ ọrụ n'ihe gbasara ikuku ikuku (PM) na endotoxins (ihe mkpofu na-emerụ ahụ nke nje bacteria). N'ụlọ ọkụkọ a na-ahụkarị, eriri ebufe n'okpuru ngịga na-ewepụ nri. N'ime usoro aviary na-enweghị ọnụ, nri na-ekpuchi ala, na-eme ka uzuzu na nje bacteria na-amụba ka oge na-aga. A na-etinyekarị akwa n'ala ma ọ bụ n'okpuru ngịga n'ime ụlọ aviary, na-eme ka ndị ọrụ na-abịaru nso n'ala ma mee ka uzuzu na nje bacteria banye n'ikuku, nke ha na-ekunye mgbe akwa akwa..[75]

Oxfam America na-akọ na nnukwu ọrụ anụ ọkụkọ mepere emepe nọ n'okpuru nrụgide dị otú ahụ iji bulie uru nke ukwuu nke na ndị ọrụ anaghị anabata ụlọ mposi..[76]

Ọnụ ọgụgụ ọkụkọ n'ụwa

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Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Nri na Ọrụ Ugbo nke Mba Ndị Dị n’Otu mere atụmatụ na n’afọ 2002, e nwere ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ijeri ọkụkọ iri na isii n’ụwa. N'afọ 2008, mba ndị kacha nwee ọkụkọ kacha elu n'ụwa bụ ndị China na-edu ndị kacha ibu ihe ruru ijeri 4.6, US sochiri ihe karịrị ijeri abụọ wee soro Indonesia, Brazil na Mexico sochiri ya. Na 2019, China nwere ihe karịrị ijeri ọkụkọ 5.14, ọnụ ahịa dị elu karịa mba ọ bụla n'ụwa, Indonesia sochiri ya nwere ihe ruru ijeri ọkụkọ 3.7. Mba ndị nwere ego kachasị elu bụ US, Brazil, Pakistan, Iran, India, Mexico, Russia na Myanmar n'otu n'otu..[77]

N'afọ 1950, nkezi ndị America na-eri ọkụkọ 20 pound (9 kg) kwa afọ, mana 92.2 pound (41.9 kg) na 2017. Ọzọkwa, na 1980, a na-ere ọtụtụ ọkụkọ n'ozuzu ya, ma ka ọ na-erule 2000, a na-ere ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ pasent 90 nke ọkụkọ mgbe erechara ya. gbuturu n'ime akụkụ.[78]

Hụkwa

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  • Onye na-ewepụta ọkụkọ
  • Nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi na ọrụ ugbo
  • Enweghị nkwụsị
  • Hy-Line International
  • Ịkpa ọkụkọ na United States
  • Ndepụta nke nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ na-egbu ọkụkọ na Europe

Ebem si dee

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  1. ↑ Appleby, M.C. (1992). Poultry Production Systems: Behaviour, Management and Welfare. CAB International. 
  2. ↑ Compassion in World Farming – Poultry. Ciwf.org.uk. Retrieved on October 3, 2018. “Chickens farmed for meat are called broiler chickens, whilst those farmed for eggs are called egg-laying hens.”
  3. ↑ (1999) Food-Animal Production Practices and Drug Use. National Academies Press (US). Retrieved on February 28, 2016. 
  4. ↑ North and Bell, "Commercial Chicken Production Manual", 5th ed. Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1990, p 189.
  5. ↑ How to Select the Perfect Breed of Best Egg Laying Chickens. homesteadchores.com. Retrieved on October 5, 2017.
  6. ↑ 50% of UK eggs laid by free range hens. The Ranger. Archived from the original on April 4, 2016. Retrieved on November 18, 2011.
  7. ↑ Deeb (October 2002). "Genotype-by-environment interaction with broiler genotypes differing in growth rate. 4. Association between responses to heat stress and to cold-induced ascites.". Poultry Science 81 (10): 1454–1462. DOI:10.1093/ps/81.10.1454. PMID 12412909. 
  8. ↑ Mapiye (2008-11-03). "A Research Review of Village Chicken Production Constraints and Opportunities in Zimbabwe". Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 21 (11): 1680–1688. DOI:10.5713/ajas.2008.r.07. ISSN 1011-2367. 
  9. ↑ Chicken Feed: Grass-Fed Chickens & Pastured Poultry. Lions Grip. Retrieved on July 6, 2007.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Compassion in World Farming – Poultry – Higher welfare alternatives. Ciwf.org.uk. Archived from the original on September 28, 2011. Retrieved on August 26, 2011.
  11. ↑ David (2015). "Air Quality in Alternative Housing Systems May Have an Impact on Laying Hen Welfare. Part I—Dust". Animals 3 (5): 495–511. DOI:10.3390/ani5030368. PMID 26479370. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Tipsheet: Organic Poultry Production for Meat and Eggs. United States Department of Agriculture.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Soil Association Standards. Retrieved on December 5, 2011.
  14. ↑ "Animal Pragmatism: Compassion Over Killing Wants to Make the Anti-Meat Message a Little More Palatable", Washington Post, September 3, 2003. Retrieved on July 30, 2009.
  15. ↑ Appleby (2004). Poultry Behaviour and Welfare. Wallingford and Cambridge MA: CABI Publishing. ISBN 978-0-85199-667-7. 
  16. ↑ European Union Council Directive 1999/74/EC. Retrieved on November 15, 2011.
  17. ↑ Defra Code For The Welfare Of Laying Hens. Retrieved on December 5, 2011.
  18. ↑ Tactacan (April 2009). "Performance and welfare of laying hens in conventional and enriched cages". Poultry Science 88 (4): 698–707. DOI:10.3382/ps.2008-00369. PMID 19276411. 
  19. ↑ Prafulla (2015). "Influence of housing systems on bone properties of laying hens". ProQuest Dissertations and Theses. 
  20. ↑ Ecologist, September 2011. Retrieved on January 22, 2012.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4 Animal Welfare For Broiler Chickens. National Chicken Council. Archived from the original on July 12, 2012. Retrieved on June 21, 2012.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Poultry Industry Frequently Asked Questions. U.S. Poultry & Egg Association. Retrieved on June 21, 2012.
  23. ↑ Compassion in World Farming – Meat chickens – Welfare issues. Ciwf.org.uk. Archived from the original on October 23, 2013. Retrieved on August 26, 2011.
  24. ↑ Milella (2008-03-07). "RFID-assisted mobile robot system for mapping and surveillance of indoor environments". Industrial Robot 35 (2): 143–152. DOI:10.1108/01439910810854638. ISSN 0143-991X. 
  25. ↑ Davies (2020-05-13). The cost and returns of slower-growing broilers : Poultry Network. Poultry.network. Retrieved on 2022-03-18.
  26. ↑ Compassion in World Farming – Meat chickens. Ciwf.org.uk. Archived from the original on September 28, 2011. Retrieved on August 26, 2011.
  27. ↑ Compassion in World Farming – Egg laying hens. Ciwf.org.uk. Archived from the original on September 28, 2011. Retrieved on August 26, 2011.
  28. ↑ Undercover Investigations :: Compassion Over Killing Investigation. Kentucky Fried Cruelty. Archived from the original on February 13, 2012. Retrieved on August 26, 2011.
  29. ↑ Brulliard. "Egg producers pledge to stop grinding newborn male chickens to death", The Washington Post, 10 June 2016. Retrieved on 12 June 2016.
  30. ↑ Andy Coghlan (Feb 3, 2018). "A more humane way of slaughtering chickens might get EU approval". New Scientist. 
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Breward, J., (1984). Cutaneous nociceptors in the chicken beak. Proceedings of the Journal of Physiology, London 346: 56
  32. ↑ Gentle (1992). "Pain in birds". Animal Welfare 1 (4): 235–247. DOI:10.1017/S0962728600015189. 
  33. ↑ Gentle (1982). "The effect of beak-trimming on food-intake, feeding behaviour and body weight in adult hens". Applied Animal Ethology 8 (1–2): 147–157. DOI:10.1016/0304-3762(82)90140-7. 
  34. ↑ Duncan (1989). "Behavioural consequences of partial beak amputation (beak trimming) in poultry". British Poultry Science 30 (3): 479–488. DOI:10.1080/00071668908417172. PMID 2684349. 
  35. ↑ Gentle (1991). "The onset of pain related behaviours following partial beak amputation in the chicken". Neuroscience Letters 128 (1): 113–116. DOI:10.1016/0304-3940(91)90772-l. PMID 1922938. 
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  50. ↑ "The Use Of Steroid Hormones For Growth Promotion In Food-Producing Animals"
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  56. ↑ Revised Young Chicken Baseline. Archived from the original on June 25, 2012. Retrieved on August 26, 2011.
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  65. ↑ Jonathan Starkey. "Delaware business: Chicken companies feeling pinch as corn prices soar", News Journal, Delaware Online, April 9, 2011. Retrieved on April 10, 2011.
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