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Ihe ọkụkụ ọhịa

Onye ikwu ọhịa ihe ọkụkụ (CWR) bụ ahịhịa ọhịa nke nwere njikọ chiri anya na osisi a na-azụ anụ. O nwere ike ịbụ nna ochie nke ahịhịa a kụrụ n'ụlọ ma ọ bụ taxon ọzọ nwere njikọ chiri anya.

A na-ahụ ọka wit emmer ọhịa ('Triticum dicoccoides), CWR nke ọka wit a kụrụ akụ (Tritricum spp), n'ebe ugwu Israel.
Ndị nchedo abụọ na-anakọta ihe ọmụma ụmụ amaala banyere omenala ọdịnala nke na-akwado ndị CWR, site n'aka onye ọrụ ugbo dị nso na Fes, Morocco.

Nchịkọta

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Ndị ikwu ọhịa nke ihe ọkụkụ na-aghọ ihe dị mkpa na-arịwanye elu maka imezi mmepụta ihe ọkụkụ na maka ịnọgide na-enwe usoro ihe ọkụkụ na-adịgide adịgide. Nhọrọ okike ha n'ime ohia na-akwakọba ọtụtụ njirimara bara uru nke enwere ike ibubata n'ime ihe ọkụkụ site na ịgafe. Site na ọbịbịa nke mgbanwe ihu igwe nke anthropogenic na enweghị ntụkwasị obi dị ukwuu nke gburugburu ebe obibi CWR nwere ike gosipụta akụ dị oke mkpa n'ịhụ nchekwa nri maka narị afọ ọhụrụ. Ọ bụ Nikolai Vavilov, onye Russia bụ onye na-ahụ maka ihe ọkụkụ bụ onye mbụ ghọtara mkpa ọ dị n'etiti ndị ikwu anụ ọhịa na mmalite narị afọ nke 20. Ụmụ mmadụ ejirila mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa sitere na CWR ruo ọtụtụ puku afọ iji kwalite ogo na mkpụrụ nke ihe ọkụkụ. Ndị ọrụ ugbo ejirila usoro ọmụmụ ọdịnala kemgbe ọtụtụ puku afọ, a na-akụ ọka ọhịa (Zea mexicana) n'akụkụ ọka iji kwalite ngafe eke na imezi ihe ọkụkụ. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ndị na-azụ ihe ọkụkụ ejirila mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa CWR kwalite ụdị ihe ọkụkụ dị iche iche dị ka osikapa (Oryza sativa), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) na mkpo ọka ọka. [1][2]

CWRs enyela ọtụtụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa bara uru na osisi ndị a na-akụ akụ, na ụdị nke oge a nke ọtụtụ ihe ọkụkụ ndị dị mkpa ugbu a nwere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe ndụ ihe nkesa sitere n'aka ndị ikwu ha.[3] Ya mere, CWRs bụ osisi ọhịa ndị metụtara ụdị dị mkpa na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya gụnyere nri, nri na ihe ọkụkụ, osisi ọgwụ, ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ, ihe ịchọ mma, na ụdị ọhịa, yana osisi eji eme ihe maka ebumnuche ụlọ ọrụ, dị ka mmanụ na eriri, na nke ha nwere ike inye aka na àgwà bara uru. Enwere ike ịkọwa CWR dị ka "... a wild plant taxon nke nwere a indirect use sitere na ya nso nso mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa mmekọrịta na a ihe ọkụkụ.”[4]

Nchekwa nke ihe ọkụkụ ọhịa

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Ihe atụ nke otu n'ime ebe nchekwa mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa mbụ e guzobere iji chekwaa CWRs na nso Kalakh al Hosn, Siria

CWRs bụ ihe dị mkpa nke okike na ọrụ ugbo gburugburu ebe obibi ma ya mere ha dị mkpa maka idebe ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi.[5] Nchekwa ha na ojiji ha na-adịgide adịgide dị ezigbo mkpa maka imeziwanye mmepụta ugbo, ịbawanye nchekwa nri, na idebe gburugburu ebe obibi dị mma.[6][7][8]

 
Ebe ndị a na-ahụkarị maka nkesa nke ihe ọkụkụ ndị ikwu ọhịa na-anọchite anya ha na genebanks

Ọnụ ọgụgụ sitere n'okike nke ọtụtụ CWRs na-arịwanye elu n'ihe ize ndụ. Ha na-eyi egwu site na mbibi ebe obibi site na mbipụta na mmebi nke gburugburu ebe obibi ma ọ bụ ntụgharị ha maka ojiji ndị ọzọ. Mgbukpọsị oké ọhịa na-eduga na ọnwụ nke ọtụtụ ndị ikwu ọhịa dị mkpa nke mkpụrụ osisi, nut, na ihe ọkụkụ ụlọ ọrụ. Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị ikwu ọhịa nke ihe ọkụkụ ọka ndị na-eme n'ala kpọrọ nkụ ma ọ bụ ala kpọrọ nkụ na-ebelata nke ukwuu site na ịta nri na ịghọ ọzara. Mmepụta ihe na-arịwanye elu nke ọrụ ugbo na-ebelata nke ukwuu ihe CWRs na-eme n'ime usoro agro-ecosystems ọdịnala. Nchebe amamihe na ojiji nke CWRs bụ ihe dị mkpa maka ịbawanye nchekwa nri, iwepụ ịda ogbenye, na idebe gburugburu ebe obibi.[9]

Atụmatụ nchekwa maka CWRs na-atụle ma nchekwa n'ebe ma n'ebe.[10] Ndị a bụ ụzọ na-akwado nchekwa CWR, ebe ọ bụ na nke ọ bụla nwere uru na ọghọm nke ya. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọ bụ ezie na nchedo ex situ na-echebe CWR (ma ọ bụ karịa nke ọma, mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ha) site na egwu n'ọhịa, ọ nwere ike igbochi evolushọn na ime mgbanwe na ihe ịma aka ọhụrụ gburugburu ebe obibi.

N'afọ 2016, 29% nke ụdị osisi ndị ikwu ọhịa efuola kpamkpam na genebanks nke ụwa, na 24% ọzọ na-anọchite anya ihe na-erughị 10 samples. Ihe karịrị 70% nke ụdị ihe ọkụkụ niile dị n'ọhịa n'ụwa niile nọ na mkpa ngwa ngwa ịnakọta iji melite nnọchiteanya ha na genebanks, ihe karịrị 95% enweghị nnọchiteanya zuru oke n'ihe gbasara ọdịiche zuru oke nke ala na gburugburu ebe obibi na nkesa ala ha. Ọ bụ ezie na a chọtara ihe ndị kachasị mkpa maka ịnakọta ihe na Mediterenian na Near East, Western na Southern Europe, Southeast na East Asia, na South America, a na-ekesa ndị ikwu ọhịa na-enweghị onye nnọchiteanya zuru oke na genebanks n'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mba niile n'ụwa.[10][11]

Ihe Nlereanya nke Ndị ikwu Na-eme Anụ

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Mkpụrụ osisi

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  • Oats (Avena sativa) - Avena Byzantina
  • Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) - Chenopodium berlandieri
  • Finger Millet (Eleusine coracana) - Eleusine africana[12]
  • Barley (Hordeum vulgare) - Hordeum arizonicum na Hordeum spontaneum[13]
  • Osikapa (Oryza sativa) - Oryza rufipogon[14]
  • Osikapa Africa (Oryza glaberrima) - Oryza barthii
  • Pearl Millet (Pennisetum glaucum) - Pennisetum purpureum[15]
  • Rye (Secale cereale subsp. cereale) - Secale cereale subsp. dighoricum
  • Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) - Sorghum arundinaceum na Sorghum halepense[16]
  • Panicum miliaceum">Mkpụrụ ọka (Panicum miliaceum) - Panicum fauriei
  • Ọka (Triticum aestivum) - Ọka wit Einkorn (Triticum monococcum)
  • Mkpụrụ ọka (Zea Mays subsp. Mays) - Zea diploperennis

Nri

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Rịba ama: Ọtụtụ akwụkwọ nri dị iche iche nwere otu nna nna, ọkachasị na ụdị osisi Brassica (akwụkwọ nri cruciferous). Ọtụtụ akwụkwọ nri bụkwa ngwakọta nke ụdị dị iche iche, ọzọ nke a bụ eziokwu karịsịa na Brassicas (lee ihe atụ triangle nke U).

  • Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis) - Asparagus dauricus
  • Beet (Beta vulgaris' subsp. vulgaris) - Beta vulgaris subs. ụgbọ mmiri
  • Black Mustard (Brassica nigra) - Mustard ọhịa (Sinapis arvensis)
  • Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) - Brassica elongata
  • Carrot (Daucus carota) - Daucus gracilis[17]
  • Garlic (Allium Sativum' var. sativum) - Allium atroviolaceum
  • Mmanụ aṅụ (Allium ampeloprasum) - Yabasị Welsh (Allium fistulosum)
  • Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) - Nri na-esi ísì ụtọ (Lactuca serriola)
  • Mustard (Brassica juncea' subsp. juncea) - Brassica carinata
  • Onion (Allium cepa var. cepa) - Allium galanthum
  • Mmekọahụ (Brassica napus' var. napus) - Nkịta na-ejikarị eme ihe (Erucastrum gallicum)
  • Spinach (Spinacea oleracea) - Spinacia turkestanica
  • Squash (Cucurbita pepo' subsp. pepo) - Cucurbita okeechobeensis
  • Turnip (Brassica Rapha' subsp. rapa) - Brassica rapa

Mkpụrụ osisi

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  • Almond (Prunus dulcis) - Chinese plum (Prunus salicina na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ)
  • Mkpụrụ osisi Apple (Malus domestica) - ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ Malus sieversii, mana ụfọdụ ụdị nwere ike ịbụ nke Malus sylvestris ma ọ bụ ngwakọta nke abụọ ahụ.
  • Apricot (Prunus armeniaca) - Prunus brigantina
  • Avocado (Persea americana) - Persea schiedeana
  • Banana - Musa acuminata, Musa balbisiana na Musa schizocarpa[18]
  • Mkpụrụ achịcha (Artocarpus altilis) - Mkpụrụ osisi Jackfruit (Arto Carpus heterphyllus)
  • Akị bekee (Theobroma cacao) - Theobroma angustifolium
  • Cherry (Prunus avium) - Prunus mahaleb
  • Cucumis (Cucumis sativus) - Cucumis hystrix
  • Mkpụrụ osisi egg (Solanum melongena) - Apụl nwere ogwu (Solanum incanum), Solanum insanum[19]
  • Mkpụrụ vaịn (Vitis vinifera) - Mkpụrụ vaịhịa ọhịa nke Europe (Vitis sylvestris). Hybrids dịkwa gụnyere ụdị Vitis ndị ọzọ.
  • Grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) - Citrus medica
  • Lemon (Citrus limon) - Citrus indica
  • Mango (Mangifera indica) - Mangifera altissima
  • Orange (Citrus sinensis) - Key lime (Citrus aurantiifolia)
  • Papaya (Carica papaya) - Nkume chocolate
  • Peach (Prunus Persica' var. persica) - Prunus tomentosa
  • Pear (Pyrus communis) - Pyrus pyraster na Pyrus Caucasica
  • Pepper (Capsicum annuum) - Capsicum baccatum
  • Ananas comosus - Ananas bracteatus
  • Plum (Prunus domesticus subsp. domestica) - Prunus spinosa na Prunus cerasifera
  • Nnụnụ (Cucurbita maxima' subsp. maxima) - Cucurbita ecuadorensis
  • Strawberry (× Ananas">Fragaria ananassa)
  • Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) - Solanum ChileanSolanum nke Chile
  • Mmiri melon (Citrullus lanatus' var. lanatus) - Mkpụrụ osisi apụl na-egbu egbu (Citrullus colocynthis)

Mkpụrụ mmanụ

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  • Ahụekere (Arachis hypogaea' subsp. hypogaea) - Arachis Durensis
  • Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) - Helianthus exilis
  • Soya (Glycine max) - Glycine clandestinaGlycine nzuzo
  • Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) - Carthamus creticus
  • Rapeseed (Brassica napus) - Brassica rapa, Brassica oleracea
 
Cajanus scarabaeoides bụ otu n'ime ndị ikwu ọhịa kachasị nso na pigeonpea a zụlitere ma nwee nnukwu nnagide mmiri ozuzo na protein dị elu. A na-enyocha ya na ogige nke International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics na Patancheru, India.

Nchọgharị

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  • Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) - Medicago arborea na Medicago truncatula[23]

Tubers

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  • Poteto na-atọ ụtọ (Ipomoea batatas) - Ipomoea triloba, Ipomoea cynanchifolia, Ipomooe leucantha na Ipomoea trifida[24]
  • Cassava (Manihot esculenta subsp. esculenta) - Manihot walkeraeOnye na-agagharị agagharị
  • Poteto (Solanum tuberosum) - Solanum chacoense

Hụkwa

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  • Ndepụta nke osisi ndị a na-azụ n'ụlọ
  • Ụdị anụ ọhịa
  • Ụdị ihe dị iche iche nke ọrụ ugbo
  • Ọrụ ugbo
  • Agronomy
  • Ọdọ mmiri nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa
  • Ụlọ akụ ọka nke Australia
  • Ihe onwunwe nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa

Ebem si dee

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  1. ↑ (2007) "The use of wild relatives in crop improvement: a survey of developments over the last 20 years". Euphytica 156 (1–2): 1–13. DOI:10.1007/s10681-007-9363-0. 
  2. ↑ Bohra (2022-04-01). "Reap the crop wild relatives for breeding future crops" (in en). Trends in Biotechnology 40 (4): 412–431. DOI:10.1016/j.tibtech.2021.08.009. ISSN 0167-7799. PMID 34629170. 
  3. ↑ (2017-05-06) "Past and Future Use of Wild Relatives in Crop Breeding" (in en). Crop Science 57 (3): 1070–1082. DOI:10.2135/cropsci2016.10.0885. ISSN 0011-183X. 
  4. ↑ (2006) "Towards a definition of a crop wild relative". Biodiversity and Conservation 15 (8): 2673–2685. DOI:10.1007/s10531-005-5409-6. 
  5. ↑ (2008) "Crop wild relatives: establishing the context.", Crop Wild Relative Conservation and Use. Wallingford: CABI Publishing, 3–30. 
  6. ↑ (2000) The ex situ conservation of plant genetic resources. Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1–250. 
  7. ↑ (2006) "In Situ Conservation of Wild Plant Species – a Critical Global Review of Good Practices. IPGRI Technical Bulletin No. 11. IPGRI, Rome". 
  8. ↑ (2004) "In situ conservation of crop wild relatives: Status and trends". Biodiversity and Conservation 13 (4): 663–684. DOI:10.1023/b:bioc.0000011719.03230.17. 
  9. ↑ (August 1997) "Seed banks and molecular maps: unlocking genetic potential from the wild". Science 277 (5329): 1063–6. DOI:10.1126/science.277.5329.1063. PMID 9262467. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 (2017) "A systematic conservation strategy for crop wild relatives in the Czech Republic". Diversity and Distributions 23 (4): 448–462. DOI:10.1111/ddi.12539.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "CzechCWR" defined multiple times with different content
  11. ↑ Castañeda-Álvarez (2016-03-21). "Global conservation priorities for crop wild relatives" (in en). Nature Plants 2 (4). DOI:10.1038/nplants.2016.22. ISSN 2055-0278. PMID 27249561. 
  12. ↑ Dida (2021). "Novel sources of resistance to blast disease in finger millet" (in en). Crop Science 61 (1): 250–262. DOI:10.1002/csc2.20378. ISSN 1435-0653. 
  13. ↑ Rehman (2021). "Traits discovery in Hordeum vulgare sbsp. spontaneum accessions and in lines derived from interspecific crosses with wild Hordeum species for enhancing barley breeding efforts" (in en). Crop Science 61 (1): 219–233. DOI:10.1002/csc2.20360. ISSN 1435-0653. 
  14. ↑ Tin (2021). "Phenotypic response of farmer-selected CWR-derived rice lines to salt stress in the Mekong Delta" (in en). Crop Science 61 (1): 201–218. DOI:10.1002/csc2.20354. ISSN 1435-0653. 
  15. ↑ Sharma (2021). "Harnessing wild relatives of pearl millet for germplasm enhancement: Challenges and opportunities" (in en). Crop Science 61 (1): 177–200. DOI:10.1002/csc2.20343. ISSN 1435-0653. 
  16. ↑ Ochieng (2021). "Novel sources of drought tolerance from landraces and wild sorghum relatives" (in en). Crop Science 61 (1): 104–118. DOI:10.1002/csc2.20300. ISSN 1435-0653. 
  17. ↑ Simon (2021). "Wild carrot diversity for new sources of abiotic stress tolerance to strengthen vegetable breeding in Bangladesh and Pakistan" (in en). Crop Science 61 (1): 163–176. DOI:10.1002/csc2.20333. ISSN 1435-0653. 
  18. ↑ Eyland (2021). "Filling the gaps in gene banks: Collecting, characterizing, and phenotyping wild banana relatives of Papua New Guinea" (in en). Crop Science 61 (1): 137–149. DOI:10.1002/csc2.20320. ISSN 1435-0653. 
  19. ↑ Kouassi (2021). "Genetic parameters of drought tolerance for agromorphological traits in eggplant, wild relatives, and interspecific hybrids" (in en). Crop Science 61 (1): 55–68. DOI:10.1002/csc2.20250. ISSN 1435-0653. 
  20. ↑ Abdallah (2021). "Wild Lathyrus species as a great source of resistance for introgression into cultivated grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) against broomrape weeds (Orobanche crenata Forsk. and Orobanche foetida Poir.)" (in en). Crop Science 61 (1): 263–276. DOI:10.1002/csc2.20399. ISSN 1435-0653. 
  21. ↑ Khoury (2015-04-01). "Crop wild relatives of pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.]: Distributions, ex situ conservation status, and potential genetic resources for abiotic stress tolerance" (in en). Biological Conservation 184: 259–270. DOI:10.1016/j.biocon.2015.01.032. ISSN 0006-3207. 
  22. ↑ Sharma (2021). "Characterization and identification of annual wild Cicer species for seed protein and mineral concentrations for chickpea improvement" (in en). Crop Science 61 (1): 305–319. DOI:10.1002/csc2.20413. ISSN 1435-0653. 
  23. ↑ Humphries (2021). "Characterization and pre-breeding of diverse alfalfa wild relatives originating from drought-stressed environments" (in en). Crop Science 61 (1): 69–88. DOI:10.1002/csc2.20274. ISSN 1435-0653. 
  24. ↑ Nhanala (2021). "Assessment of the potential of wild Ipomoea spp. for the improvement of drought tolerance in cultivated sweetpotato Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam" (in en). Crop Science 61 (1): 234–249. DOI:10.1002/csc2.20363. ISSN 1435-0653. 
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