Wikipedia

Idebe ihe ọcha

Ịdị ọcha na-adịgide adịgide bụ usoro ọcha e mere iji jiri ụfọdụ njirisi na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma n'ime ogologo oge.  Sistemu ọcha na-adịgide adịgide na ndị "ntụgharị uru uru ọcha" dum, site na ndị nke onye ọrụ, mkpọfu mmirika na mkpofu mmiri, ibufe ma ọ bụ ibu ihe mkpofu, ngwaọrụ na iji ígwè ma ọ bụ mkpofu.  [2] Njikọ ịdị ọcha na-adịgide adịgide SuSana , onye ọkpụkpọ ise (ma ọ bụ njirisi) na Core ya nke "ịdị ọcha na-adịgide adịgide": Sistemu kwesịrị ịbụ nke a na-anabata nke ọma n'ụzọ na-eche na nke ọha mmadụ.  mmadụ, n'ụzọ nkà na ẹse na ụlọ ọrụ kwesịrị ma chebe gburugburu ebe obibi na ihe ndị sitere n'okike. [2]

Ụzọ ịdị ọcha na-adịgide adịgide na-elekwasị anya na "agbụ ọnụ ahịa ịdị ọcha" nke gụnyere nchịkọta, mkpofu, njem, ọgwụgwọ na ijikwa / mkpofu. [1]

fim nke ọcha na-adịgide bụ otu ihe ahụ dị ka akwụkwọ ọcha n'ozuzu: iji chebe ndị mmadụ .  Otú ọ dị, "ịdị ọcha na-adịgide adịgide" na-aga na usoro niile nke usoro ahụ: Nke a ụzọ nke onyekọta, ibufe, ngwaọrụ na mkpofu (ma ọ bụ iji ọzọ) ihe mkpofu [3]

Na-arịwanye elu, ịdị ọcha na-adịgide adịgide gụnyekwara nleba anya mmetụta mgbanwe ihu igwe na-emetụta akụrụngwa ịdị ọcha na omume yana nkwụsi ike nke teknụzụ na obodo. [4]

Okwu okwu

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Ọmụmaatụ maka usoro usoro nke ịdị ọcha na-adigide: Single Pit System (Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Teknụzụ)

Tụnyere na "mmalite idebe ihe ọcha"

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Mkpa nleba anya maka inye mmiri na ndị ọcha (JMP) nke WHO ọgbakọ ahụike mba ụwa na UNICEF ( United Nations Children's Fund ) bụ maka ileba anya n'ọganihu n'iru Mgbaru Ọhụụ Mmepe Millennium maka mmiri mmiri na ọcha ọcha.  N'ihi ihe ndị dị mfe - inwe ike nkọwa nke ọcha site na ụlọ - JMP kwesịrị ntakiri dị mfe n'etiti, ọcha "emelitere"  mma" (ihe mposi na-adịghị agụta n'ụdị ya).  ọgwụgwọ MDG).

[5]amụma amụma JMP siri dị, ụlọ ọrụ idebe ihe dị mma mgbaàmà ndị bụ:

  • adịghị ekekọrịta ma ọ bụ ọha ; na
  • nke bụ otu n'ime ụdị ụlọ mposi ndị a: ịwụsa ma ọ bụ wụsa na sistemu ọkpọkọ ọkpọkọ, tankị septic ma ọ bụ ụlọ mposi olulu, ụlọ mposi olulu dị mma nke ikuku, akwa olulu nwere slab ma ọ bụ ụlọ mposi mkpofu .

Ebe nchekwa adịghị emeziwanye dịka JMP si dị gụnyere: [5]

  • wụsa ma ọ bụ wụsa n'ebe ọzọ (a na-awụsa ihe mkpofu n'okporo ámá, mbara ala ma ọ bụ ibé, ọwa mmiri mepere emepe, ọwa mmiri, ụzọ drainage ma ọ bụ ebe ọzọ)
  • ụlọ mposi na-enweghị slab ma ọ bụ olulu mepere emepe;
  • ụlọ mposi ịwụ ; kpọgidere ụlọ mposi ma ọ bụ ụlọ mposi kwụgidere, ma ọ bụ enweghị akụrụngwa ma ọ bụ ọhịa ma ọ bụ ubi ( na-asachapụ oghere ).

N'ịbụ ndị ụfọdụ, ụlọ ọrụ idebe ihe “emelitere” nwere ike were ya dị ka ihe na- ndị na- adịte aka, ebe n'ịbụ ndị nna ndị ọzọ ọrụ ike were ụlọ idebe idebe “emeziwanyeghị” dị ka ihe ga-adigide.  Nke a bụ n'ihi na ọ dabere na ụkpụrụ ọcha, nke ụlọ mposi bụ otu onye.  ለምሳሌ, ụlọ mposi nke nwere ike ikiri ihe nwere ike ihe ọcha na-egosi mma ma ọ na ọ na-emetọ mmiri dị n'ime ala ma ọ bụ ma ọ bụrụ na a na-atụba ịdọ aka ná ntị nke a na-na-na-na-na-emetọ mmirika dị n'ime ala ma ọ bụ ma ọ bụrụ na a na-atụba ịdọ aka ná ntị nke a na-na-na-na-na-emetọ mmirika dị n'ime ala ma ọ bụ  n'ime ụlọ mposi olulu na gburugburu ebe obibi.  Ndị mposi ịwụ nwe ike ike onyegide ma ọ bụrụ na a na-elekọta mkpokọta, na iji na-eji ma ọ bụ ikpofu ihe mkpofu n'ụzọ dị ihe, dịka ọmụmaatụ site na ụlọ mposi akọrọ na-arụ mmamịrị nke SOIL na-arụ ọrụ na Haiti. [6]

Tụnyere ecosan

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Ịdị ọcha na-adịgide adịgide, nke ụzọ na usoro nkwado ise ahụ, nwewe ike ma ọ bụ akara ike ile ise anya na iji excreta eme ihe, n'ihi na ihe nke "ichekwa ihe ndị sitere n'okike" bụ ikike otu n'  ime ọtụtụ ndị dị mkpa ka edoro anya.  N'iji ya, ndị ọcha gburugburu ebe obibi (ecosan) na-anya anya na iji ihe mkpofu eme ihe.

njirisi nkwado

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Diski bụ isi nke usoro ọcha bụ ichekwa na-egosi ndị saịtị n'inye ebe dị ọcha na mgbasa usoro ọrịa.  Iji na-adigide a usoro, ọcha ga-abụ ọ bụghị nanị na akụ na aka, nke ọha na eze na-anabata, na nkà na ụlọ ọrụ kwesịrị, ma o ichebe gburugburu ebe obibi na ihe ndị sitere n'  okike .  Dị ka Sustainable Sanitation Alliance si kwuo, mgbe ị na-emeziwanye ihe dị adị na/ma ọ bụ na-ahụ usoro ọcha ọcha, a ga- ndị njirisi nkwado nke mgbasa ndị a: [2]

Ahụike

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Sludge fecal edozighị nke ọma na-ebute nnukwu ihe egwu ahụike (ọtụtụ mwụfu na enweghị akụrụngwa nchebe onwe maka ndị ọrụ).

Ndị eze ndị egwu ihe ize ndụ nke i mere na nje na ihe ndị dị ize ndụ nke nwere ike i achị nwa na eze n'oge niile nke usoro ọcha site na ụlọ mposi site na nchịkọta na usoro usoro ruo n'ókè nke iji ma ọ  bụ mkpọfu.  nkọwa a na-ekpuchikwa ndị dị ka akụkọ ọcha, oriri na mmepụta na nkwalite nke ndụ enwetara site na nke usoro ụfọdụ ọcha, yana nse ala..

Environment na eke akụ

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Bọtịnụ gburugburu ebe obibi na ihe ndị sitere n'okike asị ike, mmiri na ihe ndị ọzọ sitere n'okike maka owuwu, ọrụ na nhazi nke usoro ahụ, yana ihe nwere ike ime na gburugburu ebe obibi sitere na iji ya emee.  ihe.  Ọ na-agụnyekwa ogo nke ime nchọpụta na ime ihe nke excreta na-eme na ụgbọ ndị a, dịka ọmụmaatụ iji mmiri na-ekpofu mmiri, iweghachi ihe oriri na ihe ndị na-edozi ahụ na ọrụ ugbo, na ichekwa ihe ndị ọzọ na-  akara ike imeghari, dịka ọmụmaatụ site na iwu nke ume ọhụrụ.  (ahụ ọmụmaatụ biogas ma ọ bụ osisi).

Technology na ọrụ

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Ngwá nkà na ẹzẹ na ọrụ na-agụnye ọrụ na ọrụ mfe nke usoro ahụ nwere ike, ọrụ na isiokwu site na iji ọrụ dị (ka ndị obodo, ndị ọrụ nkà na ẹzé nke ime obodo wdg).  Ọ na-echekwa maka fim mma iji njikwa nrịba ihe nke ọma site na echiche echiche.  Ọzọkwa, ọ na-egosi ike nke usoro ahụ, adịghị ike ya na ngwaọrụ, na nche na nche nke ihe ọrụ nkà na ẹzà na mmetụta ndị dị ugbu a, na-emepe igwe mmadụ na-akụ na nna na nche ihu igwe.

Ego na akụnụba

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Okwu gbasara ego na akụ na ọnọdụ ikike nke mpaghara na obodo iji edebe maka iwu ọcha, iwu ụlọ, akwụkwọ na mbelata nke usoro.  E wezụga egwuregwu nke ego, ọrụ na-enye ọrụ, isiokwu ahụ na-eburukwa n'uche uru na nyere nke nwe ike ikike na usoro ọcha nke "na-ama", ndị uru na-aghọ nke ihe ndị na-ahụ.  ihe (ihe mmetụta ala, fatịlaịza, ike na mmiri eweghachite )., ọrụ, ịba njọghị ihe site na ụmụaka ka mma yana mbelata ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi na nsogbu.

Akụkụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze na ụlọ ọrụ

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Ego Western na eze na ụlọ ọrụ na-eburu n'uche nke nsogbu na eze na omenala nke usoro ahụ, fim mma, echiche, okwu nwoke na-enyere na ndị nwoke, onyinye maka akụ na nna na-eriri.  nri na nchekwa nri, na ụgwọ iwu na ụlọ ọrụ.

Ịme atụmatụ maka ịdị ọcha na-adịgide adịgide

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Emebere ọtụtụ usoro ịdị ọcha na akụkụ ise ahụ n'uche, mana n'omume ha na-adakarị nke ukwuu n'ihi na emezughị ụfọdụ ụkpụrụ. Ebe ọ bụ na ọ nweghị ihe ngwọta maka ịdị ọcha nke na-emezu ụkpụrụ nkwado, nyocha ga-adabere na nhazi mpaghara ma ga-echebara ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi, nkà na ụzụ, mmekọrịta ọha na eze na ọnọdụ akụ na ụba dị ugbu a.

Ụfọdụ pụtara ndị bụ isi a ga-ahụrịrị mgbe ị na-eme akwụkwọ na usoro edemede ọcha na-adịgide bụ ndị otu na-akwado kansụl na- maka mmirika na-eweta mmiri na idebe ihe ọcha ("Bellagio Principles for Sustainable  Ịdị ọcha") n'oge 5th Global Forum n'ọnwa Nọvemba 2000:

  1. Ebube mmadụ, ogo ndụ na nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi n'ogo ezinụlọ kwesịrị ịdị n'etiti usoro ịdị ọcha ọ bụla.
  2. N'ikwekọ n'ụkpụrụ ezigbo ọchịchị, mkpebi kwesịrị ịgụnye nsonye nke ndị niile metụtara, ọkachasị ndị na-azụ ahịa na ndị na-enye ọrụ.
  3. Ekwesịrị iwere mkpofu dị ka akụrụngwa, njikwa ya kwesịrị ịbụ nke zuru oke ma bụrụ akụkụ nke akụrụngwa mmiri jikọtara ọnụ, usoro nri na-edozi ahụ na nhazi mkpofu.
  4. A ga-edobe ngalaba ebe a na-edozi nsogbu idebe gburugburu ebe obibi ka ọ dịkarịa ala na-arụ ọrụ (ezinụlọ, obodo, obodo, mpaghara, mgbata, obodo).

E degharịala ụkpụrụ ntụzịaka a n'ihu wee jiri ya na nkuzi ọzụzụ dị iche iche maka ndị na-eme atụmatụ obodo. [7]

Nkwalite nke mgbake akụrụngwa

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Ịdị ọcha na-adịgide nke na-enye nchekwa mgbake akụ nwere ike inye aka na akụ na ibu na obodo ndụ ndụ ndụ, ụdọ nri na-adịgide adịgide, ume ọhụrụ, na ụdị azụmahịa ọhụrụ maka aka na mpaghara onwe.

Enyere ndụmọdụ ise na 2020 maka njikarịcha nke mgbake ihe onwunwe: (i) na-ebute usoro dị mkpirikpi nke na-emechi loop na ọkwa kachasị ala; (ii) kewapụ iyi iyi ihe mkpofu dị ka o kwere mee, n'ihi na nke a na-enye ohere maka mgbake dị elu; (iii) na-eji teknụzụ nchekwa na ọgwụgwọ nke nwere ngwaahịa ndị ahụ dị ka o kwere mee, zere teknụzụ leaching (dịka ọmụmaatụ otu olulu) na teknụzụ nwere nnukwu ihe egwu nke mgbanwe (dịka akwa ihicha); (iv) chepụta sinks iji bulie mgbake ma zere nsị mkpofu; na (v) ijikọta nhọrọ dị iche iche eji emegharị ihe maka iyi mmiri dị n'akụkụ dị iche iche (dịka usoro ntụgharị mmamịrị na-ejikọta ojiji nke mmamịrị na mmepụta nke biofuel sitere na nsị).

Ihe atụ

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Ụfọdụ ọmụmaatụ maka imeziwanye omume ịdị ọcha ugbu a n'oge dị mkpirikpi, naanị site na teknụzụ, ka edepụtara n'okpuru:

  • Enwere ike gbanwee ụlọ mposi nke olulu ka ọ bụrụ ụlọ mposi na-akụ ala ( Arborloos ), si otú a na-achọ mgbidi mgbidi, nke na-emighị emi (max 1-1. m) ma nọgide na-eji ihe mgbakwunye ala kwa ụbọchị: a ga-emechi olulu ndị ahụ site n'oge ruo n'oge ma kpuchie ya na ala ka o wee nwee ike. nye ohere maka idebe ihe ọcha na compost tupu ewepu ya na ijikwa ya n'ọrụ ugbo.
  • Enwere ike itinye akwa mamịrị dị mfe nwere sistemu mkpokọ dị iche kama iji ụlọ mposi na olulu mmiri maka mmamịrị
  • Enwere ike gbanwee ụlọ mposi na-ekpochapụ ka ọ were obere mmiri ma ọ bụ jiri mmiri isi awọ mee ihe ọzọ. [8]
  • Greywater nwere ike kewapụ isi na mmiri ojii na ụlọ mposi si otú a na-eme ka ọgwụgwọ ya dị mfe ma nye ohere maka ijikwa ya ọzọ.
  • Enwere ike idobe mmiri ojii sitere na ụlọ mposi n'ime tankị nchekwa kama ịmeghe tankị septic na olulu mmiri wee bupụ ya ma bufee ya na igwe ọkụ biogas; ọzọ, ụlọ mposi nwere ike jikọọ na biogas reactors.
  • Cess (ma ọ bụ igbapu) olulu dịka ụlọ mposi na-awụpụ mmiri nwere ike nwee mpaghara nchekwa nke ihe nzacha ọzọ iji gbochie mmetọ nke mmiri ala.
  • Enwere ike itinye ụlọ mposi akọrọ nke dị n'elu ala nke nwere ntụgharị mmamịrị na ebe akọrọ na-enweghị mmiri, ebe nkume nkume ebe olulu dị oké ọnụ iji gwuo na ebe nwere nnukwu tebụl mmiri na idei mmiri.

N'ihe gbasara ihe nkwado ndị ọzọ, akụkụ ndị bụ isi nlebara anya gụnyere:

  • ihe e kere eke gburugburu na-enyere aka
  • mmepe ahịa
  • mmepe ikike
  • mgbanwe omume na-adịgide adịgide [9] [10]
  • nlekota nkwado
  • na-eme ihe n'ike [11]
  • nha anya, enweghị ịkpa ókè na ịhapụ onye ọ bụla n'azụ [12] [13] [14] [15]
  • mmetụta mgbanwe ihu igwe [4]
  • usoro maka mmụta [16] [17]

Hụkwa

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  • Bill na Melinda Gates Foundation - na-arụ ọrụ na mpaghara nyocha na mmejuputa ịdị ọcha na-adigide
  • Ụbọchị ụlọ mposi ụwa - isiokwu na 2020 bụ "ịdị ọcha na mgbanwe ihu igwe na-adịgide adịgide"

Ntụaka

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  1. ↑ BMGF (2015). Building demand for sanitation - a 2015 portfolio update and overview - Water, sanitation, and hygiene strategy, June 2015. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, USA
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 SuSanA (2008). Towards more sustainable sanitation solutions - SuSanA Vision Document. Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA)
  3. ↑ Tilley, E., Ulrich, L., Lüthi, C., Reymond, Ph. and Zurbrügg, C. (2014). Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies. 2nd Revised Edition. Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Duebendorf, Switzerland
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Kohlitz, J. and Iyer, R. (2021) 'Rural Sanitation and Climate Change: Putting Ideas into Practice' Frontiers of Sanitation: Innovations and Insights 17, Brighton IDS, DOI: 10.19088/SLH.2021.002
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 WHO / UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme: wat/san categories (en). www.wssinfo.org. Retrieved on 2017-03-21. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "JMP def" defined multiple times with different content
  6. ↑ Russel, K. (2013). Mobile sanitation services for dense urban slums - Various documents on results from research grant. Stanford University, USA
  7. ↑ IWA (2005). Sanitation 21 - Simple approaches to complex sanitation. International Water Association (IWA), London, UK
  8. ↑ Duttle (January 1990). NM State greywater advice. New Mexico State University. Retrieved on 23 January 2010.
  9. ↑ Schmied, Petr (2017) Behaviour Change Toolkit for International Development Practitioners. People in Need.
  10. ↑ Chambers, R. and Myers, J. (2016) 'Norms, Knowledge and Usage', Frontiers of CLTS: Innovations and Insights 7, Brighton: IDS.
  11. ↑ Hickling, S. (2019) 'Tackling Slippage', Frontiers of CLTS: Innovations and Insights 14 Brighton: IDS
  12. ↑ Verma, A. and Shukla, J. P. (2021) Community Leave No One Behind: Handbook For Practitioners (en-GB). Sanitation Learning Hub. Retrieved on 2021-12-14.
  13. ↑ Leave no one behind Archives (en-GB). Sanitation Learning Hub. Retrieved on 2021-12-14.
  14. ↑ Naomi Carrard, Jeremy Kohlitz, Simone Soeters, Gabrielle Halcrow, Janina Murta & Juliet Willetts (2020) Reaching all in rural sanitation: experiences from inclusive programming in five countries, Development in Practice, 30:5, 609-623, DOI: 10.1080/09614524.2020.1786008
  15. ↑ WSSCC (2018) Guidance and Tips: For Learning From People Who May Be Most Disadvantaged During the Programme Process Water and Sanitation Collaborative Council.
  16. ↑ Chambers, R., Myers, J. and N. Vernon (2020) 'Rapid Action Learning for Sanitation and Hygiene Programming', Frontiers of Sanitation: Innovations and Insights 15 Brighton: IDS
  17. ↑ House, S. (2020) 'Learning in the Sanitation and Hygiene Sector' SLH Learning Paper 10, The Sanitation Learning Hub, Brighton: IDS

Njikọ mpụga

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Ewepụtara na https://ig.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Idebe_ihe_ọcha&oldid=183892