Holden Roberto
Álvaro Holden Roberto (Angolan ; Jenụarị 12, 1923 – Ọgọst 2, 2007) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Angola onye hibere ma duru otu National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA) site na 1962 ruo 1999.
Holden Roberto | |
|---|---|
 Roberto in 1973 | |
| President of the FNLA | |
| [[ Ambassador to Templeeti:CountryPrefixThe]] | |
| In office Templeeti:En dash range | |
| Preceded by | Position established |
| Succeeded by | Ngola Kabangu |
| President of the Democratic People's Republic of Angola (with Jonas Savimbi) | |
| [[ Ambassador to Templeeti:CountryPrefixThe]] | |
| In office Templeeti:En dash range | |
| Preceded by | Position established |
| Succeeded by | Position abolished |
| President of the Revolutionary Government of Angola in Exile | |
| [[ Ambassador to Templeeti:CountryPrefixThe]] | |
| In office Templeeti:En dash range | |
| Preceded by | Position established |
| Succeeded by | Himself as President of the Democratic People's Republic. |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 12 January 1923 São Salvador, Portuguese Angola (now M'banza-Kongo, Angola) |
| Died | 2 August 2007 (aged 84) |
| Children | Carlito Roberto, Julietta Roberto, Catarina Roberto, Gracia Roberto, Emmanuel Roberto, Jean-Pierre Roberto, Holden Roberto Jr., Milton Roberto |
Oge ọ malitere
dezieRoberto, nwa Garcia Diasiwa Roberto na Joana Lala Nekaka, na onye sitere na Ezinụlọ Eze nke Alaeze Kongo, [1] a mụrụ na São Salvador nke dị n'ebe ugwu Angola. Ezinụlọ ya kwagara Léopoldville, nke dị na Belgian Kongo, na 1925. Na 1940, ọ gụchara akwụkwọ n’ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị Baptist mission. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Ministri ego Belgian na Léopoldville, Costermansville, na Stanleyville ruo afọ asatọ. Na 1949, Roberto laghachiri na Léopoldville, ebe o sonyeere nwanne nna ya n'egwuregwu bọọlụ "Nomads" mpaghara.[2] Roberto gara n'ihu na-egwuri egwu maka Daring Club Motema Pembe, n'akụkụ praịm minista Congo, Cyril Adoula. [2] N'afọ 1951, ọ gara Angola ma hụ ka ndị ọchịchị Pọtugal na-akparị otu agadi nwoke, na-akpali ya ịmalite ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya.[3][4]
Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị
dezieRoberto na Sydney Manuel Barros Nekaka tọrọ ntọala Union of Peoples of Northern Angola (UPNA), emesịa kpọgharịa Union of Peoples of Angola (UPA), na July 14, 1954. Roberto, na-eje ozi dị ka UPA President, nọchitere Angola na All-African. Peoples Congress of Ghana bụ nke ọ gara na nzuzo na Accra, Ghana na December 1958. N'ebe ahụ ọ zutere Patrice Lumumba, Prime Minister nke Democratic Republic of the Congo n'ọdịnihu, Kenneth Kaunda, onye isi oche Zambia n'ọdịnihu, na onye Kenya bụ Tom Mboya. O nwetara paspọtụ Guinea wee gaa na United Nations.[3][4][5] Jonas Savimbi, onye ndu UNITA n'ọdịnihu, sonyeere UPA na February 1961 na mkpali nke Mboya na Onye isi ala Kenya Jomo Kenyatta. Mgbe afọ ahụ gasịrị Roberto họpụtara Savimbi Secretary General nke UPA[6][7]
United States National Security Council malitere inye Roberto enyemaka na 1950s, na-akwụ ya $ 6,000 kwa afọ ruo 1962 mgbe NSC mụbara ụgwọ ọnwa ya ruo $ 10,000 maka nchịkọta nzuzo.[7]
National Liberation Front nke Angola
dezieMgbe ọ gachara United Nations, ọ laghachiri Kinshasa ma hazie ndị agha Bakongo. [4][8] Ọ malitere mwakpo n'ime Angola na Machị 15, 1961, na-eduga 4,000 ruo 5,000 militants. Ndị agha ya weghaara ugbo, ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị, na ebe azụmahịa, na-egbu onye ọ bụla ha zutere. Ọ dịkarịa ala 1,000 ndị ọcha na ọnụ ọgụgụ a na-amaghị ama nke ụmụ amaala e gburu.[9] N'ikwu okwu banyere mwakpo ahụ, Roberto kwuru, "n'oge a, ndị ohu ahụ atụghị ụjọ". Ndị ikom ahụ gburu onye ọ bụla ha hụrụ.[10]
Roberto zutere Onye isi ala United States John F. Kennedy na Eprel 25, 1961. Mgbe o tinyere akwụkwọ maka enyemaka n'ikpeazụ n'afọ ahụ site n'aka gọọmentị Ghana, Onye isi ala Kwame Nkrumah jụrụ ya n'ihi na gọọmentị US na-akwụ ya ụgwọ.[11] Roberto jikọtara UPA na Democratic Party of Angola iji guzobe FNLA na Machị 1962, ma izu ole na ole ka e mesịrị guzobe Gọọmentị Mgbanwe nke Angola na Exile (GRAE) na Machị 27, na-ahọpụta Savimbi ka ọ bụrụ Minista Na-ahụ Maka Mba Ọzọ. Roberto guzobere njikọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Onye isi ala Zairian Mobutu Sese Seko site n'ịgba nwunye ya alụkwaghịm ma lụọ nwanyị si n'obodo nwunye Mobutu. [4][8][12] Roberto gara Israel n'afọ ndị 1960 ma nata enyemaka site n'aka Gọọmentị Israel site na 1963 ruo 1969.[3][13][14]
Savimbi hapụrụ FNLA na 1964 wee guzobe UNITA n'ihi na Roberto achọghị ịgbasa agha ahụ na mpụga alaeze ọdịnala nke Kongo.[7]
Zhou Enlai, Premier China Republic, kpọrọ Roberto ka ọ bịa leta PRC na 1964. Roberto anọghị n'ihi na Moise Tshombe, Onye isi ala Katanga, gwara ya na agaghị ekwe ya ịlaghachi na Congo.[15]
N'uhuruchi nke nnwere onwe Angola site na Portugal, Zaire, n'ịchọ ịwụnye ọchịchị pro-Kinshasa ma gbochie ndị People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola's (MPLA) ịkwọ ụgbọala maka ike ọchịchị, ebuga ụgbọ ala agha, ndị agha na-agba ọsọ, na ndị agha atọ na Angola. [16] Otú ọ dị, mmeri FNLA na Zaire gbochiri site na nnukwu ndị agha Cuban, bụ ndị meriri ha n'ụzọ dị egwu.[17][18]
N'afọ 1975, MPLA meriri FNLA n'Agha nke Quifangondo na FNLA laghachiri Zaire.[3]
Ọ bụ ezie na atumatu Roberto na Agostinho Neto tụrụ aro maka Angola nweere onwe ya, Roberto nwetara nkwado site n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ Angola na Neto si n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Angola nweta. Neto, n'okpuru ọkọlọtọ nke ịhụ mba n'anya na ọchịchị Kọmunist, nwetara nkwado site na Soviet Union ebe Roberto, n'okpuru ọkọlọtọ nke ịhụ mba n'anya na mgbochi ọchịchị Kọmunist, nwetara nkwado site na United States, China, na Zaire. Roberto kwusiri ike na Neto mere ka otu ndị nnupụisi Angola dị n'otu na-emegide Portugal n'ihi na Roberto kwenyere na MPLA ga-etinye uche na FNLA. Ndị FNLA tọọrọ ndị òtù MPLA, kpụga ha Kinshasa, ma gbuo ha.[4]
Na 1991, FNLA na MPLA kwetara na nkwekọrịta Bicesse, na-enye Roberto ohere ịlaghachi Angola. Ọ gbara ọsọ maka onye isi ala, na-enweta naanị 2.1% nke votu ahụ. Otú ọ dị, FNLA meriri oche ise na nzuko omeiwu mana jụrụ isonye na gọọmenti.[3]
Roberto nwụrụ na August 2, 2007, n'ụlọ ya na Luanda.[19][20][21] Mgbe Roberto nwụsịrị, President José Eduardo dos Santos eulogized, "Holden Roberto bụ otu n'ime ndị ọsụ ụzọ nke mgba nnwere onwe mba, onye aha ya gbara otu ọgbọ nke Angolan ume ịhọrọ maka iguzogide na ọgụ maka nnwere onwe nke obodo," ma wepụta iwu na-ahọpụta otu kọmishọna. ime ndokwa maka ememe olili ozu.[22] Mgbe ọ nwụrụ, ọ hapụrụ akwụkwọ ncheta a na-akparaghị ókè.[3]
Ihe odide
dezie- ↑ Lamb (1987). The Africans. Vintage Books. ISBN 9780394753089.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Marcum (1969). The Angolan Revolution, Vol. I: The Anatomy of an Explosion (1950-1962). Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press (Cambridge, 65.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 James (2004). Historical Dictionary of Angola, 141–142. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "shortbio" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Hamann (2001). Days of the Generals. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "bio" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Rensburg (1075). Contemporary Leaders of Africa.
- ↑ (1991) Current Biography. H.W. Wilson Company.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Walker (2004). A Certain Curve of Horn: The Hundred-Year Quest for the Giant Sable Antelope of Angola, 146–148. Walker, John Frederick (2004). A Certain Curve of Horn: The Hundred-Year Quest for the Giant Sable Antelope of Angola. pp. 146–148. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "cia" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 8.0 8.1 Tvedten (1997). Angola: Struggle for Peace and Reconstruction. Tvedten, Inge (1997). Angola: Struggle for Peace and Reconstruction. p. 31. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "overview" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Edgerton (2002). Africa's Armies: From Honor to Infamy. Westview Press. ISBN 9780813339474.
- ↑ Walker (2004). A Certain Curve of Horn: The Hundred-Year Quest for the Giant Sable Antelope of Angola.
- ↑ Elbaum (2002). Revolution in the Air: From Malcolm and Martin to Lenin, Mao and Che.
- ↑ Davis (1966). Southern Africa in Transition, American Society of African Culture.
- ↑ Beit-Hallahmi (1988). The Israeli Connection: Whom Israel Arms and Why.
- ↑ Figueiredo (1961). Portugal and Its Empire: The Truth.
- ↑ Nzongola-Ntalaja (1986). The Crisis in Zaire.
- ↑ Meredith (2005). The Fate of Africa: From the Hopes of Freedom to the Heart of Despair, a History of Fifty Years of Independence. PublicAffairs. ISBN 9781586482466.
- ↑ Young (1985). The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State. University of Wisconsin Pres. ISBN 9780299101138.
- ↑ Involvement in the Angolan Civil War, Zaire: A Country Study. United States Library of Congress.
- ↑ FNLA's Historic Leader Dies. Angola Press (2007). Archived from the original on 2007-09-29. Retrieved on 2007-11-18.
- ↑ "Holden Roberto Dies at 84; Fought to Free Angola From Portuguese Rule", New York Times, August 4, 2007. Retrieved on 2007-11-18.
- ↑ "Angolan independence leader Holden Roberto dies", CNN, August 3, 2007. Retrieved on 2007-11-18.
- ↑ Angola: Head of State Condoles With Death of FNLA Historic Leader. allAfrica.com (2007). Retrieved on 2007-11-18.
Ịgụ ihe ọzọ
dezie- Chris Dempster, Fire Power (akụkọ nke ndị mba ọzọ na-alụ ọgụ n'akụkụ FNLA) [1]