Wikipedia

Ghannouchi a zụrụ azụ

Rached Ghannouchi (Arabic: راشد الغنوشي, romanized: Rāshid al-Ghannūshī; born 22 June 1941[1]), sụpekwara Rachid al-Ghannouchi ma ọ bụ Rached el-Ghannouchi, bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Tunisia,[2] the co-founder of the Ennahdha Party and serving as its intellectual leader.[3] He was born Rashad Khriji (راشد الخريجي).[4]

A kpọrọ Ghannouchi otu n'ime ndị 100 kachasị emetụta n'ụwa n'afọ 2012 na ndị na-eche echiche 100 kachasị elu n'ụwa niile [5] Onye isi ala Andrew, Duke nke York nyere ya ihe nrite Chatham House na 2012 (n'akụkụ onye isi ala Tunisia Moncef Marzouki) maka "mmebi ihe ịga nke ọma nke ọ bụla enwetara n'oge mgbanwe ọchịchị onye kwuo uche Tunisia".[6][7] N'afọ 2016, ọ natara onyinye Jamnalal Bajaj maka "ịkwalite ụkpụrụ Gandian na mpụga India". [8] N'abalị iri na atọ n'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2019, a họpụtara Ghannouchi ka ọ bụrụ Onye isi oche nke Nzukọ nke Ndị Nnọchiteanya nke Ndị Mmadụ. [9] Ghannouchi lanarịrị votu nke enweghị ntụkwasị obi mgbe ndị omeiwu 97 votu megidere ya na 30 Julaị 2020, na-erughị 109 chọrọ ịchụpụ ya dị ka Onye isi oche nke Houselọ.[10]

Oge ọ malitere

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Ghannouchi na 1967.

A mụrụ Ghannouchi na mpụga El Hamma, na mpaghara Gabes na ndịda Tunisia. Obodo ya enweghị ọkụ eletrik ma ọ bụ okporo ụzọ awara awara. Nna ya bụ onye ọrụ ugbo dara ogbenye nwere ụmụaka gụnyere Rached. Ezinụlọ ya na-arụ ọrụ n'ubi kwa ụbọchị, na-enwekwa anụ ha ga-eri naanị ugboro ole na ole n'afọ.[11] Mgbe oge ala gwụchara, ezinụlọ ahụ ji akwụkwọ nkwụ kpụọ nkata iji gbakwunye ego ha na-enweta. Rached nwere ike ịga alaka ụlọ akwụkwọ ọdịnala Arabic Zaytouna n'ihi enyemaka ego sitere n'aka nwanne ya nwoke tọrọ ya.[11]

O nwetara asambodo nzere ntozu ya, nke ya na Baccalauréat, na 1962 site na Mahadum Ez-Zitouna (Zaytouna). Ọ banyere ụlọ akwụkwọ nke ọrụ ugbo na Cairo University na 1964 ma, mgbe a chụpụrụ ndị Tunisia na Egypt, ọ hapụrụ Syria. Ọ gụrụ nkà ihe ọmụma na Mahadum Damaskọs, gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1968. Ghannouchi jikwa oge na 20s na-eme njem na-arụ ọrụ na Europe dị ka onye na-atụtụ mkpụrụ vaịn na efere efere.[12]

Òtù Na-akwado Ndị Alakụba

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N'April 1981 Ghannouchi tọrọ ntọala Islamic Tendency Movement (Arabic: حركة الاتجاه الإسلامي Ḥarakat al-Ittijāh al-Islāmī). The Movement kọwara onwe ya dị ka gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ kpọmkwem na Islamism na-adịghị eme ihe ike, ma na-akpọ maka "nrụghachi ndụ akụ na ụba n'ụzọ ziri ezi karị, njedebe nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị otu na ịnakwere ọtụtụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya."[13] Ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha ọnwa Julaị, e jidere Ghannouchi na ndị na-eso ụzọ ya, maa ha ikpe ịga mkpọrọ afọ iri na otu na Bizerte, ma mekpọọ ha ọnụ. Ma ndị okpukpe na ndị ụwa, gụnyere ọtụtụ òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ụwa, gbakọtara iji kwado ya.[14]Mgbe ọ nọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ ọ sụgharịrị ọtụtụ ọrụ wee dee isiokwu ndị dị ka ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya, ikike ụmụ nwanyị, na Palestine. O dekwara ọrụ ya kacha ama ama, Al-Hurriyat al-'Ammah (Nnwere Onwe Ọha).[15]

A tọhapụrụ ya n'afọ 1984, mana ọ laghachiri n'ụlọ mkpọrọ n'afọ 1987 na ikpe ndụ ya niile, mgbe ahụ a tọhapụrụ ọzọ n'afọ 1988. Ọ kwagara United Kingdom dị ka onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ebe o biri afọ 22.[16][3]

Ọ gara nzukọ Kọmitii Alakụba maka Palestine na Chicago na 1989.[17] Mgbe mwakpo 1990 nke Kuwait gasịrị, Al-Ghannushi katọrọ Eze Fahd nke Saudi Arabia maka "mpụ dị ukwuu" nke ịkpọ US ka ha bute ndị agha.[18] Ọ rịọkwara ka ndị Alakụba kwụsị ngwaahịa, ụgbọelu na ụgbọ mmiri ndị America.[18]A katọwokwa ya maka ịkpọ oku maka jihad megide Israel.[19][20][21]

 
Rachid Al-Ghannouchi na-ekwu okwu na nzukọ ndị Alakụba n'ihe dị ka afọ 1980.

Ghannouchi gara n'ihu na-akatọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Tunisia na ọchịchị onye isi ala Zine El Abidine Ben Ali.[22]

Mgbanwe nke Tunisia na mgbe ọ gasịrị

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N'ịgbaso Ọgba aghara a ma ama nke a chụpụrụ Ben Ali, Ghannouchi laghachiri Tunisia na 30 Jenụwarị 2011, mgbe ọ nọrọ afọ iri abụọ na abụọ na London, [23] na ọtụtụ puku [24] ndị mmadụ nabatara ya.

Òtù ya meriri 37.04% nke votu (ihe karịrị òtù anọ na-esote na-enweta votu jikọtara ọnụ) [25] na 2011 Tunisian Constituent Assembly ntuli aka. Ghannouchi ewereghị ọkwa gọọmentị. Onye odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke Ennahdha Hamadi Jebali ghọrọ onye isi ala. [26]

Ennahda hibere gọọmentị nke dugara Tunisia site na mgbagha na ọgba aghara nke mgbanwe Jasmine gasịrị. Ihe e ji mara gọọmentị n'oge a bụ nghọta ka ukwuu, enweghị nrụrụ aka, na iwulite nkwenye. Na Maachị 2012, Ennahda kwupụtara na ọ gaghị akwado ime sharia ka ọ bụrụ isi mmalite nke iwu na iwu ọhụrụ ahụ, na-ejigide ọdịdị ụwa nke steeti. Ndị Islamist siri ike, bụ ndị chọrọ iwu Sharia siri ike, katọrọ echiche Ennahda n'okwu a.[27] A katọrọ gọọmentị maka ịrụ ọrụ akụ na ụba dị ala, na-akpalighị ụlọ ọrụ njem nleta, na mmekọrịta ọjọọ na onye mmekọ azụmahịa kachasị ukwuu nke Tunisia bụ France. Karịsịa, a katọrọ ya maka ịnakwere mgbalị ndị Islamist siri ike na-achọ iwu Sharia na ịkatọ nha nhata nwoke na nwanyị na mgbochi na ịlụ karịa otu nwanyị na Septemba 2012, ụfọdụ n'ime ha bụ ndị na-ahụ maka ịpụnara na ọkụ nke ụlọ ọrụ nnọchiteanya na ụlọ akwụkwọ America na-esote ogbugbu nke ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị abụọ na-akwado aka ekpe Chokri Belaid (na Febụwarị 2013) na Mohamed Brahmi (na Julaị 2013).[28] ụfọdụ n'ime ha bụ ndị na-ahụ maka mgbawa na September 2012 na ọkụ nke ụlọ ọrụ nnọchiteanya America na ụlọ akwụkwọ na-esote ogbugbu nke ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị aka ekpe abụọ Chokri Belaid (na February 2013) na Mohamed Brahmi (na July 2013). N'ime ọgba aghara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Tunisia nke 2013-14 nke a kpasuru ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị chọrọ ka gọọmentị gbatuo ma ọ bụ ọbụlagodi ụdị ọchịchị Sisi, ebe ndị agha Ennahda guzogidere ntuli aka mbụ, ọbụna na-akwado oku Ghannouchi maka ịchụ aja maka ịdị n'otu mba.[29]

N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, Ghanouchi sooro onye ndú na-ahụ maka okpukpe Beji Caid Essebsi rụkọọ ọrụ iji mepụta nkwekọrịta ma na October 5 bịanye aka na "map ụzọ" ebe Ennahda ga-agbadata maka ọchịchị na-elekọta mgbe e kwekọrịtara na iwu ọhụrụ ahụ ruo mgbe a ga-eme ntuli aka ọhụrụ.[30] Ndị isi abụọ ahụ katọrọ nke ukwuu site na ọkwa na faịlụ nke otu ha ma Ghannouchi natara nkwekọrịta site na kansụl Ennahda shura naanị site n'iyi egwu ịhapụ ọrụ.[31]

Na Jenụwarị 2014, ka akwadochara iwu iwu Tunisia ọhụrụ, Ennahdha ji udo kwụsị ọchịchị wee nyefee ọchịchị teknụzụ nke Mehdi Jomaa duziri. Ennahda debere nke abụọ na ntuli aka ndị omeiwu nke Ọktoba 2014 na 27.79% nke votu a ma ama wee guzobe gọọmentị mmekorita ya na otu ndị otu ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Nidaa Tounes n'agbanyeghị mmegide ọkwá na faịlụ.[32] Ennahda ewepụtaghị onye ga-azọ ọkwa onye isi ala maka ntuli aka Nọvemba 2014. [33] Ghanouchi "kwupụtara n'ụzọ sara mbara" na ya onwe ya kwadoro Beji Caid Essebsi (onye meriri ihe karịrị 55% nke votu).[34]

Ghannouchi rụrụ ụka maka usoro ndị a na-anabata ndị otu ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị na-enweghị isi n'ihi na mba ahụ ka na-emebi emebi, na akụ na ụba chọrọ mgbanwe, ka Ennahda wee bụrụ onye mmegide.[32] Ghannouchi nyekwara nkwado ya maka mwepu nke nkuzi jihadi na ụlọ alakụba radical (ihe karịrị ndị nkịtị 60, ọkachasị ndị njem nlegharị anya, gburu na 2015 site na jihadis, na-emebi ụlọ ọrụ njem nlegharị anya Tunisia). N'agbanyeghị agbụrụ Islamist ya, ndị jihadis 'na-ekwujọ' ya mgbe niile, dị ka Robert Worth si kwuo, ma ugbu a pụtara nso "n'elu" nke jihadi "ndepụta achọrọ".[35]

Ebubo ndị e wepụrụ

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N'abalị iri abụọ na abụọ n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2011, The Economist bipụtara mgbaghara na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ha maka ibipụta otu isiokwu n'oge gara aga nke ha kwuru na ọ bụ Ghannouchi kwuru ụgha. Isiokwu ahụ [36] kwuru na Ghannouchi "na-emegide koodu mmesapụ aka nke mba ahụ nke ikike onye ọ bụla, Code of Personal Status, na mmachi ya nke ịlụ karịa otu nwanyị". Akụkọ ahụ, kwukwara na Ghannouchi "atụla egwu ịkpọgide onye nwanyị Tunisia a ma ama, Raja bin Salama, na Basij Square na Tunis, n'ihi na ọ kpọrọ oku ka iwu ọhụrụ nke obodo dabere na nkwupụta zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ikike mmadụ". Mgbaghara ahụ"anyị kwenyere na ọ dịghị nke ọ bụla n'ime nkwupụta ndị a bụ eziokwu: Maazị Ghannouchi ekwuola n'ụzọ doro anya na ọ nabatara Code of Personal Status; ọ dịghịkwa mgbe o yiri egwu ịkwụgbu Ms bin Salama. Anyị na-arịọ ya mgbaghara n'enweghị mgbochi. "[37]

N'abalị itoolu n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2012, The Independent bipụtara mgbaghara [38] na webụsaịtị ha maka ịtụ aro na edemede gara aga na enyere ndị otu Ennahdha ego mba ofesi. Mgbaghara ahụ kwuru, sị: "Anyị chọrọ ime ka o doo anya na Mr. Ghannouchi na ndị otu ya anabataghị onyinye ọ bụla sitere na mba ọzọ na-emebi iwu ego ntinye ego nke Tunisia. Anyị na-arịọ mgbaghara Ghannouchi."[39]

Na 17 Mee 2013, BBC bipụtara mgbaghara na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ha maka ibipụta nkwupụta na-ezighị ezi banyere Ghannouchi ọnwa isii tupu mgbe ahụ na 21 Nọvemba 2012. [40] Akụkọ ahụ boro Ghannouchi ebubo na ọ na-eyi egwu inye ndị agha iwu ka ha gaa n'okporo ámá ma ọ bụrụ na Ennahdha Party enwetaghị nsonaazụ ọ tụrụ anya ya na ntuli aka na 2011, ma tụọ aro na ọ kwadoro mwakpo Salafist na-eme ihe ike na ụlọ ọrụ nnọchi anya United States na ọkụ nke American School na Tunis na Septemba 2012.[40] N'ịkwado na ọ dịghị nke ọ bụla n'ime ebubo na aro ndị a bụ eziokwu n'ezie, nzaghachi ahụ kwubiri: "BBC rịọrọ Maazị Ghannouchi mgbaghara maka mmejọ ndị a na nsogbu ha kpatara ya. "[40]

Ikpe nkwutọ

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N'afọ 2020, Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke UK kpebiri ịkwado Ghannouchi n'okwu nkwutọ megide Middle East Online (MEO) na onye nchịkọta akụkọ ya Haitham El Zobaidi. Middle East Online na otu n'ime ndị editọ ya ekwuola na Ennahda "akwado iyi ọha egwu", ebubo Ghannouchi "gọnarị nke ukwuu". Dị ka Ahmed Yusuf si kwuo, isiokwu ahụ bụ akụkụ nke "mkpọsa nhazi" megide Ghannouchi site na "mgbasa ozi nke Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates (UAE) na Egypt kwadoro."[41]

Ebubo nrụrụ aka

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Na 1 Febrụwarị 2024, ụlọ ikpe Tunis mara Rached Ghannouchi ya na ọgọ ya nwoke mkpọrọ afọ atọ, maka itinye ego na mba ofesi n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị, ma nye ya iwu ịkwụ ụgwọ nde $1.17 n'aha ndị otu ya.[42][43] N'abalị iri na itoolu n'ọnwa Febụwarị, ọ gara ezumike nká n'ụlọ mkpọrọ iji kwado ndị mmegide ndị ọzọ gọọmentị Saied tụrụ mkpọrọ.>[44] Na Julaị 13, 2024, ụlọ ikpe mpụ nke Judicial and Financial Unit kwadoro ikpe ya afọ atọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ.[45]

Echiche na akụkọ ihe mere eme

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Njikere Ghannouchi ime ka ya na ndị secularists nọ na Tunisia na ihe ịga nke ọma pụrụ iche nke obodo ya nwere n'ịkwado usoro ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na-esochi Arab Spring bụ ma ọ dịkarịa ala otu onye na-ekiri (Robert Worth) kwadoro nzụlite ya. N'adịghị ka ọtụtụ ndị Alakụba, Ghannouchi "biri ná mba ọzọ ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ, na-agụ ọtụtụ ebe n'asụsụ atọ", gụnyere ndị na-eche echiche Western Karl Marx, Sigmund Freud na Jean-Paul Sartre. O nwere mmasị n'obi ike nke ndị aka ekpe bụ́ ndị mere ngagharị iwe n'okporo ámá megide ọchịchị aka ike, ndị e jidere ma taa ha ahụhụ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, ma dị njikere iso ha rụọ ọrụ.[12] N'ile Mmeri mbụ nke ndị Alakụba Algeria - mgbe ha nọ na London - dara n'ime ogbugbu, ọgba aghara na mmeri nke agha obodo, hapụrụ mmetụta miri emi.[46] Dị ka Azzam S. Tamimi si kwuo, Malik Bennabi na akwụkwọ ya "Islam and Democracy", nke tọrọ ntọala maka "ọrụ nka" Al‐Hurriyat al‐Ammah (Public Liberties) nke Ghannouchi.[15]

N'afọ 2002, otu onye na-enweghị ọmịiko n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ (Martin Kramer) kọwara ya dị ka onye dị iche "na ndị Alakụba ndị ọzọ" na nkwenye ya "na Islam na-anabata ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya nke ọtụtụ òtù". [2]

N'afọ 2015, ọ gwara onye France na-ede akụkọ Olivier Ravanello na ekwesighi ime ka nwoke idina nwoke ibe ya bụrụ mpụ, ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-emegide alụmdi na nwunye nwoke idina nwanyị.[47] Michael Moore agbaala ya ajụjụ ọnụ na ebe ịwakpo ọzọ wee kwuo na nwoke idina nwoke bụ "ihe gbasara onwe."

Ndụ onwe onye

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N'abalị iri na atọ n'ọnwa Julaị n'afọ 2021, ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi TAP kọrọ na Ghannouchi, onye gbara ọgwụ mgbochi, gosipụtara na ọ nwere COVID-19. [48] N'abalị mbụ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ, a tọhapụrụ ya awa ole na ole mgbe a nabatara ya n'ụlọ ọgwụ.[49]

Onyinye

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Ihe nrite Chatham House na 2012, Ghannushi na Marzouki.
  • Otu n'ime ndị mbụ na FP Top 100 Global Thinkers na 2011 [50]
  • Ihe nrite Chatham House site na Chatham House maka afọ 2012 na London (ya na Moncef Marzouki) [51]
  • Ihe nrite Ibn Rushd maka nnwere onwe iche echiche maka afọ 2014 na Berlin [52]
  • Ndị otu ndụ nke Aligarh Muslim University Students' Union na 2015 [53][54]
  • Ihe nrite onye guzobere International Crisis Group maka ndị ọsụ ụzọ na iwu udo, tinyere onye isi ala Tunisia Béji Caïd Essebsi [55]
  • Ihe nrite Jamnalal Bajaj maka afọ 2016 na Mumbai [56]
  • Degree Honorary site na International Islamic University Malaysia na 2017 [57]
  • Otu n'ime 100 ndị Arab kachasị emetụta n'ụwa na ndepụta Global Influence 2018 [58]

Ihe odide

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  1. ↑ Tamimi (2001). Rachid Ghannouchi: A Democrat Within Islamism (in en). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 3. ISBN 978-0-19-514000-2. OCLC 191942187. “In a bunker in a small village close to Hamma in the province of Gabès in southeastern Tunisia, Rachid Ghannouchi was born on 22 June 1941.” 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Kramer (Fall 2002). "Rachid Ghannouchi: A Democrat within Islamism". Middle East Quarterly 1 (4). Retrieved on 18 October 2016.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Kramer-review" defined multiple times with different content
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Feldman. "Islamists' Victory in Tunisia a Win for Democracy: Noah Feldman", Bloomberg, 2011-10-30. Retrieved on 2011-10-31. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Feldman" defined multiple times with different content
  4. ↑ Turess Press. إلى الأستاذ راشد الخريجي (حركة النهضة). Retrieved on 16 June 2013.
  5. ↑ Foreign Policy. The FP Top 100 Global Thinkers 2011. Archived from the original on 2012-05-04. Retrieved on 2017-03-11.
  6. ↑ Chatham House. Chatham House Prize 2012.
  7. ↑ Ghannouchi. Transcript of speech at Chatham House Prize 2012 awards ceremony, 26 November 2012. Archived from the original on 12 October 2017. Retrieved on 22 January 2015.
  8. ↑ Jamnalal Bajaj Awards. Jamnalal Bajaj Foundation. Retrieved on 2017-02-16.
  9. ↑ Tunisia parliament elects Ennahdha's Rachid Ghannouchi as speaker. www.aljazeera.com.
  10. ↑ Tunisia's parliament speaker narrowly survives confidence vote. www.aljazeera.com.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Worth (2016). A Rage for Order: The Middle East in Turmoil, from Tahrir Square to ISIS. Pan Macmillan, 203–4. ISBN 9780374710712. Retrieved on 31 July 2016. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Worth (2016). A Rage for Order: The Middle East in Turmoil, from Tahrir Square to ISIS. Pan Macmillan, 207–8. ISBN 9780374710712. Retrieved on 31 July 2016.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "worth-2016-207-8" defined multiple times with different content
  13. ↑ Kechichian. "A genuine Islamist democrat", September 16, 2011. Retrieved on 18 October 2016.
  14. ↑ Linda G. Jones, "Portrait of Rashid Al-Ghannoushi" Middle East Report, No. 153 (July–August 1988).
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Tamimi (2001). "Rachid Ghannouchi: A Democrat Within Islamism. The Question of Democracy, Azzam S. Tamimi". DOI:10.1093/0195140001.001.0001. Retrieved on 18 October 2016.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "OSO-question" defined multiple times with different content
  16. ↑ "The exile close to winning first Arab Spring election | The Times", The Times. Retrieved on 2017-03-08. (in en-GB)
  17. ↑ Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine. Archived from the original on 2018-10-24. Retrieved on 2011-10-26.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 A U.S. Visa for Rachid Ghannouchi? (October 27, 2010).
  19. ↑ Merley (October 13, 2014). Tunisian Muslim Brotherhood Leader Speaks In Washington; Rachid Ghannouchi Has Long History Of Extremism And Support For Terrorism. Global Muslim Brotherhood Daily Watch. Retrieved on 18 October 2016.
  20. ↑ Rachid Ghannouchi. Global Muslim Brotherhood Daily Watch (17 January 2015). Retrieved on 18 October 2016.
  21. ↑ Tamimi (2001). "Rachid Ghannouchi: A Democrat Within Islamism. Ghannouchi's Detractors, Azzam S. Tamimi [summary]". DOI:10.1093/0195140001.001.0001. Retrieved on 18 October 2016. 
  22. ↑ Kirkpatrick. "More Officials Quit in Tunisia Amid Protests", The New York Times, 18 January 2011. Retrieved on 19 January 2020.
  23. ↑ Template error: argument title is required.
  24. ↑ "Rached Ghannouchi de retour à Tunis après 20 ans d'exil : un accueil exceptionnel", Leaders, 30 January 2011. Retrieved on 30 January 2011.
  25. ↑ Gerges (June 2012). "The Many Voices of Political Islam". The Majalla 1573: 14–18. Retrieved on 4 April 2013. 
  26. ↑ Mzioudet (14 December 2011). Ennahdha's Jebali Appointed as Tunisian Prime Minister. Archived from the original on 17 January 2012. Retrieved on 21 December 2011.
  27. ↑ Tunisia's constitution will not be based on Sharia: Islamist party. Al Arabiya (27 March 2012). Retrieved on 18 February 2013.
  28. ↑ Osman (2016). Islamism: What it Means for the Middle East and the World. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300197723. Retrieved on 16 October 2016. 
  29. ↑ Worth (2016). A Rage for Order: The Middle East in Turmoil, from Tahrir Square to ISIS. Pan Macmillan, 199–204. ISBN 9780374710712. Retrieved on 31 July 2016. 
  30. ↑ Worth (2016). A Rage for Order: The Middle East in Turmoil, from Tahrir Square to ISIS. Pan Macmillan. ISBN 9780374710712. Retrieved on 31 July 2016. 
  31. ↑ Worth (2016). A Rage for Order: The Middle East in Turmoil, from Tahrir Square to ISIS. Pan Macmillan, 205, 207. ISBN 9780374710712. Retrieved on 31 July 2016. 
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Worth (2016). A Rage for Order: The Middle East in Turmoil, from Tahrir Square to ISIS. Pan Macmillan, 218. ISBN 9780374710712. Retrieved on 31 July 2016.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "worth-2016-218" defined multiple times with different content
  33. ↑ "Tunisia's main Islamist party to stay out of presidential election", Reuters, 8 September 2014. Retrieved on 20 September 2014.
  34. ↑ Worth (2016). A Rage for Order: The Middle East in Turmoil, from Tahrir Square to ISIS. Pan Macmillan, 219. ISBN 9780374710712. Retrieved on 31 July 2016. 
  35. ↑ Worth (2016). A Rage for Order: The Middle East in Turmoil, from Tahrir Square to ISIS. Pan Macmillan, 220. ISBN 9780374710712. Retrieved on 31 July 2016. 
  36. ↑ "Now is the time", The Economist. Retrieved on 2018-11-17. (in en)
  37. ↑ "An apology to Rachid Ghannouchi", The Economist. Retrieved on 2018-11-17. (in en)
  38. ↑ Apology to Rashid Ghannouchi | Carter-Ruck. www.carter-ruck.com. Retrieved on 2020-05-24.
  39. ↑ "Rachid Ghannouchi", The Independent. Retrieved on 2018-11-17. (in en-GB)
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 40.2 "Apology to Rached Ghannouchi", BBC.co.uk, 17 May 2013. Retrieved on 27 May 2013.
  41. ↑ Tunisia's Rached Ghannouchi wins libel case in UK High Court, 29 May 2020, Middle East Eye
  42. ↑ En Tunisie, Rached Ghannouchi condamné à trois années supplémentaires de prison, 1 February 2024, Le Monde
  43. ↑ Tunisian opposition party leader sentenced to 3 years as crackdown on president’s critics continues, 3 February 2024, Associated Press
  44. ↑ Imprisoned Tunisian opposition leader Rached Ghannouchi initiates hunger strike in protest, 19 February 2024, Africanews
  45. ↑ A9s-%C5%95-three-years-firm,520,139350,3 Affaire du lobbying : Rached Ghannouchi et Rafik Abdessalem condamnés à trois ans ferme, 13 July 2024, Business News
  46. ↑ Worth (2016). A Rage for Order: The Middle East in Turmoil, from Tahrir Square to ISIS. Pan Macmillan, 209. ISBN 9780374710712. Retrieved on 31 July 2016. 
  47. ↑ Guizani. "News Rached Ghannouchi: Homosexuality Should Not Be Criminalized", April 20, 2015. Retrieved on 17 October 2016.
  48. ↑ "Vaccinated, Rached Ghannouchi tested positive for COVID-19 (ARP)", July 13, 2021. Retrieved on August 2, 2021.
  49. ↑ "Tunisia's powerful parliament speaker Ghannouchi leaves hospital", August 2, 2021. Retrieved on August 2, 2021.
  50. ↑ The FP Top 100 Global Thinkers (2011-11-28). Retrieved on 2017-01-26.
  51. ↑ Chatham House Prize 2012 - Rached Ghannouchi and Moncef Marzouki (2015-04-08). Retrieved on 2017-01-26.
  52. ↑ 'Rached Ghannouchi lauréat du prix Ibn Rochd de la pensée libre pour l'année 2014' (2015-04-08). Retrieved on 2017-10-22.
  53. ↑ "Tunisia's Ghannushi is member of AMU students' union", The Times of India, 8 April 2015. Retrieved on 2016-05-12.
  54. ↑ "Tunisia proof that democracy can sustain in Arab world", Business Standard India, 2015-04-08. Retrieved on 2017-05-12.
  55. ↑ "Tunisia deploys army, makes 300 arrests as violent unrest persists", Reuters, 2018-01-11. Retrieved on 2023-05-10. (in en)
  56. ↑ Rached Gannouchi, prix Gandhi pour la Paix (2015-04-08). Retrieved on 2017-11-06.
  57. ↑ 'Rached Ghannouchi sera fait " docteur honoris causa " de l'Université islamique de Malaisie' (2015-04-08). Retrieved on 2017-07-12.
  58. ↑ Toplist Arabic 2018 (2018-01-17). Archived from the original on 2020-01-15. Retrieved on 2018-01-20.

Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

dezie
  • Tamimi (2001). Rachid Ghannouchi: a democrat within Islamism. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-514000-1. 
  • Saeed (1999). "Rethinking citizenship rights of non-Muslims in an Islamic State; Rashid al-Gannushi's contribution to the evolving debate". Islam and Christian Muslim Relations 10 (3): 307–323 [p. 311]. DOI:10.1080/09596419908721189. 
  • alhiwar.net 6 Mee 2007
  • Jones (1988). "Portrait of Rashid al-Ghannoushi", Islam and the State, Middle East Report. New York: Middle East Research and Information Project, 19–22. 
  • al-Ghannoushi (1988). "Deficiencies in the Islamic Movement", Islam and the State, Middle East Report. New York: Middle East Research and Information Project, 23–24. 

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