Wikipedia

El Anatsui

onye na-ese ihe na onye na akpụ Ihe ọkpụkpụ na Ghana

El Anatsui (/ɛl ˌænətˈsuːi/; amuru 4 Februarị 1944) bu onye oka nka onye Ghana na-aru oru n’ime otutu oru ya na Naijiria. Ọ dọtala uche mba ụwa karịsịa maka "nrụnye karama ya". Nrụnye ndị a nwere ọtụtụ puku iberibe aluminom sitere n'ụlọ ọrụ a na-emegharị mmanya na-aba n'anya ma were waya ọla kọpa dụkọta ọnụ, bụ́ nke a na-agbanwezi ka ọ bụrụ ihe a kpụrụ akpụ dị ka ákwà ọla. Ihe ndị dị otú ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na o yiri ka ọ siri ike ma sie ike, na-enwere onwe ya ma na-agbanwe agbanwe, nke na-enyekarị aka na nhazi mgbe ọ na-etinye ihe ọkpụkpụ ya.. [1][2]

Agụnyere Anatsui na 2023 Time 100 ndepụta nke ndị kacha nwee mmetụta n'ụwa.. [3]

Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ

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A mụrụ El Anatsui na Anyako, na mpaghara Volta nke Ghana. Nkakrankakra nkratafa 32 a ɛwɔ baabi a wote no, Anatsui a woyii no adi no nyinaa akyi no, woyii no fii afiase. Ahụmahụ mbụ ya na nka bụ site n'ise akwụkwọ ozi na chalkboard. Mgbalị ide akwụkwọ ya dọọrọ mmasị onyeisi ụlọ akwụkwọ ya, bụ́ onye gbara mbọ ya ume site n'inyekwu nzu. N'ihi afọ ndụ ya n'oge ahụ (ozugbo ụlọ akwụkwọ ọta akara), ọ na-ewere akwụkwọ ozi ndị ahụ dị ka ihe oyiyi karịa ka akwụkwọ ozi - ụdị ndị nwere mmasị na ya..[4]

Anatsui nwetara B.A. ya na 1968 site na College of Art and Built Environment (KNUST) na Kumasi, Ghana. Ọ natara diplọma ya na agụmakwụkwọ nka n'afọ sochirinụ, na 1969, site na Mahadum Sayensị na Teknụzụ Kwame Nkrumah (KNUST) , kwa na Kumasi.[5]

Ụfọdụ n'ime mmetụta nka mbụ ya gụnyere Oku Ampofo, Vincent Akwete Kofi, na Kofi Antubam, ha niile malitere ịjụ mmetụta ndị mba ọzọ n'omume ha maka ụdị nka ụmụ amaala.[6] Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1969, Anatsui malitere ọrụ nkuzi na Winneba Specialist Training College (nke bụzi Mahadum Mmụta), ọrụ nke Kofi rụzuru na mbụ.[7]

Ọ malitere nkuzi na Mahadum Nigeria, Nsukka na 1975. Ọ ghọrọ onye nkuzi ukwu na ngalaba Fine and Applied Arts na 1982, ma mechaa bụrụ onye isi na ngalaba ahụ na prọfesọ zuru oke nke ọkpụrụkpụ na 1996, ọrụ ọ rụrụ ruo 2011. Ọnụnọ ya na Mahadum Nsukka mere ka ọ banye n'òtù Nsukka..

O werela ọtụtụ afọ ịchọta ndị na-ese ihe nwere ike ịnọ ebe a ma ama na sekit zuru ụwa ọnụ mgbe ha na-ahọrọ ibi na mpụga etiti obodo. William Kentridge emeela aha ya site na Johannesburg, El Anatsui emeriela mbara ala mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na obodo mahadum Nigeria dị na Nsukka..[8]

Ihe osise

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Anatsui na-ekwu na, site n'ụlọ akwụkwọ na mahadum, "ihe niile anyị na-eme bụ nke ọdịda anyanwụ," ọkachasị n'ime ngalaba nka nke mahadum ya; o chere na e nwere ihe na-efu na agụmakwụkwọ ya maka enweghị uche ya na ọdịbendị nke ya.[9] Iji dozie nke a, ọ malitere ileta National Cultural Centre of Ghana, kwa na Kumasi, iji soro ndị na-agụ egwú, ndị na-ese ihe, ndị na'ese akwa, ndị na - ndị na-ebi akwụkwọ, na ndị na-emepụta ihe n'ụdị niile. Ọ bụ n'ebe ahụ ka ọ zutere Adinkra, usoro ihe ịrịba ama na akara, nke bụ mmeghe mbụ ya maka nka na-enweghị atụ ma meghee ụwa ọhụrụ nke ohere nka maka ya.[1][9]

N'afọ ndị 1970, Anatsui na-arụ ọrụ ugboro ugboro na osisi. O nwere mmasị karịsịa na trayị osisi, nke ọ na-ahụkarị na a na-eji ya eme ihe n'ahịa iji gosipụta ihe oriri na ngwaahịa ndị ọzọ - ọ ga-akpụ ha ma ọ bụ jiri akara Adinkra na akara ndị ọzọ jiri osisi ọkụ see ha.[4] Ọ malitekwara iji osisi rụọ akụkụ mgbidi site na eriri ndị a na-etinye n'akụkụ ibe ya, a na-achọ elu ya mma na atụmatụ ndị a na'elu ihe ahụ site na iji ụdọ, gouges, ire ọkụ, ma ọ bụ ágbá.[10] Na ngwụcha afọ 70, ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ na ụrọ: ite, ọkachasị, na-enyocha isiokwu nke adịghị ike na mmebi. O nwere mmasị n'otú, ọbụlagodi mgbe ite gbawara ma kwụsị iji ya mee ihe n'ụzọ anyị na-eche (maka nri, mmiri), ọ na-ewere ebumnuche ọhụrụ, ọbụna na-enweta uru ndị ọzọ, site na nke ụwa ruo na nke ime mmụọ. Ihe na-adọrọ mmasị ya bụ iji iberibe ite maka inye onyinye. O kwuru, "Ọ dị ka a ga-asị na ite ahụ, ebe ọ gbajiri, gbanwere n'ime akụkụ nke na-eme ka ọ dị mma maka ndị nna nna na chi ndị nọ n'onwe ha na akụkụ mmụọ. "[1][4]

Mgbe ọ rụchara ọrụ ya na ite ndị a gbajiri agbaji, Anatsui nyochara isiokwu nri ndị dị n'akụkụ ya na ihe ndị ọzọ: osisi, ọzọ, n'ụdị ụrọ; ngwá ọrụ eji arụ ọrụ cassava, na elu karama.[4]

Ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ Anatsui gosipụtara ihe ndị, ma ọ bụ ihe ndị nwere ndụ nke iji mee ihe tupu e mepụta ya n'ime ihe osise a. Otú ọ dị, nkwenye ya na ihe ahụ a chọtara, abụghị nke Duchampian, ma lekwasị anya na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ojiji na ihe akaebe nke aka mmadụ na ihe ahụ.[4]

"Mgbe ejirila ihe mee ihe, enwere ụgwọ ụfọdụ, ike ụfọdụ, nke ga-emetụta ndị metụrụ ya aka ma jiri ya mee ihe n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi mgbe ụfọdụ. Nke a na-enyere aka iduzi ihe mmadụ na-eme, yana ịgbanye ihe mmadụ na na-eme na gburugburu ebe obibi na ọdịbendị. "[9]

Okpu karama bụ ihe kachasị amasị ya; dị ka ákwà, Anatsui na-akọwa, nhazi nke okpu karama dịgasị iche iche, na-enye ya ohere ịtụle nka ya ma n'ụzọ a tụrụ atụ (site n'ụdị okpu) na n'ụzọ na-ese ihe (site na agba nke okpu). Ọzọkwa, ọ na-enwe ekele maka ọhụụ nke okpu karama na-enye n'ime nsogbu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya ugbu a na akụkọ ihe mere eme, site na aha na agba nke ụdị ihe ọṅụṅụ dị iche iche a na-ebipụta na okpu.[9]

"Ihe kachasị mkpa nye m bụ mgbanwe. Eziokwu ahụ bụ na mgbasa ozi ndị a, nke ọ bụla na-akọwa ụdị ihe ọṅụṅụ, anaghịzi alaghachi iji rụọ otu ọrụ ahụ kama ha bụ ihe ndị nwere ike ịkpata echiche, ụfọdụ echiche, ma ọ bụ naanị ihe ijuanya. Nke a ga-ekwe omume n'ihi na ewepụrụ ha n'ihe ha maara, na-arụ ọrụ n'ime ihe ọhụrụ, ha na-eweta akụkọ ihe mere eme na njirimara ha. "[4]

Ọtụtụ isiokwu dị n'ọrụ Anatsui: mbibi na mmezigharị nke ihe dị ka ihe atụ maka ndụ na mgbanwe ndị Afrịka chere ihu n'okpuru ọchịchị ndị ọzọ na kemgbe nnwere onwe; isiokwu ọdịnala na ihe ndị dị na ákwà a na-akwa akwa na ákwù ndị ọzọ dị n'Afrịka; na nchegbu maka nkọwa na-ezighi ezi nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Afrịka na mgbagwoju anya ọ kpatara.[10] Ọrụ ya nwekwara njikọ na ọdịbendị ọdịbendị nke West Africa na echiche nke oriri na ọrụ.[4]

Echiche nke Sankofa [nke a sụgharịrị dị ka "laghachi azụ ma weghachite"] dịkwa na ọrụ Anatsui. Ọ na-ele ya anya dị ka ụzọ isi see ihe ndị gara aga, nkuzi ndị ọ na-enye, iji kọwaa usoro ịga n'ihu. Maka ya, Sankofa kọwara mkpa ọ dị ịdọrọ site na ihe dị ya gburugburu ozugbo; Ghana nwere onwe ya mgbe ọ nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, ọtụtụ n'ime agụmakwụkwọ ya lekwasịrị anya na nka nka na akụkọ nka ọdịda anyanwụ, ya mere ọ dị ya ka a kpọrọ ya ka ọ 'laghachi azụ wee weghachite' akụkụ nke omenala Ghana nke ekpochapụworo, ihe ọ kọwara dị ka. ụdị "ọchịchọ maka ịchọpụta onwe" [4]

Ihe ngosi

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Uwe Nwoke (1998-2001) na British Museum na 2009

Ọrụ Anatsui ji nwayọọ nwayọọ too, malite n'obodo ya bụ Nsukka tupu ọ gbasaa n'ebe ndị dị ka Enugu na Lagos, ma mesịa gaa mba ụwa.[11] N'afọ 1990, Anatsui nwere ihe ngosi mbụ ya dị mkpa na Studio Museum na Harlem, New York. Ọ bụkwa otu n'ime ndị omenkà atọ a họpụtara na ngosi 1990 "Ndị omenkà Africa nke oge a: Mgbanwe ọdịnala", nke agbatịpụrụ ruo afọ ise.[1][11]Anatsui gosipụtara ọrụ ya gburugburu ụwa, gụnyere na Brooklyn Museum (2013); Clark Art Institute (2011); [12] Rice University Art Gallery, Houston (2010); Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York (2008-09); [13] National Museum of African Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. (2008); [14] Fowler Museum na UCLA (2007); [3] Venice Biennale (1990 na 2007); [4] Hayward Gallery (2005); [4] Liverpool Biennial (2002); [4] National Museum of Modern Art Guppha (2001); [4] Modern Museum of Vienna Contemporal; [4] Biennale (2001); [5] Modern Museum of Japan Biennale; [4] Biennial (1980) [15][16][17]" class="mw-ref reference" data-cx="{}" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-22","html":"<a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20091010195827/https://www.southbankcentre.co.uk/find/hayward-gallery-and-visual-arts/hayward-gallery-exhibitions/past/africa-remix\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\" class=\"external text\" id=\"mwAiM\">\"AFRICA REMIX: Contemporary Art of a Continent\"</a>. Hayward Gallery, London. Retrieved 29 January 2010."}}' id="cite_ref-22" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./El_Anatsui#cite_note-22 [9]][18]N'afọ 1995, Anatsui mere ihe ngosi nke mbụ ya n'onwe ya na mpụga Afrịka na London. O gosipụtara isiokwu dịgasị iche iche ma gosipụta otu esi egosipụta nka Africa n'ọtụtụ ụzọ ndị a na-adịghị ele anya dị ka "ihe atụ" Africa.[1] Ọrụ ya jiri usoro echiche nke ndị na-ese ihe na Europe na America na-eji eme ihe mana ọ na-esiri ya ike na mba Afrịka.[1] Anatsui gosipụtara ọrụ ya na de Young Museum na San Francisco n'afọ 2005. Nke a bụ oge mbụ ya "na-apụta dị ka akụkụ nke nchịkọta na-adịgide adịgide na nnukwu ebe ngosi nka".[ing][19] N'afọ 2005, ihe ngosi ya na Skoto Gallery nke New York, "Danudo," bụ ihe ngosi mbụ nke mpempe ígwè ya n'obodo America.[12] N'ụlọ ngosi a, Skoto Aghahowa gosipụtara akụkụ mgbidi osisi Anatsui n'akụkụ ihe osise Sol LeWitt. Ihe ngosi a mere ka ọrụ ya bụrụ ihe a ma ama ka ọ na-enweta nkwanye ùgwù na ndị nta akụkọ.[12][19]

 
Ihe ngosi nke Palazzo Fortuny Artempo nke Anatsui na 2007

A kpọrọ Anatsui ka ọ bịa Venice Biennale n'afọ 2006 nakwa ọzọ n'afọ 2007 ebe e nyere ya ọrụ ime ihe abụọ a na-akwụnye ígwè. N'oge mbipụta nke afọ 2007, o gosipụtara ọrụ ya na Palazzo Fortuny nke nwere mgbidi ndị e wuru ọhụrụ maka ya iji gosipụta ihe atọ a na-akpọ Dusasa.[19] Ihe osise ọ bụla gosipụtara ọdịdị na agba dị iche iche gụnyere ọlaedo, ọbara ọbara, na oji. Ụzọ e si kpuchie elu karama ahụ n'oge niile a na-akwụnye ya mere ka ọ dị nro nke mere ka ọ guzo iche na ọrụ ndị ọzọ dị na gallery.[1] Onye na-ahụ maka nka nke Biennale, Robert Storr, kwuru na usoro onye na-ese ihe "na-alaghachi n'usoro ihe niile n'oge agha-ọ nwere ụdị nkwanye ugwu m na-ahụbeghị mbụ".[1] N'oge ngosi Venetian a, Anatsui chọrọ ịmepụta ahụmịhe ọhụrụ maka ndị na-ekiri ya n'echiche. O kwenyere na "ndụ mmadụ abụghị ihe a na-ebibi ma kpọọ nkụ. Ọ bụ ihe na-agbanwe agbanwe mgbe niile. " N'oge a, ọ malitere ịkpọ ọrụ ígwè ya dị ka ihe nkedo kama ịbụ "uwe". [11][11]

Faịlụ:Another Man's Cloth, 2006, El Anatsui at Rubell DC 2022.jpg
Uwe Nwoke Ọzọ (2006) na Rubell Museum DC na 2022

Nnyocha ọrụ ya nke afọ 2010, nke akpọrọ When I Last Wrote to You About Africa, bụ nke Museum for African Art haziri ma meghee na Royal Ontario Museum na Toronto, Ontario, Canada. O mechara gaa ebe ndị dị na United States ruo afọ atọ, mechie na Mahadum nke Michigan Museum of Art.

Nnukwu ihe ngosi nke ọrụ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, nke akpọrọ Gravity & Grace: Monumental Works nke El Anatsui, nwere mmalite ya na New York na Brooklyn Museum na 2013. N'ịbụ nke Akron Art Museum haziri (ihe ngosi: 2012), ihe ngosi ahụ mechara gaa Des Moines Art Center (2013-14) na Bass Museum of Art na Miami (2014).

Nnyocha ọrụ ya, nke Okwui Enwezor na Chika Okeke-Agulu haziri, nke akpọrọ Triumphant Scale dọtara ìgwè mmadụ mgbe ọ meghere, na Machị 2019 na Munich's Haus der Kunst. Site n'ebe ahụ, ihe ngosi ahụ gara Arab Museum of Modern Art, na Doha, ma mesịa gaa Kunstmuseum Bern na 2020.

A họpụtara Anatsui maka ụlọ ọrụ Hyundai nke 2023 na Turbine Hall na Tate Modern; nnukwu oghere ngosi maka nnukwu ihe ọkpụkpụ na ọrụ nka pụrụ iche. Ọrụ ya, "Behind the Red Moon," bụ nke e ji ọtụtụ puku elu na iberibe karama mee, na-ewu n'elu ọrụ ya na ihe ndị metụtara ahịa ohu gafere Atlantic, ọ ga-adịkwa ka ọ ga-apụta ruo n'April 14, 2024.[20][21][22]

Ihe omume ndị ọzọ

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A họpụtara Anatsui ka ọ bụrụ onye otu International Society for Education through Art (InSEA) world council na 1992 maka ọrụ ya na agụmakwụkwọ.[11] Anatsui bụ onye guzobere na onye otu Forum for African Arts na 2000. N'afọ ahụ, ọ ghọkwara onye otu Kọmitii Nhọrọ Mba Nile maka Dakar Biennale na Senegal.[1] N'afọ 2001 ọ bụ onye otu na Civitella Ranieri Foundation na Ịtali. [1] [23][11]

Nkwado

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Onyinye

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Anatsui nwetara aha nsọpụrụ na asọmpi nka mba Ghana nke mbụ dị ka nwa akwụkwọ na 1968. N'afọ sochirinụ, e nyere ya ihe nrite nke nwa akwụkwọ kacha mma n'afọ na College of Art na Kumasi, Ghana.[11] N'afọ 1983, o ritere ọrụ maka nnukwu ihe oyiyi ọha na eze abụọ e ji simenti terrazzo mee na ogige Nsukka.[1] A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ otu n'ime ndị omenkà iri a kpọrọ na Zweites Symposium Nordesekkuste residency na Cuxhaven, West Germany, na 1984. [1][11]

N'afọ 1990, a kpọrọ Anatsui ka ọ bịa na mmemme Venice Biennale nke iri anọ na anọ kwa afọ nke 5 Contemporary African Artists, ebe ọ natara aha nsọpụrụ.[11] N'afọ ahụ, a gụnyere ya na ihe ngosi America nke Nigerian Art-Kindred Spirits .

N'afọ 2015, Venice Biennale nyere Anatsui ọdụm ọla edo maka ihe ọ rụzuru. [24][25] N'afọ 2017, e nyere Anatsui Praemium Imperial, onye Ghana mbụ meriri ihe nrite nka mba ụwa a.[26][27]

Ihe nrite ndị ọzọ gụnyere:

  • 1990 - Ihe nrite ọha, 7th Annual Triennale der Kleinplastik[11]
  • 1995 - Kansai Telecasting Prize, 6th Osaka Sculpture Triennial[1][23][11]
  • 1998 - Ihe nrite ọla nchara, 9th Osaka Sculpture Triennial[1][11]
  • 2008 - Ndị Ọhụụ! Onyinye, Museum of Arts and Design (MAD) [1][11]
  • 2009 - Onyinye Prince Claus
  • 2009 - Onye na-ese ihe, Ememe ncheta afọ iri atọ, National Museum of African Art[1][11]
  • 2023 - Oge 100[28]

Degree nsọpụrụ

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  • 2016 - Honorary doctorate, Mahadum Harvard[29][30]
  • 2017 - Doctorate Honorary, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology [31][32]

Hụkwa

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Ihe edeturu n'okpuru ala

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  1. ↑ Sollins. El Anatsui. Art 21.
  2. ↑ Christinee (8 September 2020). Fall In Love With These Sustainable Artists (en-US). The Wellness Feed. Archived from the original on 22 January 2021. Retrieved on 19 January 2021.
  3. ↑ El Anatsui: The 100 Most Influential People of 2023 (13 April 2023).
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 Anatsui (2008). "Convergence: History, Materials, and the Human Hand—An Interview with El Anatsui". Art Journal 67 (2): 36–53. ISSN 0004-3249. 
  5. ↑ El Anatsui | Curriculum Vitae. El Anatsui. Retrieved on 22 April 2022.
  6. ↑ Akyeampong (2012-02-02). Dictionary of African Biography (in en). OUP USA. ISBN 978-0-19-538207-5. 
  7. ↑ Oguibe (Winter 1998). "El Anatsui: Beyond Death and Nothingness". African Arts 31 (1): 48–55+96. DOI:10.2307/3337623. 
  8. ↑ McDonald, John, "El Anatsui: out of Africa and taking the art world by storm", The Sydney Morning Herald, 6 February 2016.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 El Anatsui: the sculptor on making art from waste, and waking up the artist in all of us. The Art Newspaper - International art news and events (2023-10-09). Retrieved on 2024-03-14.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 "El Anatsui" biography at the National Museum of African Art, Washington, D.C.". Retrieved 24 January 2010.
  11. ↑ 11.00 11.01 11.02 11.03 11.04 11.05 11.06 11.07 11.08 11.09 11.10 11.11 11.12 11.13 Vogel (2012). El Anatsui: Art and Life. New York: Prestel, 11, 41–45, 85–89, 164. ISBN 978-3-7913-4650-2. Vogel, Susan (2012). El Anatsui: Art and Life. New York: Prestel. pp. 11, 41–45, 85–89, 164. ISBN 978-3-7913-4650-2.
  12. ↑ "Gravity and Grace: Monumental Works by El Anatsui". Brooklyn Museum, Brooklyn, New York. Retrieved 20 August 2014.
  13. ↑ Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. (2008). "Rich Legacy of African Textiles on View in Metropolitan Museum Exhibition". Retrieved 29 January 2010.
  14. ↑ "El Anatsui: Gli (Wall)". (2010). Rice University Art Gallery, Houston, Texas. Retrieved 19 May 2013.
  15. ↑ "El Anatsui at NMAA", Artnet, 17 January 2008. Retrieved 29 January 2010.
  16. ↑ "El Anatsui: Gawu". Fowler Museum at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA. (2007). Retrieved 1 July 2014.
  17. ↑ Preece, R. J. (2006). "El Anatsui interview: Out of West Africa". Sculpture/artdesigncafe. Retrieved 19 May 2013.
  18. ↑ El Anatsui Triumphant Scale.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 Vogel (2012). El Anatsui: Art and Life. New York: Prestel, 78–85. ISBN 978-3-7913-4650-2. 
  20. ↑ Sooke. "El Anatsui: the Turbine Hall has become a mesmerising catwalk", The Telegraph, 2023-10-09. Retrieved on 2024-04-08. (in en-GB)
  21. ↑ Frankel (2024-04-14). El Anatsui: Behind The Red Moon at Tate Modern review (en-GB). Time Out London. Retrieved on 2024-04-08.
  22. ↑ El Anatsui — from eating Tate & Lyle sugar in Ghana to filling Tate Modern's Turbine Hall. www.ft.com. Retrieved on 2024-04-08.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Binder, Lisa M. (2010). El Anatsui when I last wrote to you about Africa. Museum for African Art. ISBN 978-0-945802-56-3. OCLC 800807190. 
  24. ↑ Russeth (23 April 2015). 2015 Venice Biennale News. Venice Biennale Awards Golden Lions to El Anatsui, Susanne Ghez, Names Jury. author. Retrieved on 23 April 2015.
  25. ↑ Toledo, Manuel, "Venice Biennale honours Africa's 'bottle-top artist' El Anatsui", BBC News, 9 May 2015.
  26. ↑ "2017 Sculpture El Anatsui", Praemium Imperiale.
  27. ↑ Chow, Andrew R., "Shirin Neshat and Mikhail Baryshnikov Among Praemium Imperiale Winners", The New York Times, 12 September 2017.
  28. ↑ Tessa Solomon (13 April 2023), Wolfgang Tillmans, Simone Leigh, and El Anatsui Make Time’s ‘100 Most Influential People’ List ARTnews.
  29. ↑ Gibson, Katie, "Nine to receive honorary degrees", Harvard Gazette, 26 May 2016.
  30. ↑ Gyamfi Asiedu, Kwasi, "Legendary Ghanaian artist receives honorary degree from Harvard", Pulse.com.gh, 30 May 2016.
  31. ↑ KNUST honours eight personalities for invaluable services (en-gb). Graphic Online (14 December 2017). Archived from the original on 19 December 2018. Retrieved on 19 January 2021.
  32. ↑ KNUST honours Fibre Optics inventor Dr Mensah and others (en-gb). Graphic Online (5 December 2017). Retrieved on 19 January 2021.
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