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China Western Development

China Western Development
mba/obodoChina Dezie

Ụsọ Oké Osimiri East<br><br><br><br><span style="font-size:85%;">(w/ mmemme mmepe dị)</span></br> 

Mmepe Ndịda Anyanwụ (asụsụ China dị mfe 'Akụkụ ndịda anyanwụ, Nnukwu mmepe' ), yana usoro mmepe ndịda anyanwụ ukwu ma ọ bụ Mkpughe Mmemme ndịda anyanwụ, bụ amụma akwadoro maka ndịda anyanwụ China.

Iwu a kpuchiri mpaghara isii ( Gansu, Guizhou, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Sichuan na Yunnan), mpaghara ise kwụụrụ onwe ya (Guangxi, Mongolia n'ime, Ningxia, Tibet na Xinjiang ), na otu obodo ( Chongqing). Mpaghara a nwere pacent iri asaa na ụma anọ nke mpaghara ala China, mana naanị pacent iri abụọ na ụma asatọ nke ndị bi na ya, na ngwụcha afọ 2002, yana pacentị iri na itoolu na ụma itoolu nke ngụkọta akụ na ụba ya, dịka nke afọ 2015. [1]

Akụkọ

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N'okpuru ọchịchi Deng Xiaoping, ndị mba China bidoro mmezigharị akụnụba ya n'afọ 1978 site n'ịgbanwe site na akụnụba iwu gaa na akụnụba ahịa . Mpaghara ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri ọwụwa anyanwụ China ritere uru dị ukwuu site na ndozigharị ndị a, akụ na ụba ha gara n'ihu ngwa ngwa. Otú ọ dị, ọkara ọdịda anyanwụ China adaala nke ukwuu. N'ọnwa Maachị nke afọ 1999, Onye odeakwụkwọ izugbe Jiang Zemin kwupụtara atụmatụ usoro mmepe maka ọdịda anyanwụ n'ógbè Nzukọ mba nke itoolu. Ọ ga-akọwapụta atụmatụ a nke ọma n'ọnwa June afọ 1999, bụ mgbe e ji ahịrịokwu ahụ nnukwu mmepe ọdịda anyanwụ, na -aka akara mmalite nke amụma a. [2] Onye isi Zhu Rongji gara na mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ iji kpokọta echiche ndị isi ọdịda anyanwụ banyere atụmatụ a. N'ihi nke a, Kọmitii na-ahụ maka nhazi steeti depụtara atụmatụ mbụ maka atụmatụ ahụ tupu ha nyefee ya n'akaKọmitii Na -ahụ Maka Ọchịchị Politburo n'ọnwa Nọvemba nke afọ1999. [3] Otu ndị ọchịchị maka mmepe mpaghara ndịda anyanwụ (西部 地区 开发 领导 小组) bụ ndị Kansụl Steeti e mepụtara n'ọnwa Jenụwarị nke afọ 2000, nke Zhu duru.

Ihe ndekọ nke ihe omume

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  • 1999: akọwapụtara ntuziaka "Mmepe mpaghara ndịda anyanwụ"
  • 2000: atụmatụ "Mmepe mpaghara ndịda anyanwụ" bidoro
  • 2001: eweputara webụsaịtị mmemme "Mmepe mpaghara ndịda anyanwụ"
  • 2002: owuwu " mpaghara ndịda anyanwụ-ọwụwa anyanwụ" malitere
  • 2003: amụma nke 'iweghachi Ala ịta ahịhịa na ahịhịa ahịhịa' na-amalite
  • 2004: edepụtara Iwu maka ịkwalite mmepe ọdịda anyanwụ na atụmatụ mmebe iwu nke ọgbakọ ọgbakọ ndị Nzukọ mba nke iri
  • 2005: Ewepụrụ mmanye ụgwọ nkuzi na mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ
  • 2006: ụgbọ okporo ígwè Qinghai-Tibet malitere ọrụ
  • 2007: Mịnịstrị na -ahụ maka ego tinyere ijeri yuan narị abụọ na iri asatọ na ọdịda anyanwụ iji kwado ọrụ ndị bụ isi
  • 2009: Nhazi mpaghara triangle ọdịda anyanwụ [4]

Atụmatụ

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Okporo igwe mpagharaQinghai–Tibet
 
Okporo igwe mpaghara ndịda Xinjiang

Akụkụ nke atụmatụ a gụnyere mmepe nke akụrụngwa (ụgbọ njem, osisi ọkụ eletrik, ike, na nkwukọrịta), ịrata itinye ego nke mba ofesi, itinyekwu mbọ na nchedo gburugburu ebe obibi (dịka ịgha mkpụrụ osisi ), ịkwalite agụmakwụkwọ, na njigide akaraka na -abawanye gaa mpaghara ndị bara ụba. Dị ka afọ 2006, ejirila ngụkọta otu ijeri yuan wuo ihe owuwu na ọdịda anyanwụ China. 

Ụgbọ njem

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Ụlọ ọrụ mmepe ọdịda anyanwụ nke jikọrọ aka na kansụl steeti wepụtara ndepụta nke nnukwu ọrụ iri ga-ebido n'afọ 2008, yana mkpokọta mmefu ego ijeri yuan narị anọ na iri atọ na isii (ijeri dollar iri isii na anọ na ụma iri na abụọ). 

Ọrụ ndị a gụnyere ahịrị okporo igwe ụgbọ oloko ọhụrụ na-ejikọ Guiyang na Guangzhou, Lanzhou na Chongqing, Kashgar na Hotan dị na Xinjiang; okporo ụzọ dị n'etiti Wanyuan na Dazhou na mpaghara Sichuan, Shuikou na Duyun na mpaghara Guizhou; ọrụ mgbasawanye ọdụ ụgbọ elu na Chengdu, Chongqing na Xi'an.

Ha gụnyekwara ịrụ ụlọ ọkụ eletrik, ebe a na-egwupụta kol, mmanu gas na na okpokoro eji ewefe mmanụ yana ọrụ ọhaneze na mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ.

Na ngwụsị afọ 2007, China amalitela ọrụ owuwu ihe iri itoolu na abụọ dị mkpa na mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ, yana itinye ego karịrị otu ijeri yuan na ùma atò. [5] Ọrụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè Qinghai-Tibet a ma ama n'ụwa niile setịpụrụ ihe dị mkpa na mmepe obodo Tibet. O jikọtara Tibet na mpaghara etiti China. Tibet abụghịzi mpaghara dịpụrụ adịpụ nke ụgbọ okporo ígwè na-apụghị iru. [6]

Ọrụ Haịdrọlik

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The Ahịrị ukwu nke mpaghara ndịda anyanwụ, ihe nwere ike ime na Nyefe ọrụ ngọ mpaghara ndịda na mgbago ugwu, bụ atụmatụ maka ịwepu mmiri site n'akụkụ mmiri nke osimiri isii na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ China, gụnyere Mekong, Yarlung Tsangpo na Salween, na mpaghara akọrọ nke mpaghara ugwu China site na usoro nchekwa mmiri, ọwara mmiri na osimiri eke. Ihe oru ngo a nwere ike bụrụ atụmatụ kacha arụrịta ụka ruo taa. [7]

Mmetụta

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Etiti Chongqing, otu n'ime Obodo ise mba etiti
 
Xi'an, isi obodo nke mpaghara Shaanxi
 
Kunming, isi obodo mpagharaYunnan
 
Lanzhou, capital of Gansu province
 
Lhasa, isi obodo Tibet Kwụrụ onwe ya
 
Ürümqi, Isi obodo Xinjiang Kwụrụ onwe ya

Mmepe akụ na ụba

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Mgbalị China ịmepe mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ ya enweela mmetụta dị iche iche na mmepe akụ na ụba mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ. Ọ bụ ezie na nnukwu itinye ego akwalitela mmepụta mpaghara a, na-ewelite GDP nke ọma na mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ niile, ọrụ ahụ emezughị ebumnuche ya nke iwepụ ọdịiche akụ na ụba n'etiti mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ na mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụnke China.

Site n'afọ 1999 ruo afọ 2001, Xinjiang na Guangxi gosipụtara mmụba GDP kwa afọ nke ruru Pacentị iri atọ. Mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ nke China akọpụtala ọnụego uto akụ na ụba kwa afọ nke Pacentị iri na ụma isii maka afọ isii n'usoro. Mkpokọta GDP nke mpaghara ndị ọdịda anyanwụ ruru Puku Ijeri atọ na ụma atọ n'afọ 2005, ma e jiri ya tụnyere otu puku ijeri na ụma iri isii na isii n'afọ 2000, ebe ego ha nwetara na-eto nkezi Pacentị iri maka ndị bi n'obodo mepere emepe na ọdịda anyanwụ yana mmadụ pacentị iri isii na asatọ bi n'ime ime obodo. [8] Atumatu na-agba ndị China ume site na mpaghara ndị bara ọgaranya na ndị mmadụ juputara na China ịkwaga na mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ na-enweghị ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ emeela ka mmụba ndị mmadụ na [obodo ole na ole], ọkachasị Qinghai nke mmụba ya dị pacentị iri abụọ na ụma isii. [9] [10]

Ka o sina dị, uto akụ na ụba nke Ọwụwa Anyanwụ China na-aga n'ihu karịa nke ndịda ayanwụ, na-eme ka akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke ngwaahịa ụlọ gara n'ihu na-ada. Ntụkọ ndịda ayanwụ nyere na GDP belatara site na Pacentị iri abụọ na ụma iri asatọ na asatọ n'afọ 1990 ruo Pacentị iri na asaa na ụma iri na atọ n'afọ 2000. [11] Mmekọ ọnụ nke GDP kwa mmadụ na ọdịda anyanwụ belatara site na Pacentị iri asaa na atọ na ụma iri atọ n'afọ 1990 ruo Pacentị iri isii na ụma iri asatọ na asaa n'afọ 2000. [12] N'afọ 1990, GDP nke onye ọ bụla na Shanghai bụ ugboro asaa na ụma atọ nke Guizhou, ógbè kasị daa ogbenye na China; ka ọ na-eru 2000, ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ amụbaala ugboro iri abụọ na itoolu. [13] Ihe akaebe sitere na Akwụkwọ afọ mgbakọ na mwepụ nke China na-egosikwa ọdịiche akụ na ụba na-abawanye n'etiti China na ọdịda anyanwụ na ọwụwa anyanwụ, na-egosi na ọnụ ọgụgụ GDP nke ọwụwa anyanwụ na ọdịda anyanwụ mụbara site na abụọ na ụma iri itoolu na asatọ n'afọ 1980 ruo anọ na ụma iri atọ na atọ n'afọ 2000. 

Ntinye ego mba ofesi

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Kemgbe ewebatara mgbanwe akụ na ụba na amụma mmeghe ụzọ n'afọ 1978, mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ anọwo n'ọnọdụ akụ na ụba na-adịghị mma n'ihi na ọ na-ekwe nkwa mweghachite obere nye ndị na-etinye ego karịa ndị ntinye ego ọzọ nọ na-ọwụwa anyanwụ ya. Ya mere, otu n'ime ebumnobi nke mkpughe atụmatụ nke ndịda anyanwụ bụ iwebata ndị itinye ego mba ofesi site na imepụta gburugburu itinye ego kwụsiri ike site na nrụpụta akụrụngwa. Nke a bụ ihe ịga nke ọma maka ọrụ mmepe ọdịda anyanwụ na ọkwa ụfọdụ, maka ọnụ ọgụgụ na-egosi nnukwu mmụba na itinye ego mba ofesi na mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ, site na US $ otu puku, narị asatọ na iri atọ na asaa ma ụma iri atọ na ise n'afọ 1999 ruo nde $ otu puku, narị itoolu na iri abụọ na abụọ na ụma iri na itoolu n'afọ 2001. Agbanyeghị, ọ bụghị mpaghara niile dị na mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ sonyere n'ọganihu a. Ọ bụ ezie na itinye ego na mba ofesi na Chongqing toro US nde $ iri na asaa na ụma iri ise na isii n'etiti 1999 n'afo 2001 (site na US nde $ narị abụọ na iri atọ na asatọ ruo nde $ narị abụọ na iri ise na isii na ụma iri anọ na itoolu), itinye ego mba ofesi na Guizhou, Guangxi na Ningxi belatara nke ukwuu, na-agbada ihe dị ka USD $ nde iri na itoolu na ụma iri asaa na otu , $ nde narị abụọ na iri ise na ụma iri itoolu na isii, na $ nde iri atọ na anọ na ụma iri ise na anọ n'otu n'otu. [14]

Ọnọdụ Guizhou kpughere mmetụta ọjọọ nke Mmemme Mmepe Ọdịda Anyanwụ. N'agbanyeghị eziokwu ahụ bụ na Guizhou nwetara iri ise na atọ na ụma atọ ijeri yuan na owuwu ihe owuwu n'afọ 2001 naanị, karịa ngụkọta ego nke Atụmatụ Afọ ise nke itoolu (1995-2000) nyere, ego mba ofesi ya belatara site na $ nde iri anọ na ụma itoolu n'afo 1999 ruo $ nde iri abụọ na itoolu na ụma iri abụọ na itoolu n'afọ na 2001, mbelata dị ịtụnanya Pacentị iri atọ na otu, na -eru ebe kachasị ala kemgbe 1997. [15] N'adịghị ka steeti ahụ zubere, ọrụ mbufe ọkụ eletrik ndịda anyanwụ - ọwụwa anyanwụ dị na Guizhou kwenyesiri ike na mmụba na-aga n'ihu na itinye ego mba ofesi n'ụsọ oké osimiri, ebe a na-ebufe ọtụtụ ọkụ eletrik na Guizhou na Guangdong.

Tim Oakes, onye prọfesọ na-ahụ maka ọdịdị ala na Mahadum Colorado dị na Boulder, na-arụ ụka na ọdịda nke itinye ego na mba ofesi na mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ ụfọdụ bụ nsonaazụ nke mbọ Beijing mere ime ka akụ na ụba mpaghara site na nnukwu oru ngo dị ka ndịda anyanwụ - ọwụwa anyanwụ Guizhou . . [16] Ịkwalite njikwa etiti n'etiti akụ na ụba emebiwo ntụkwasị obi nke ndị ọchụnta ego si mba ofesi. Banyere Guizhou, ebe gọọmentị etiti China bu n'obi ịrabata itinye ego mba ofesi na mpaghara ike site na Mgbasa Ọkụ ndịda anyanwụ - ọwụwa anyanwụ, naanị Pacentị ise nke itinye ego si mba ofesi banyere na mpaghara ike. Banyere Pacentị iri asaa na ise nke ntinye ego mba ofesi Guizhou ka etinyere ịmepụta ịhe yana Pacentị iri na ise maka mmepe ala na ụlọ. [17] N'ihi na atumatu akụ na ụba nke mkpọsa ahụ bụ atụmatụ nke etiti, mkpọsa ahụ emeela ka e nwee nkụda mmụọ na ntinye ego nke mba ofesi, na-arụ ọrụ megide ebumnuche mbụ ya.

Nchedo gburugburu ebe obibi

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N'ịhụta nnukwu mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi na mmemme mmepe akụrụngwa buru ibu, steeti na-akpọsa nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi na mkpọsa ya imepe mpaghara ndịda anyanwụ. Mgbanwe ala ubi na oke ọhịa na ahịhịa bụ atụmatụ kachasị maka mbọ a, na-elekwasị anya na mpaghara dị mkpa maka nchekwa Yangtze. Na Sichuan, gọọmentị chọrọ ichebe oke ọhịa dị nde iri na itoolu na ụma iri abụọ na atọ ma kụọ ọhịa ọhụrụ nde hekta abụọ na ụma iri itoolu na atọ iji belata oke silt na-asọba na Yangtze. [18] Ihe dị ka puku ala iri abụọ ka a tụgharịrị na Guizhou n'afọ 2001, mpaghara dị mkpa maka nchekwa Yangtze. [19] Na Shaanxi, a gbanwere ala ubi hekta puku narị ise na iri asaa na otu na hekta puku narị anọ na puku abụọ na asaa ka ọ bụrụ ọhịa ma ọ bụ ahịhịa n'etiti 1999 na 2002. hekta Ala ubi puku narị abụọ na puku iri asatọ ọzọ na otu mbara ala tọgbọrọ n'efu ka a tụgharịrị n'afọ 2003. [20] Mmemme gburugburu ebe obibi China na ọdịda anyanwụ emeela China “otu n'ime mba ole na ole n'ụwa nke na-amụba oke ọhịa ha ngwa ngwa,” dị ka David Dollar, onye isi ụlọ akụ ụwa na China si kwuo. [21]

Ọ bụ ezie na ọrụ a yiri ka ọ na-aga nke ọma, ọ na-ewepụta gọọmentị nnukwu nsogbu ego. Mgbanwe oke ala ubi na -achọ nnukwu ego maka ịtọgharị ndị ọrụ ugbo. Na mgbakwunye, iji kwụọ ndị ọrụ ugbo ụgwọ maka mfu ha nwetara na ọrụ ugbo, steeti agbaala mbọ inye ha mkpụrụ na ego maka ịkụ osisi na ahịhịa. Nke a na-ebute oke iwu nke yuan iri isii kwa mu nke amụma etiti. Ihe mgbagwoju anya ọzọ bụ enweghị afọ ojuju nke ndị ọrụ ugbo mgbe gọọmentị na-emezughị nkwekọrịta ya, ebe ọ bụ na gọọmentị ime obodo na-akwụkarị ụgwọ maka nrụpụta ya nke ọma, na-ebute nkwụghachi n'etiti yuan iri abụọ ruo iri ise, yana mgbakwunye mkpụrụ ọka narị atọ. 

Ndị ọrụ ugbo na-erite uru na nkwụghachi ụgwọ nwa oge ga-adabere na enyemaka gọọmentị ozugbo arụchara ọrụ ịkụ osisi. [22] tọn ọka puku iri asatọ, nde otu narị na puku iri ise na anọ na mbelata ego enyemaka na nde narị abụọ na iri isii na isii maka ịkpụ osisi n'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ezinụlọ Puku narị asatọ na-arụ ọrụ ugbo nke etinyegoro na Shaanxi. [23] Ọ bụrụ na gọọmentị mpaghara ekpebie ịsọpụrụ nkwa ya ruo afọ ise ruo asatọ ọzọ, ọ ga-efu ngụkọta yuan ijeri iri na otu na ụma asaa na ọka na enyemaka ego. [24] Ọnụ ego dị oke ọnụ na-eme ka arụrụ ọrụ nke gburugburu ebe obibi bụrụ ihe a na-enyo enyo.

Ọzọkwa, ọ bụ ezie na a na-ekwusi ike banyere ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi na mkpọsa ahụ, a kpachapụghị anya maka mmetụta nke mmịpụta kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ, mmụba nke ọrụ ọkụ, nju mmiri, na ụgbọ njem na usoro ahịrị nnyefe, ha niile na -emepụta mmetụta ka njọ. gburugburu ebe mmemme gburugburu ebe obibi nwere ike kwụọ ụgwọ ya. [25]

Ọganihu ọhụrụ

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  • Ụzọ ụgbọ okporo ígwè nke Chongqing
  • Qingzang ụgbọ okporo ígwè, na -ejikọ Lhasa na Xining

Hụkwa

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  • Oke akụ na ụbaBohai
  • Mpaghara akụ na ụba nke Yangtze Delta
  • Ntughari mpaghara ugwu na ọwụwa anyanwụ China
  • Ebili nke Etiti atụmatụ China
  • Akụ na ụba nke China
  • Mpaghara akụ na ụba trịangụlụ nke ndịda anyanwụ

Ebensidee

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  1. ↑ China Statistical Yearbook 2016, National Bureau of Statistics of China
  2. ↑ Lai (October 2002). "China's Western Development Program: Its Rationale, Implementation, and Prospects". Modern China 28 (2). DOI:10.1177/009770040202800402. ISSN 1552-6836. 
  3. ↑ Shih (September–December 2004). "Development, the Second Time Around: The Political Logic of Developing Western China". Journal of East Asian Studies 4 (3). DOI:10.1017/S1598240800006032. ISSN 1598-2408. 
  4. ↑ Chronicle of Events - en.chinagate.cn. en.chinagate.cn. Retrieved on 18 April 2018.
  5. ↑ Archived copy. Archived from the original on 2010-03-02. Retrieved on 2009-03-03.
  6. ↑ Shiu (2016). "Economic growth and infrastructure investments in energy and transportation: A causality interpretation of China's Western Development Strategy". Energy Journal 37 (3). DOI:10.5547/01956574.37.si1.ashi. 
  7. ↑ Tibet: China's little treasure, by Antoaneta Bezlova
  8. ↑ http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-09/06/content_5055217.htm
  9. ↑ BBC NEWS - In Depth. news.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved on 18 April 2018.
  10. ↑ Goodman, David S. G.. “The Campaign to ‘Open Up the West’: National, Provincial-level and Local Perspectives.” China’s Campaign to “Open Up the West”: National, Provincial- level and Local Perspectives. Ed. David S.G. Goodman. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. 8-9.
  11. ↑ Gu Chaolin, ShenJianfa, and Yu Taofang. “Urban and Regional Development.” Developing China’s West: A critical Path to Balanced National Development. Ed. Y.M. Yeung and ShenJianfa. Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, 2007. 182.
  12. ↑ Gu Chaolin, ShenJianfa, and Yu Taofang. “Urban and Regional Development.” Developing China’s West: A critical Path to Balanced National Development. Ed. Y.M. Yeung and ShenJianfa. Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, 2004.185.
  13. ↑ Yeung, Y.M. “Introduction.” Developing China’s West: A critical Path to Balanced National Development. Ed. Y.M. Yeung and ShenJianfa. Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, 2004.15.
  14. ↑ Fan Jie. “Western Development Policy: Changes, Effects and Evaluation.” Developing China’s West: A critical Path to Balanced National Development. Ed. Y.M. Yeung and ShenJianfa. Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, 2004.100.
  15. ↑ Fan Jie. “Western Development Policy: Changes, Effects and Evaluation.” Developing China’s West: A critical Path to Balanced National Development. Ed. Y.M. Yeung and ShenJianfa. Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, 2004.100.
  16. ↑ Oakes, Tim. “Building a Southern Dynamo: Guizhou and State Power.” China’s Campaign to “Open Up the West”: National, Provincial-level and Local Perspectives. Ed. David S.G. Goodman. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. 173.
  17. ↑ Oakes, Tim. “Building a Southern Dynamo: Guizhou and State Power.” China’s Campaign to “Open Up the West”: National, Provincial-level and Local Perspectives. Ed. David S.G. Goodman. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. 169.
  18. ↑ McNally, Christopher A.. “Sichuan: Driving Capitalist Development Westward.” China’s Campaign to “Open Up the West”: National, Provincial-level and Local Perspectives. Ed. David S.G. Goodman. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.123.
  19. ↑ Oakes, Tim. “Building a Southern Dynamo: Guizhou and State Power.” China’s Campaign to “Open Up the West”: National, Provincial-level and Local Perspectives. Ed. David S.G. Goodman. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. 170.
  20. ↑ Vermeer, Eduard B.. “Shaanxi: Building a Future on State Support.” China’s Campaign to “Open Up the West”: National, Provincial-level and Local Perspectives. Ed. David S.G. Goodman. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.101.
  21. ↑ Wasserman, Rogerio. “Can China Be Green by 2020?” BBC News. Web. 11 December. 2009. < http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7972125.stm>
  22. ↑ McNally, Christopher A.. “Sichuan: Driving Capitalist Development Westward.” China’s Campaign to “Open Up the West”: National, Provincial-level and Local Perspectives. Ed. David S.G. Goodman. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.128.
  23. ↑ Vermeer, Eduard B.. “Shaanxi: Building a Future on State Support.” China’s Campaign to “Open Up the West”: National, Provincial-level and Local Perspectives. Ed. David S.G. Goodman. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.101.
  24. ↑ Vermeer, Eduard B.. “Shaanxi: Building a Future on State Support.” China’s Campaign to “Open Up the West”: National, Provincial-level and Local Perspectives. Ed. David S.G. Goodman. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. 101.
  25. ↑ Oakes, Tim. “Building a Southern Dynamo: Guizhou and State Power.” China’s Campaign to “Open Up the West”: National, Provincial-level and Local Perspectives. Ed. David S.G. Goodman. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. 171.

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