Wikipedia

Babban Gwani

19th-century Onye hausa na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ

Babban Gwani, nke a makwaara dị ka Mallam Mikhaila, bụ onye na-ewu ụlọ na onye na-arụ ọrụ na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu nke nwere ọganihu n'oge ọchịchị nke onye ọchịchị nke iri isii na otu nke Zazzau, Naịjirịa, Abd al-Karim ɗan Abbas. Ọ bụ Sarkin Maigini (onye isi na-ewu ụlọ) nke oge ya, nke Shehu Usman dan Fodio họpụtara. Ọnọdụ a gafere ụmụ nwoke ya.[1][2]

Babban Gwani
TitleSarkin Maigini (chief builder)

Ndụ

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A mụrụ Mallam Mikhaila na Zaria, n'ime ala eze Zazzau, site na ezinụlọ ndị Hausa nke ndị ọrụ nka. N'oge ọ bụ nwata, o ji ụrọ mee ihe egwuregwu ụmụaka na ihe oyiyi. Nkà aka ya mere ka a kpọọ ya Gwani, na-egosi onye ọrụ aka. Aha aha a bụ naanị ndị omenkà ole na ole a họpụtara n'ime narị afọ abụọ gara aga, yana ngụkọta mmadụ isii nwetara nsọpụrụ a: 14  Ka Mikhaila na-etolite, aha ya gara n'ihu na-abawanye ụba, nke kachasị n'ihi nka o nwere n'ịrụ ụlọ apịtị, ọ. rịgoro na aha Babban Gwani, na-egosi 'nnukwu ọkachamara' ma ọ bụ 'onye na-ewu ụlọ.' Ugbu a, aha a ka edobere naanị maka ụmụ nwoke ya, ebe nhọpụta Gwani na-akpakọrịta na ụmụ akwụkwọ ya. [3]

Aha mbụ Mikhaila nwetara sitere n'ọsọ o ji arụ ụlọ. Ọ na-ahọrọ iwu ụlọ n'abalị, na-arụcha akụkụ dị ukwuu nke ihe owuwu n'echi ya. Ọ pụrụ ịbụ na ọnọdụ ime mmụọ ya mere ka usoro ihe omume a nke abalị ji mee ihe, n’ihi na o yikarịrị ka o weere ọrụ iwu ụlọ dị ka ihe omume ime mmụọ. Ndị ọrụ ya nwere ihe dị ka otu narị ndị ọrụ, ndị bụ́ isi ndị ohu, bụ́ ndị e nyere ọrụ ịchịkọta apịtị na ụrọ ata ahịhịa, iji kwadebe maka ọrụ mgbede ya. A makwaara ya maka ime atụmatụ ọ bụla maka ụlọ, na-adabere n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma maka ụlọ.[3]

Aha ya na-eto eto na Hausaland dum, dọtara uche nke ndị eze ọhụrụ na ndị ọrụ na-eso Sokoto Jihad. Ndị aristocracy choro nka ya iji wuo ma mepụta ihe ncheta nke gosipụtara 'anụ ọkụ n'obi' nke òtù ndị Alakụba nke ndị jihadist na-edu. N'afọ 1824, onye nchọpụta Scotland bụ Hugh Clapperton hụrụ Mikhaila ka ọ na-arụ ọrụ na-ahụ maka iwu ụlọ alakụba ọhụrụ nke Gido dan Laima, Wazirin Sokoto, kwadoro. Clapperton kọwara Mikhaila dị ka "obere nwoke nwere ọgụgụ isi". [4] Ụlọ alakụba ahụ bụ obodo nke ụlọ alakụba nke atọ nke Sokoto ma dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke ụlọ alakọba Uthman dan Fodio na obí eze. [5]

 
Enwere ike ịhụ akara aka nke Babban Gwani bakan gizo (oghere dị elu) n'uko ụlọ n'ụlọ ndị na-ege ntị nke Nnukwu Soro n'ime obí Gidan Rumfa na Kano.

Egburu Mallam Mikhaila n'aka Emir nke Birnin Gwari. Nke a mere ka onye isi ala nyefere ụlọ alakụba, n'ebumnobi a kapịrị ọnụ nke ịmegharị ịdị ebube nke Masallacin Juma'an Zaria. Ihe bụ isi mkpali nke Emir mere n'azụ ọrụ a bụ ka o guzobe usoro nke ịdị ebube na-enweghị atụ nke na ọ nweghị ụlọ ọzọ ga-enwe ike nhata nke dị na Birnin Gwari..[6]

Ọrụ ndị a ma ama

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Masallacin Juma'an Zaria

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N'ezie, ọrụ Mallam Mikhaila a ma ama bụ ụlọ alakụba Friday nke Zaria, nke a maara dị ka Masallacin Juma'an Zaria, nke e mechara n'afọ 1830 n'oge ọchịchị Sarkin Zazzau Abd al-Karim (1834-1846):  85  A sịrị na Mikhaila hapụrụ.  akara aka ya n'elu mgbaba n'ime ihe owuwu ahụ.[3]

 
Masallacin Juma'an Zaria

O nwere ọtụtụ ụlọ gụnyere nnukwu ụlọ ofufe, ụlọ ikpe Shari'a, na ụlọ ịsa ahụ. N'ịrụ ụlọ alakụba ahụ, Mikhaila sitere na usoro iwu ụlọ ọdịnala dị iche iche nke ndị Hausa. O tinyekwara ihe owuwu sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke ụlọikwuu ndị Fulani na-akwagharị akwagharị. Ndị Fulbe, ndị na-akwagharị akwagharị, agafeela n'ime ndị isi nke Hausaland na-esote Sokoto Jihad. Mgbanwe a hụrụ ka ụlọikwuu ha na-adịru nwa oge na-agbanwe n'ime ụlọ apịtị dị elu nke mara mpaghara ahụ. Mgbanwe a mere ka e nwee ohere ịmepụta ọnụ ụlọ sara mbara karị, ihe dị mkpa maka nnukwu ụlọ alakụba ahụ.[7][8]: 499 Ụlọ alakụba ahụ na-aga n'ihu na-eje ozi dị ka ebe ofufe ruo taa, narị afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị. N'ụzọ dị mwute, na 11 August 2023, akụkụ nke elu ụlọ alakụba ahụ dara n'oge Ekpere Asr, na-akpata ọnwụ nke ihe karịrị mmadụ iri. Akụkọ na-egosi na ihe mere bụ n'ihi nlekọta na-adịghị mma nke ihe owuwu oge ochie. Sarkin Zazzau Ahmed Nuhu Bamalli kọrọ na a malitere usoro nke iwughachi ụlọ alakụba ahụ, a malitekwara nyocha banyere ihe merenụ.[9][10][11][12] A kọrọ na ọgaranya bụ Abdul Samad Rabiu nyere onyinye $ 2.5 nde maka iwughachi ya.[13]

 
Ogige Babban Soro (1903)

Dakin Gwani

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Abdullahi dan Dabo, nke 47th Sarkin Kano, debanyere aha ọrụ Mikhail iji mezigharịa akụkụ nke Gidan Rumfa, obí eze nke Emir nke Kano. Karịsịa, ụlọ ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ndị ọchịchị prejihadic nke Kano. O mekwara iwu ebe obibi gọọmentị nke a kpọrọ "Babban Gwani" n'ihi Mikhaila. Otú ọ dị, n'oge ọchịchị Aliyu Babba (1894-1903), a gbanwere aha ahụ ka ọ bụrụ "Katon Gwani" n'ihi aha Aliyu dị ugbu a, "Babba," nke sụgharịrị aha mbụ ahụ na-ekwesịghị ekwesị. Taa, a maara mpaghara a dị ka "Dakin Gwani," nke pụtara "ọnụ ụlọ Gwani".

Mikhaila wuru nnukwu ụlọ elu abụọ nke Abdullahi. Ọ gara n'ihu wuo Soron Giwa, nke a maara dị ka "Ụlọ Nzukọ," iji sọpụrụ Ibrahim Dabo, onye bụ nna Abdullahi ma chịa dị ka onye na-achị Kano site na 1819 ruo 1846.[14]

Gidan Madakin Bauchi

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Nnukwu Ụlọ Gwani n'obí eze nke Emir nke Bauchi

Akpọrọ Mikhaila ka ọ bịa na Emirate Bauchi ka o wuo ọtụtụ ụlọ maka ndị omeiwu nke Emirate. N'ime ihe owuwu ndị a rụrụ, ndị a kacha mara amara bụ ndị o wuru maka Madakin Bauchi mgbe ahụ, Abdulkadiri.[1]: 460  A na-akpọkarị ha Gidan Madakin Bauchi ma ọ bụ "ụlọ Madaki Bauchi" ma dị na Kafin Madaki. nke dị ihe dịka kilomita iri anọ na ise n'ebe ugwu obodo Bauchi. A bịara mara nnukwu ụlọ nzukọ ahụ dị ka Babban Gwani mgbe Mikhaila gasịrị. E tinyere ọnụ ụzọ e ji akpụkpọ anụ mee ya, bụ́ nke na-adịkarị ụkọ maka ụlọ n’oge ahụ. N'akụkụ ya bụ ụlọ alakụba, nke na-emekọrịta ihe na zaure Gidan Makama dị na Kano.[8][15]

E wuru ihe owuwu ndị ahụ n'etiti 1850 na 1860, n'oge ọchịchị Ibrahima dan Yaqubu (r.1845-1877). N'afọ 1956, a mara ya dị ka otu n'ime Ihe ncheta mba mbụ nke Naịjirịa. N'agbanyeghị na a na-arụzi ya nke ọma kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ, ụlọ ahụ nọgidere na-echekwa nke ọma. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, Ngalaba nke Antiquities emeela ọrụ nrụzigharị dị mkpa iji hụ na ọ nọgidere na-echekwa ya.[8]: 499 [15]

Ihe Nketa

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Kofar Gidan Sarki na Zaria bụ nke Mallam Haruna, onye sitere na Mallam Mikhaila (Babban Gwani) mepụtara. E wuchara ya na 1980s n'oge ọchịchị Shehu Idris.

Ogige Babban Gwani dị na Zaria na-eguzo dị ka ụtụ na-adịgide adịgide maka ihe nketa Mallam Mikhaila. Taa, ndị na-ewu ụlọ bi na ngalaba a, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ụmụ ya. Ụmụ ndị a na-aga n'ihu na-akwado ọdịnala ezinụlọ, na nka ha na-achọkarị iji wuo ụlọ n'ụdị ya pụrụ iche. N'ụzọ dị ịrịba ama, mgbe obí eze na Bauchi mebiri n'ihi mmiri ozuzo na 2017, a kpọrọ ụmụ Gwani ka ha duzie nrụzigharị na imezigharị akụkụ ndị ahụ metụtara.[16]

Otu n'ime ụmụ Mallam Mikhaila a ma ama bụ Mallam Haruna, onye nwere utu aha Sarkin Maigini n'oge ya. Ọ bụ ezie na o tinyere atụmatụ ya n'ụzọ dị ukwuu, ụkpụrụ ndị Mallam Mikhaila guzobere nọgidere na-enwe mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ụdị ụlọ Haruna. A na-ahụ ihe atụ nke a n'ọnụ ụzọ ámá nke obí eze nke Zazzau mgbe Shehu Idris (r. 1975 - 2020) kwatuchara nke ochie. N'afọ 1980-81, e nyere Haruna ọrụ ilekọta ma chepụta iwu ọnụ ụzọ ámá ọhụrụ. Ọnụ ụzọ ámá a hapụrụ omenala ọdịnala Hausa nke iji apịtị eme ihe, na-ahọrọ kama maka blọk simenti n'iwu ya.[17]

Edensibia

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  1. ↑ Prussin (1986). Hatumere : Islamic design in West Africa. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-03004-6. 
  2. ↑ Perani (1999). Cloth, dress, and art patronage in Africa. Oxford ; New York: Berg. ISBN 978-1-85973-290-8. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Babban Gwani: Life, legacy of Zaria's legendary builder - Daily Trust. dailytrust.com. Retrieved on 2023-09-12."Babban Gwani: Life, legacy of Zaria's legendary builder - Daily Trust". dailytrust.com. Retrieved 2023-09-12. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":2" defined multiple times with different content
  4. ↑ Denham. Travels and discoveries in Northern and Central Africa, in 1822, 1823, and 1824 / by Major Denham, F. R. S., Capt. Clapperton, and the late Doctor Oudney ; with a short account of Clapperton's and Lander's second journey in 1825, 1826, and 1827., State Library of Pennsylvania (in english), J. Murray, 128. 
  5. ↑ Zehnle (2020-12-15). ""Urban by nature": The Sokoto jihadist approach to urban planning" (in en). Afriques. Débats, méthodes et terrains d'histoire (11). DOI:10.4000/afriques.2993. ISSN 2108-6796. 
  6. ↑ Moughtin (1985). Hausa architecture. London: Ethnographica. ISBN 978-0-905788-40-1. 
  7. ↑ Shehu (2016). "CULTURAL SYMBOLISM IN TRADITIONAL HAUSA ARCHITECTURE OF NORTHERN NIGERIA (Dissertation)". University of Kent. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Archaeology. The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Archaeology. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":1" defined multiple times with different content
  9. ↑ Enyiocha (12 August 2023). Death Toll Rises To 10 In Zaria Mosque Collapse. Channels.
  10. ↑ "Nigeria mosque collapse: At least seven die in Zaria", BBC News, 2023-08-12. Retrieved on 2023-09-12. (in en-GB)
  11. ↑ Eight killed as 150-year-old mosque collapses in Zaria (en-US). Punch Newspapers (2023-08-12). Retrieved on 2023-09-12.
  12. ↑ Seven worshippers killed in northern Nigeria mosque collapse (en). www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved on 2023-09-12.
  13. ↑ Agbetiloye (2023-10-15). Nigerian billionaire, Abdul Samad Rabiu donates $2.5 Million for mosque reconstruction (en). Business Insider Africa. Retrieved on 2023-12-14.
  14. ↑ Nast (2005). Concubines and power : five hundred years in a Northern Nigerian palace. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0-8166-4153-6. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Murray (1967). "A List of Sites, Buildings and Other Antiquities Declared to Be Monuments Under the Antiquities Act from February 1956 to December 1964". Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria 4 (1): 161–175. ISSN 0018-2540. Murray, K. C. (1967). "A List of Sites, Buildings and Other Antiquities Declared to Be Monuments Under the Antiquities Act from February 1956 to December 1964". Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria. 4 (1): 161–175. ISSN 0018-2540. JSTOR 41971208. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":5" defined multiple times with different content
  16. ↑ III (2019-04-28). Kashim: A war time master builder (en-US). Blueprint Newspapers Limited. Retrieved on 2023-09-12.
  17. ↑ DeVito. Gate to the Emir's Palace, Zaria - Hausa Cultural Proclamation (en). Bright Continent. Retrieved on 2023-09-14.

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