Asụsụ Shilluk

asụsụ, modern language
obere ụdị nke	Western Nilotic
mba/obodo	South Sudan
ụmụ amaala ka	Upper Nile
usoro ederede	Latin script
Ọkwa asụsụ Ethnologue	5 Na-etolite

Shilluk (nke a na-akpọ Dhøg Cøllø ma ọ bụ d̪ɔ́ jayllɔ̀ n'olu ndị nwe ya) bụ asụsụ ndị Shilluk nke South Sudan na Sudan na-asụ.^[1] Ọ nwere njikọ chiri anya na asụsụ Luo ndị ọzọ. Okwu Shilluk bụ ịkpọpụta okwu sitere na Arabic.^[2]

Ọmụmụ ụda dezie

Ụdaume dezie

	N'ihu	Central	Nlaghachi
N'akụkụ	i [i] i̠ [i̠]		u̠ [u̠]
N'etiti	na [ɛ] na [ɛ̠]		ma ọ bụ [o] ɔ [ɔ] ɔ̠ [ɔ̠]
Emeghe		a [a] a̠ [a̠]

Otu n'ime ụdaume ndị a dịkwa n'ụdị ogologo na ụdị dị ogologo nke bụ phonemic.^[3]^[4]

Mgbọrọgwụ ire dị elu na nke a agbatịrị agbatị dezie

Shilluk, dịka ọtụtụ asụsụ Nilotic, na-eme ka ụdaume dị iche dabere na ebe ha na-ekwu okwu. A na-akpọ ha ma ọ bụ na-aga n'ihu na mgbọrọgwụ nke ire ma ọ bụ site na ntụgharị nke mgbọrọgwụ ire. Gilley na-eji okwu "ogologo larynx" ma ọ bụ "mkpịsị ụdaume".

Ụdaume nwere ọganihu nke mgbọrọgwụ nke ire bụ [i], [e], [o], [ɔ], [a] na ụdị ogologo ha kwekọrọ. A na-eji macron n'okpuru mkpụrụedemede ahụ egosipụta ụdaume ndị nwere ntụgharị nke mgbọrọgwụ asụsụ ahụ: [i̠], [e̠], [o̠], [ɔ̠], [u̠] na [i̠] na ụdị ogologo ha kwekọrọ.

Mgbochiume dezie

		Ọnụ	Ezé ezé	Alveolar	Akụkụ	Akpụkpọ ahụ
		Ọnụ	Ezé ezé	Alveolar	Akụkụ	Palatal	Velar
Kwụsị	Enweghị olu	p [p]	t̪ [t̪]	t [t]			k [k]
Kwụsị	Nkwupụta	b [b]	d̪ [d̪]	d [d]			g [g]
Ihe na-esiri ike				s [s]
Africate	Enweghị olu					c [t͡ʃ]
Africate	Nkwupụta					j [d͡ʒ]
Ụgbọ imi		m [m]	n̪ [n̪]	n [n]		ɲ [ɲ]	ŋ [ŋ]
Mmiri				r [r]	l [l]
Ihe atụ		w [w]				na [j]

Ụdaolu dezie

Shilluk nwere ọtụtụ ụdaolu, nke nwere ọ dịkarịa ala ụda olu asaa ma ọ bụ ụda olu.^[4]

E nwere ọkwa ụdaolu atọ: Ala, Etiti na Elu. Na mgbakwunye, e nwere akụkụ anọ nke Rise na nhazi atọ na-ada ada: Fall, High Fall na Late Fall. A na-egosi ihe ndị a site na akara ngosi ndị a:

	Nkọwa ụda	Ihe na-egosi na ọ bụ ihe na-egosi ihe na-eme n'oge ahụ	Ụda ụda
Ọkwa	Ala Dị Ala	cv̀c (ụda olu siri ike)	Ọdịdị
	N'etiti	cv̄c (macron)	Ọdịdị
	Elu	cv́c (ụda olu dị nkọ)	Ọdịdị
Ndị a na-eme ihe nkiri	Ịrịgo	cv̌c (caron)	Ọdịdị
	Ịda	cv̂c (circumflex)	Ọdịdị
	Ịda n'elu	cv̂́c (circumflex na ụda olu dị egwu)	Ọdịdị
	Oge Ọdịda	cv́c̀ (mkwuwa okwu dị elu na-esote ụda olu dị ala)	Ọdịdị

Akwụkwọ edemede dezie

Ndị ozi ala ọzọ nke Ndị Kraịst mepụtara mkpụrụ akwụkwọ Latin maka Shilluk na mmalite narị afọ nke 20.^[5] E nwere mkpụrụedemede iri abụọ na itoolu na orthography Shilluk; ụdaume iri na ụdaume iri na itoolu.^[6]

a	á	na	Ọ bụ n'oge ochie	aa	b	c	d	dh	dhh	na	bụ	Oge	ë	ee	g
ya	ì ì	Ọ bụ	nke abụọ	j	k	l	m	ng	Ọ bụ na ọ bụ na ọ bụghị na ọ bụ	nh	nhh	ny	nyy	o
ó	ö	ø	oo	p	r	t	th	u	U	Ọ bụ naanị	uu	v	w	na

Ụdị nke mkpụrụ okwu dezie

Mkpụrụ okwu ndị a na-agbanwebeghị bụ monosyllabic. Ewezuga ole na ole, mkpụrụ okwu monosyllabic ndị a na-enwekarị mmalite, ụdaume (nucleus), na coda. Udị ha dị ka ndị a:^[4]

C (Cj/w) V (V) (V) C

Ụtọ Asụsụ dezie

Ọdịdị dezie

Ogwe osisi monosyllabic na-ebute okwu polysyllabic site na usoro nke derivation ma ọ bụ inflection. Maka ngwaa na aha n'otu, prefixes ndị a na-ahụkarị bụ /a- ʊ-/, na suffixes ndị a ma ama bụ /-Cɪ -ɪ -a (-ɔ)/.^[4] Ọzọkwa, mgbanwe nke ogologo ụdaume na ụdaolu na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na ọdịdị mgbanwe.^[7]

Ngwaa dezie

Ọdịdị ịngwaa na-agafe agafe dezie

Ngwaa na-agafe agafe nke Shilluk nwere mgbọrọgwụ phonological nke nwere otu mkpụrụedemede mechiri emechi nke ụdị /C(j/w)V(V)C/. "Nke ahụ bụ, ụdaume mgbọrọgwụ ma ọ bụ dị mkpụmkpụ ma ọ bụ ogologo, a na-ejikọkwa ụyọkọ ụdaume na mmalite, ebe ọ bụla n'ime ụdaume /w,j/ nwere ike ịgbaso ụdaume ọzọ. "^[7] E nwere klas asaa dị iche iche site na mgbanwe n'ihe gbasara ogologo ụdaume na ụdaolu

Ọdịiche dị na ụdaolu na ogologo ụdaume n'etiti klas asaa nke ngwaa na-agafe agafe, nke gosipụtara site na olu Subject Past, Past 2nd singular, na olu Object Imperfective.^[7]
Ngwaa klas	Nchịkọta dị mkpirikpi		Obere na akara		Ogologo oge
Ngwaa klas	Ala Dị Ala	Ọdịda dị ala	Ala Dị Ala	Ọdịda dị ala	Ala Dị Ala	Ọdịda dị ala	Nnukwu ọdịda
Ihe Nlereanya	[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]	[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]	[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]	[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]	Ọchịchịrị	[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]	[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
SV gara aga	Onye Kraịst	á-lɛŋ	á-càm	á-mʌ̂l	N'elu	á-mâat̪	Ọchịchị
2sg gara aga	Onye Kraịst	á-lɛŋ	á-càaam	á-mʌl	Ọ bụ n'ebe ahụ	á-mâaat̪	Ọ na-eme ihe na-eme
OV impf	Ndị Kraịst	ʊ̀-lɛ̂ŋ-ɔ̀	ʊ̀-càaam-ɔ̀	ʊ̀-mʌ̂ʌl-ɔ̀	Ọ bụ n'ebe ahụ ka a na-akpọ	ʊ̀-mâaat̪-ɔ̀	Ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-eme ya

Aha dezie

A na-eji akara isi mara mgbanwe aha: ihe na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-ewu ewu bụ mgbanwe abụọ na-egosi isi, ọ bụghị onye na-adabere na ya. Iji maatụ, Bekee nwere oke mmadụ, ebe isi bụ oke na akara nke onye na-adabere na ya. N'ụzọ dị iche, Shilluk nwere ihe na-emetụta ya n'isi (dịka, dúup = "mkpu", dû́uup = "mmkpu nke").^[8]

A na-akara ọnụ ọgụgụ mana ọ nweghị usoro a na-ahụ anya. Kama nke ahụ, e nwere ihe karịrị 140 dị iche iche usoro akara nọmba na aha.^[8]

Nọmba a ọbụ ọnụ ọgụ na Shilluk bụ aha.^[8]

Ihe odide ihe nlereanya dezie

Gwɛtti Dhɔ Cɔlɔ m na-eme ka m na-achị
Gwedd ki Dhøg Cøllø ụmụ nwoke nyänø
Cigg dyërø mi dhaanhø ki Dhøg Cøllø ki yij wänyø mi cigg Pödh Cøllö

Edensibia dezie

↑ Chollo (Dhøg Cøllø). openroad.net.au. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved on 26 March 2015.
↑ Gilley (1992). in Summer Institute of Linguistics: An autosegmental approach to Shilluk phonology, 214. ISBN 0-88312-106-9.
↑ Miller (2001). "Evidence for ergativity in Shilluk". Journal of African Languages and Linguistics 22 (1): 33–68. DOI:10.1515/jall.22.1.33.
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 Remijsen (2011). "Illustrations of the IPA – Shilluk". Journal of the International Phonetic Association 41 (1). DOI:10.1017/s0025100310000289.
↑ Shilluk language and pronunciation. www.omniglot.com. Retrieved on 2017-05-29.
↑ Cøllø (aka Shilluk) Dictionary » Alphabet (en-US). shilluk.webonary.org. Archived from the original on 2017-07-31. Retrieved on 2017-05-29.
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 Remijsen (2018-10-22). LD&C SP14: A Descriptive Grammar of Shilluk (en-US). Language Documentation & Conservation. Retrieved on 2020-12-24.
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 ^8.2 Remijsen (2017). Shilluk noun morphology and noun phrase morphosyntax. Research gate.

[1] Chollo (Dhøg Cøllø). openroad.net.au. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved on 26 March 2015.

[2] Gilley (1992). in Summer Institute of Linguistics: An autosegmental approach to Shilluk phonology, 214. ISBN 0-88312-106-9.

[3] Miller (2001). "Evidence for ergativity in Shilluk". Journal of African Languages and Linguistics 22 (1): 33–68. DOI:10.1515/jall.22.1.33.

[:0-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 Remijsen (2011). "Illustrations of the IPA – Shilluk". Journal of the International Phonetic Association 41 (1). DOI:10.1017/s0025100310000289.

[5] Shilluk language and pronunciation. www.omniglot.com. Retrieved on 2017-05-29.

[6] Cøllø (aka Shilluk) Dictionary » Alphabet (en-US). shilluk.webonary.org. Archived from the original on 2017-07-31. Retrieved on 2017-05-29.

[:1-7] 7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 Remijsen (2018-10-22). LD&C SP14: A Descriptive Grammar of Shilluk (en-US). Language Documentation & Conservation. Retrieved on 2020-12-24.

[:2-8] 8.0 ^8.1 ^8.2 Remijsen (2017). Shilluk noun morphology and noun phrase morphosyntax. Research gate.

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